.”,
- -
I ..Y. Y”
REVETEMENTS
EN BETON ARME CONTINU
1994
Président-rapporteur I Chairman-Reporter
Pierre SION
Belgique /Belgium
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SOMMAIRE
1. AVANT-PROPOS 8
2. DEFINITIONS 8
2.1. Béton armé continu 8
2.2. Revêtements composites ou polyfonctionnels 10
3. TERMINOLOGIE 12
4. DEVELOPPEMENT 12
5. CRITERES DE CHOIX 16
6. DOMAINE D’UTILISATION 16
7. CONSTITLZANTS DES REVETEMENTS EN BAC 18
7.1. Béton 18
7.1.2. Granidats 20
7.1.2. Ciinents 20
7.1.3. Adjiivants 20
7.1.4. Cornposition des bétons 20
7.1.5. Critères de résistance 20
7.2. Armatures 26
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7.2.1. Annatures longitiidinnles 26
7.2.2. Arrnatiires trniisuersnles 26
7.2.3. Siipports d’nrinntiire 30
8. DIMENSIONNEMENT 30
8.1. Remarque préliminaire 30
8.2. Structure des revêtements e n BAC 30
8.3. Fondations des revêtements en BAC 34
8.4. Calcul du pourcentage d’armature longitudinale 34
8.5. Calcul de l’armature transversale 34
8.6. Mouvements des extrémités des revêtements en BAC 36
8.6.1. Joints de dilntntion 36
8.6.2. Joints avec poiitrelles ìi larges sernelles 36
8.6.3. Ciilées d’nncrnge 38
8.6.4. Cns pnrticidiers de recoiivreinetit siir nnciens revêtements en béton 38
ISBN 2-84060-006-4
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. INTRODUCTION 9
2. DEFlNlTlONS 9
2.1. Continuously reinforced concrete pavement (CRCP) 9
2.2. Composite or polyfunctional pavements 11
3. TERMINOLOGY 13
4.DEVELOPMENT 13
5. SELECTION CRITERIA 17
6. FIELDS OF APPLICATION 17
7.COMPONENTS OF CRCP 19
7.1. Concrete 19
7.2.1. Aggregates 21
7.1.2. Cement 21
7.1.3. Admixtures 21
7.1.4. Coinposition of concrete 22
7.2.5. Strength criteria 21
7.2. Reinforcement 27
7.2.1. Longitudinal reinforceinerrt 27
7.2.2. Transverse reinforcement 27
7.2.3. Reinforcement supports 31
8. DESIGN 31
8.1. Preliminary observation 31
8.2. Structure of CRCP 31
8.3. Sub-bases for CRCP 35
8.4. Calculating the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement 35
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9. CONSTRUCTION 40
9.1. Préparation de la surface de la fondation 40
9.2.Pose des armatures 40
9.3.Fabrication et mise en œuvre du béton 42
9.4. Traitement de surface et protection d u béton 44
9.4.1. Traitement de surface 44
9.4.2. Protection du béton 44
10.COMPORTEMENT DES REVETEMENTS EN BAC 46
11. PRINCIPALES DEGRADATIONS 48
11.1. Poinçonnements de bord ("punchouts") 48
11.2. Joints de construction 50
11.3. Epaufrures des lèvres des fissures 50
11.4. Fissuration longitudinale 50
11.5. Corrosion des armatures 52
12. ENTRETIEN ET REPARATIONS 54
12.1. Entretien 54
12.2.Réparations 54
13.PRINCIPALES RECOMMANDATIONS 54
13.1. Conception et dimensionnement 54
13.1.1. Conception 56
13.1.2. Diinensiontiernent 56
13.2. Mise en œuvre 58
14.NOUVEAUX DEVELOPPEMENTS 58
15. CONCLUSIONS 62
15.1.Aspects techniques 62
15.2.Aspects économiques 62
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9. CONSTRUCTION 41
9.1. Preparation of the sub-base surface 41
9.2. Placement of the reinforcement 41
9.3. Mixing and laying of the concrete 43
9.4. Surface treatment and protection of the concrete 45
9.4.1. S u f i c e treatment 45
9.4.2. Protection of the concrete 45
10. PERFORMANCE OF CRCp 47
11. PRINCIPAL DEFECTS 49
11.1. Edge punchouts 49
11.2. Construction joints 51
11.3. Spalling at crack opening 51
11.4. Longitudinal cracking 51
11.5. Corrosion of reinforcement 53
12. MAINTENANCE AND REPAIRS 55
12.1. Maintenance 55
12.2. Repairs 55
13. MAIN RECOMMENDATIONS 55
13.1. Conception and design 55
13.1.1. Conception 57
13.1.2. Design 57
13.2. Construction 59
14. NEW DEVELOPMENTS 59
15. CONCLUSIONS 63
15.1. Engineering aspect 63
15.2. Cost consideration 63
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Ce document a été rédigé par un sous-comité This document was prepared
du Comité technique AIPCR by a sub-committeefrom the
des Routes en Béton : PIARC Techniwl Committee on Concrete Roads:
COMPOSITION DU SOUS-COMITE
COMPOSITION OF T H E SUB-COMMITTEE
Président-rapporteur Chairman-Reporter
Pierre SION Belgique / Belgium -
Membres Members
L. DOMENICHINI - Italie /Italy
John HALLIN - Etats-Unis / United States
Etsuro NODA - Japon /Japan
Sigheru IWAMA - Japon / Japan
Carlos JOFRE - Espagne / Spain
Marinus LEEWIS - Pays-Bas/the Netherlands
John MERCER - Royaume-Uni / United Kingdom
J.E. CORREIA DE MATOS - Portugal
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1. AVANT-PROPOS
A cette fin, un sous-comité "Revêtements en béton armé continu" a été mis sur
pied.
