UNIVERSITI KUALA LUMPUR

MALAYSIAN INSTITUTE OF AVIATION TECHNOLOGY

(Assignment / Practical * Report Cover Page)

COURSE NAME : INSTRUMENTS AND AVIONICS SYSTEMS

COURSE CODE : AKD30202

ASSIGNMENT / PRACTICAL * TITLE:

Assignment 1&2

CLASS : 4AEM1

NAME: ID NO:

1. GURVINDERPAL SINGH A/L SARBJIT SINGH 53106217157

2.

3.

4.

5.

SEMESTER & YEAR : Jul-Dec & Year 2018

DATE : 18 November 2018

LECTURER NAME : MOHD SHARIL BIN MAT SALLEH

Note: * - delete whichever not applicable

INSTRUMENT AND AVIONICS SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT#1

1. State the purpose of pitot static system.

 A system in which total pressure created by the forward motion of the
aircraft and static pressure of the atmosphere surrounding it are
sensed and measured in terms of speed, altitude and rate of change of
altitude.

2. Describe the basic pitot static component.

a. Pressure head
- Known as pitot-static probe, consist of static slots, pitot
tube, drain hole and heating element.
- Warning flag, red in colour, with word ‗REMOVED BEFORE
FLIGHT‘ to be attached to the pitot cover.
b. Static vent
- Known as static port, it is located at the aircraft fuselage and
are position where there are least disturbance from the air
flow.
- If aircraft is park the static vent should be blanked and the
warning flag REMOVED BEFORE FLIGHT‘ should be
attached.
c. Pipe line
- Pitot and static pressures are transmitted through seamless
corrosion-resistant metal (light alloy/or tungum) pipeline.
- The piping are marked by a letter P or S.
d. Drain trap
- Allow draining of water accumulated in the piping using
spring loaded action.
- Drain traps are located at the lowest point of the piping
run/route.

3. Describe the purpose of pitot static instrument.

 The pitot-static system of instruments uses the principle of air
pressure gradient. It works by measuring pressures or pressure
differences and using these values to assess the speed and altitude.
These pressures can be measured either from the static port (static
pressure) or the pitot tube (pitot pressure). The static pressure is used
in all measurements, while the pitot pressure is used only to determine
airspeed.

4. Gives the input and output of ADC.

 ADC has three inputs
 - Pitot pressure from the pitot probes
- Static pressure from static ports
- Total air temperature from the TAT probe.
 ADC outputs are
- Altitude
- Indicated Airspeed
- True airspeed
- Machmeter
5. Using simple word describe about pitot –static leak test.
 Pitot static leak test to determine the rate of leak of a pitot-static
system. Rate of leak is measured in feet per min or knot per minute.
Different aircraft has different leak rate – always refer to aircraft MM.

6. What are the caution during pitot static test.

 Do not apply suction to pitot pressure lines.
 When applying or releasing suction, take care not to exceed rate range
of vertical speed indicator.
 Never blow through the pitot or static lines toward the instruments.

7. Gives the purpose of FQIS.

 To indicate to the pilot the quantity of fuel in volume using simply
mechanical devices.

8. Describe the type of FQIS.

 There are three type of FQIS ,which are
- Mechanical
- Electrical
- Electronic

9. State the purpose of Auxiliary instrument.

 Measure SAT (Static Air Temperature).
 Measure Total Air Temperature (TAT).

10. Give the purpose of master oscillator and amplifier in basic radio.
 Master oscillator provide the carrier frequency, tuned by frequency
synthesizer
 Amplifier increases the radio signal strength.

11. Describe the HF communication systems.

 High Frequency Communication System supplies voice
communication over long distances and gives communication
between airplanes or between ground stations and airplanes. The
frequency range of 2 MHz to 29.999 MHz, 1kHz spacing. The system
uses the surface of the earth and an ionized layer to cause a reflection
 (skip) of the communication signal. the distance between skips
changes due to the time of day, radio frequency, and airplane altitude.

12. Briefly describe antenna use in aircraft.

 Wire antenna
- copper-clad steel or phosphor bronze
- Normally a single span between forward fuselage and vertical
stabilizer
 Notch antenna
- Sometimes refereed to as an open-ended antenna
- Used in cases where a broad-band radiator is necessary and pseudo-
sheet-metal areas are available such as in the empennage of an
aircraft, that is, the leading or trailing edges of wings or rudders
 Probe antenna
- Aerodynamically acceptable
- Liable to suffer lightning strikes – lightning arrester (spark gap).
Fitted at either of the wing-tips or on top of the vertical stabilizer
 Whip antenna
- Simplest antenna, bent whip antenna for aircraft VHF
communications
- A wire rod (of proper length) sticking above the metal skin of the
aircraft
 Blade antenna
- Found on large antenna
- Aerodynamically acceptable and more complex in its construction

13. Gives the purpose of ADF.

 The ADF receiver uses amplitude modulated (AM) signals from ground
stations to calculate the bearing to the ADF station from the airplane
longitudinal axis. The ADF system also receives standard AM radio
broadcasts. Receiver band : 100 – 2000 kHz. Signal from broadcast
stations and non-directional beacons (NDB).

14. State the purpose of VOR.

 The VHF omnidirectional ranging (VOR) system is a navigation aid that
gives magnetic bearing data from a VOR ground station to the
airplane. The VOR ground stations transmit signals that give magnetic
radial information from 000 degrees to 359 degrees. All VOR stations
reference the 000 degree to magnetic north. Frequency range is
around 108-118MHz.

15. State the information provide by DME.

 Information that provided by DME is ground speed when aircraft fly
directly towards or away from the beacon and time to station

16. Gives the purpose of ILS, glideslope and localizer.

 ILS
 - The instrument landing system (ILS) provides lateral and vertical
position data necessary to put the airplane on the runway for
approach. The system uses signals from a glideslope ground station
and a localizer ground station.
 Glideslope
-The glide slope (or glide path) is an imaginary line that travels from
the approach end of the runway upwards to the aircraft that is about to
land.
 Localizer
-Localizer is a system of horizontal guidance in the instrument landing
system, which is used to guide aircraft along the axis of the runway.

17. What are the modulated carrier frequencies for Glideslope and Localizer.
 Glideslope
- radiated carrier is modulated by tones of 90Hz (upper beam) and
150Hz (lower)
 Localizer
-Horizontally polarized radiated carrier is modulated by tones of 90Hz
(to the left) and 150Hz (to the right)

18. Explain in simple word about Marker Beacon system.

 The marker beacon system supplies visual and aural indications when
the airplane flies over airport runway marker beacon transmitters.

19. What are the frequencies used by ATC.

 Reply – 1090 mhz
 Interrogation – 1030 mhz

20. Describe the display color in WXR Radar.

 Display colour
- green : light rainfall
- yellow : medium rainfall
- red : heavy rainfall or storm core

21. What the purpose of radio altimeter.

 The radio altimeter (RA) system measures the vertical distance from
the airplane to the ground. Frequency range : 4210 MHz – 4390 MHz.


22. What is the maximum altitude covered by Radio Altimeter.

 Altitude range : from 2500 ft to a few feet ‗below touchdown‘ example
B737 range is -12ft to 2500ft.

23. Briefly explain TCAS systems using your own word.

 TCAS is an airborne system and operates independently of the
ground-based ATC system. TCAS sends interrogation signals to
nearby airplanes. These airplanes which are equipped with an air
 traffic control radar beacon system (ATCRBS) transponder or an air
traffic control (ATC) mode S transponder respond to these
interrogations. TCAS uses these response signals to calculate the
range, relative bearing, and altitude of the responding airplane. If a
responding airplane does not report altitude, TCAS cannot calculate
the altitude of that airplane. Airplanes tracked by TCAS are called
targets.