Vingt-trois états dont douze aux Etats-Unis ont participé aux travaux du sous-
comité (Australie, Belgique, Espagne, France, Royaume-Uni, Italie, Japon, Malaisie,
Pays-Bas, Portugal, Afrique du Sud et, aux Etats-Unis, les Etats suivants : Illinois,
Maryland, Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Virginie, Mississippi, Wisconsin, Arkansas,
Dakota du Sud, Dakota du Nord, Caroline du Nord). Les informations concernant
les États-Unisont été rassemblées par M.John HALLIN.
2. DEFINITIONS
Les revêtements en béton armé continu (BAC) sont caractérisés par la présence
d'une armature continue dans le béton et par l'absence de joints transversaux
autres que les joints de construction. Les changements de volume hygrothermique
du béton (retrait - gradient, etc.) sont répartis entre un très grand nombre de
microfissures au lieu d'être concentrés dans des joints. Ne subsistent donc que
les joints longitudinaux et les joints transversaux de construction.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Eleven countries and twelve US states have participated in the work of the
subcommittee (Australia, Belgium, Spain, France, United Kingdom, Italy, Japan,
Malaysia, Netherlands, Portugal, South Africa; and in the USA: Illinois, Maryland,
Oklahoma, Oregon, Texas, Virginia, Mississippi, Wisconsin, Arkansas, South
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Dakota, North Dakota, North Carolina). The information concerning the USA has
been collected by Mr. John HALLIN.
Other countries such as India, Czechoslovakia and Korea notably, also use
continuously reinforced concrete pavements (CRCP), but we have received 170
information about them.
The aim of the present report is to provide authorities, responsible for the
construction and maintenance of road networks with the information necessary to
guide their choice, and enable them to make knowledgeable decisions.
2. DEFINITIONS
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Revêtements en béton armé continu
BAC
Dans certains pays, le béton armé continu est utilisé comme support devant
assurer la rigidité structurelle de la chaussée, la couche de roulement étant
réalisée en matériaux bitumineux.
to
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Continuously Reinforced Concrete Pavement
CRCP
In other countries, notably in Italy and under certain circumstances in Belgium, the
continuously reinforced concrete is covered with a thin layer (20 to 50 mm) of in
open graded asphalt or dense bituminous material, with regard to special surface
characteristics of the road. This layer is not taken into account in the design.
In France, they begin also to use layers of coloured concrete, porous cement
concrete thin or semi-thick.
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a @ ~ ~d'armature
r t : dispositif destiné à soutenir les armatures au niveau
déterminé dans le revêtement et à les maintenir en place pendant les opérations
de mise en œuvre.
4. DEVELOPPEMENT
Les problèmes majeurs des revêtements en béton sont pour la plus grande part
posés par les joints, d'où une recherche d'en diminuer le nombre, voire de les
supprimer. C'est en 1921 aux États-Unis, sur le Columbia Pike près de
Washington DC, qu'ont débuté les premiers essais de revêtements en béton
armé. Les dalles furent allongées et armées à raison de 2 à 3 kg d'acier par mètre
carré. C'est en 1938 dans I'Etat d'Indiana que les premiers revêtements en béton
armé continu ont vu le jour, mais c'est surtout après la seconde guerre mondiale
que cette technique a connu un développement important.
Bien que d'énormes progrès aient été réalisés dans la conception et l'exécution
des joints, il n'en reste pas moins que leur entretien périodique peut poser des
problèmes pour l'écoulement du trafic et pour l'exploitation de la route. Le béton
armé continu constitue une solution très intéressante en raison du peu d'entretien
qu'il nécessite.
Le !&?!eau ! mcn!re !'imper!?ance des :Qa!isa!icns dans !es différents pays ayant
répondu au questionnaire.
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3. TERMINOLOGY
rn
m
tencrofnier- : steel bars placed at right angles or obliquely to the
longitudinalbars.