24. Explain the TARGET including :

a. Other traffic
- A TCAS Traffic Advisory (TA) Intruder is a Closed Yellow
Circle. When designated for rendezvous, TA Intruders will
simply be enclosed by a Yellow square outline. (Designated
intruders will initiate ―Traffic, Traffic‖ audio when they
become a TA).
b. Proximate traffic
- A TCAS Proximity Intruder is a Closed White Diamond. When
designated for rendezvous, Proximity Intruders will change
to a Closed Diamond with a square outline all cyan in color.
c. Intruders
- A TCAS Resolution Advisory (RA) Intruder is a Closed Red
Square with a White Border. A Designated Intruder, which is
classified as an RA threat, will appear the same as a normal
RA intruder. (Designated intruders will become RA‘s and
initiate a maneuver command if the TCAS mode is TA/RA).
d. Threats
- A TCAS Non-Threat Intruder is an Open White Diamond.
When designated for rendezvous, Non-Threat Intruders will
change to an Open Diamond with a square outline all cyan in
colour.

INSTRUMENTS AND AVIONICS SYSTEM ASSIGNMENT #2

1. Describe the command bar in a flight director system.

 It describe where the pitch and roll attitude and heading of an aircraft.

2. What indicator form part of the Flight Director System.

 Attitude indicator and heading indicator.

3. What happened to the capsule and accelerometer of the Instantaneous Vertical

Speed Indicator during aircraft decent?
 The inertia of the accelerometer piston will move upward.

4. What effect on the rate of precession will a change of rotor speed have :
  Strength and direction of the applied force, moment of inertia of the
rotor and angular velocity of rotor.
5. Why performing a static leak test:
 To determine the rate of leak of a pitot-static system.

6. The rotor spin axis of the electrically driven attitude indicator is erected and
maintained vertical by?
 Radio/Radar Altimeter

7. Describe the artificial horizon.

 To indicate to the pilot the attitude of the aircraft in roll and pitch.
 Upper background plate is colored blue to indicate sky. Lower backplate,
dark colour to indicate ground.
 Bank – calibrated in 10, 20, 30, 60 and 90° (Max roll freedom 360 deg).
 Pitch – calibrated in 5, 10, 15, 20° (Max freedom ±85º).

8. Pilot reported a red flag labelled “NAV”appears in the HSI indicator in flight. This
indicates that.

 It indicates that either CDI or the GS indicators are unavailable.

9. Refer to the figure above. Which is the location of the temperature probe that
made it to be called Turbine Exhaust Gas Temperature indicating system?
 A

10. What is the component that represent the measuring element for thermocouple?
 CHT, EGT, TGT, JPT, TIT, TOT, ITT

11. The GPWS is active for a height range form.

 50 feet to 2500 feet.

12. During a compass swing the following figures were obtained.

Actual Compass Actual Compass
0 4 180 178
30 34 210 208
60 64 240 237
90 95 270 265
120 125 300 298
 150 154 330 330

The deviation co efficient “B” is ?

 B=Deviation E—Deviation on W/2 = (-5)-(-5)= 0º

13. What is the function of the DFDAU?

 To process data on aircraft that deliver to the black box.

14. What component attached to Flight Data Recorder to assist in locating the recorder
when the air crash in the sea ?
 Underwater locator beacon.
15. The fuel quantity indication system that uses capacitance probe normally has two
probes in each tank. What is the purpose and how it is connected?
 To indicate to the pilot the quantity of fuel in mass/weight and
connected in parallel to increase total capacitance.

16. What is the advantage of tachometer probe system compared to tachometer

generator system?
 Provide engine speed, output to other systems, solid state so have no
moving parts for high speed rotation and indicator are of a servo
operated type.

17. Compared to amplitude modulated wave, the frequency modulated wave.

 Wider signal bandwidth.

18. What is the wave length for 15 MHz?

 45 meter.

19. What antenna used for HF system?

 Notch antenna.

20. What are the main components of HF communication system?

 Receiver, transceiver, antenna tuning unit or antenna coupler and
control unit.

21. Describe the VHF radio system.

 Supplies communication over line of sight distances. Communication
been done between airplane to airplane or airplane to ground.

22. Describe the ATC modes in the transponder system.

 Mode A and B is identity, mode C is altitude, mode D is unassigned
mode S is TCAS.

23. What are the ATC interrogations and replies frequencies?

 Interrogation is 1030MHz and reply is 1090MHz.

24. What is the function of squelch stage in VHF radio?

  Disable the receiver output when no signals are being received so
preventing noise being fed to the crew headsets between
transmissions.

25. Radio altimeter system use what type of signal?

 Radio signal with frequency range 4210MHz – 4390Mhz.

26. What information does the DME system provide to the pilot?
 DME system supplies slant range (line of sight) distance measurement
between the airplane and the ground station, ground speed when aircraft
fly directly towards or away from the beacon and Time to station (TTS)
27. How long does the DME ground station delay the interrogation signal from the
aircraft before sending a reply?
 The FAA says that a DME ground station sends a response exactly 50
microseconds after having received an interrogation from an aircraft.

28. What indication provided by this TCAS indicator:

 This indication is open white diamond which is Non-Threat Intruder. The

+18 mean the vertical speed of intruder is equal to or greater than 500ft
per minute and downward arrow indicate descending traffic.

29. What are the advantages of Flat Plate Antenna compared to Parabolic
antenna ?
 The advantages of Flat Plate Antenna compared to Parabolic antenna is
reduce side lobes and greater range.

30. ADF antenna consist of 2 antennas in one housing namely :

 The 2 antennas are sense antenna and loop antennas.

31. ADF receiver receives direction from:

 It will receive from sense antenna.
32. What is the indicator that allows switching from VOR pointer to ADF pointer?
 The indicator is Radio Magnetic Indicator(RMI).

33. What frequency normally VOR uses in its range ?

 The VOR frequency range is 108-118MHz.

34. What are the marker beacon carrier frequency is

 75MHz.

35. Describe the glideslope deviation bar is covering the 2 nd dot upward. The required
action to meet glideslope beam is to.
 2 dots at each side, each dot is 75 mv.
 The LOC transmitter antenna is located at 1000 ft beyond the far end of
the runway end.

36. GPWS mode 5 provide warning for.

 Glideslope.

37. Describe the Resolution Advisory (RA).

 RA is a manoeuvre intended to provide separation from all threats; or
 A manoeuvre restriction intended to maintain existing separation.

38. What will be the signal captured if the localiser deviation bar move to the right ?
 The signal capture is 90Hz signal > 150Hz.

39. What is the output signal from the VOR ground station?
 The VOR ground stations transmit signals that give magnetic radial
information from 000 degrees to 359 degrees.

40. Describe the frequency and colour of the marker beacon indication.
 Outer marker carrier amplitude-modulated by 400Hz signal keyed to give
two dashes per second with blue(or purple) lamp to flash.
 Middle marker carrier is amplitude-modulated by 1300Hz signal keyed to
give a dotdash pair 95 times per minute and the colour is amber lamp to
flash.
  Inner marker carrier modulated with a 3000Hz signal which causes a
white lamp to flash.

41. The ATC transponder transmit the height information using

 Ground station or a TCAS computer from another airplane interrogates
the ATC system, the transponder transmits a pulse-coded reply signal.
 The reply signal identifies and shows the altitude of the airplane.

42. What would be the 1 dot representation in HSI if 5 dots full scale deflection is 10
degree?
 Course Deviation Bar.

43. What is the main factor which affects the aircraft weather radar to detect a cloud?
 Precipitation scatters radio frequency energy
44. What is the frequency for Weather Radar?
 C-band 5400 MHz + 20 MHz.
 X-band 9375 MHz + 20 MHz or 9345 MHz + 20 MHz.

45. Describe the information transmitted by ATC transponder consist of?

 Response to an interrogation from the ground station secondary
surveillance radar system.
 Replies to this interrogation by transmitting a reply signal consisting of a
special code which will be displayed on the ground radar unit.

46. The Ground DME is normally co-located with?

 Height of the aircraft.

47. What is the approximate DME indicator reading if aircraft at flight level 24,304
feet (4 nm) and with 3 nm horizontal range from a DME?
 24304 feet.

48. Where is the location of the localiser transmitter?

 In the cockpit and at the runway.
49. Where is the location of the glideslope transmitter?
 In the cockpit and at the runway.