JeInforcement SUD DO^^: device designed to support the steel bars at the required
level within the pavement and to retain them in position during placement
operations.
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bar and that of the concrete.
4. DEVELOPMENT
The major problems of concrete pavements largely concern the joints, hence
research to reduce their number or even eliminate them. It was in 1921 in the
USA, on the Columbia Pike near Washington DC, that the first tests of reinforced
concrete pavements began. The slabs were long and reinforced at the rate of 2 to
3 kg of steel per square metre. CRCP first saw light of day in 1938 in the state of
Indiana, but it was mainly after the second world war that the technique
significantly developed.
Although major progress has been achieved in the design and construction of the
joints, it remains clear that their periodic maintenance may be a cause of problems
regarding the flow of the traffic and for the normal use of the road. The
continuously reinforced concrete pavements offer a very attractive solution
considering the reduced maintenance they need.
Table I shows the extent of construction in the various countries responding to the
questionnaire.
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TABLEAU I TABLE I
DEVELOPPEMENT DES REVETEMENTS EN BAC
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Les autres facteurs favorables cités sont un meilleur comportement à long terme
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et la pérennité de l'uni de surface.
6. DOMAINE D'UTILISATION
Le Japon cite des applications dans des régions où des mines de charbon sont en
exploitation et la Belgique dans des zones marécageuses ou tourbeuses où l'on
peut craindre des tassements différentiels importants. La présence de l'armature
et le faible espacement des fissiires donnen! une cer!aine souplesse U ce bjpe de
revêtement qui peut être facilement remis à niveau par injection sous la dalle.
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5 . SELECTION CRITERIA
Most frequent amongst the main arguments advanced in favour of the choice of
CRCP in road construction, is that of the almost total absence of maintenance.
This leads, not only to a reduction of the operating costs themselves but also and
above all to a very significant reduction of user costs, a factor which is more and
more taken in account in the calculation of overall road investment costs.
In many cases the extra cost incurred by the use of reinforcement is compensated
by the low maintenance costs. Studies undertaken have shown that, comparing
CRCP with unreinforced concrete pavements and ignoring user costs, the break-
even point is attained over a period of 1O to 15 years.
Other favourable factors quoted are: better long term performance and the
longevity of surface evenness.
6. FIELDS OF APPLICATION
CRCP's are principally used in the construction of rural motorways. Their use on
urban motorways is mentioned by the USA, Australia and Malaysia; and on main
roads by the USA, Belgium, the Netherlands,the United Kingdom and Japan.
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Many applications have also been mentioned for airport runways, taxiways and
aircraft parking areas (France, Belgium, Japan, USA).
Numerous overlays on old roads with bituminous or concrete surfacings have also
been carried out with CRCP.
Japan cites applications in the regions where coal mines are in operation, and
Belgium in swampy or peaty areas where significant differential settlement could
be expected. The presence of the reinforcement and the characteristic crack
spacing give a certain flexibility to this type of pavement and if needed it can easily
be returned to level by grout injection under the slab.
7.1.Béton
ü 5 min. :( $) ;
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Figure i
Espacement des barres
La maniabilité du béton doit être suffisante pour percettre GR bcx ei.mhuc;e des
barres, afin d'obtenir une bonne adhérence entre l'acier et le béton.
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7. COMPONENTS OF CRCP
7.1. Concrete
It is recommended that the maximum size (D) must not exceed the lower of these
two values.
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Figure 1
Bar Spacing
The workability of the concrete must be sufficient to enable good coverage of the
bars so as to obtain good bond between steel and concrete.
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7.1.1. Granulats
Bien que des études aient été entreprises aux Etats-Unis pour déterminer
l'influence de la nature des granulats sur le comportement des revêtements en
BAC, il ne semble pas que d'autres pays tiennent compte de ce facteur. Le
tableau II donne quelques indications à ce sujet. Certains pays exigent des
granulats présentant un coefficient de polissage accéléré supérieur à 030,mais
cette imposition est relative à l'obtention d'une résistancedurable au glissement.
7.1.2. Cinients
La plupart des pays utilisent des ciments normalisés (Portland ou de haut foumeau).
L'Afrique du Sud, le Japon, les Etats-Unis et le Portugal mentionnent l'emploi de
ciment en mélange avec des ajouts tels que cendres volantes ou laitier finement
moulu. Aux Pays-Bas, il est souvent fait usage de ciment Portland contenant 25 %
de cendres volantes pour la construction des revêtements en béton.
7.1.3. Adjuvants
Les adjuvants les plus souvent cites sont les entraîneurs d'air qui améliorent la
maniabilité et la résistance au gel, les retardateurs de prise et les agents
réducteurs d'eau.
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7.1.1. Aggregates
Aithough studies have been undertaken in the USA to determine the influence of
aggregate type on the behaviour of CRCP, iî does not seem that other countries
take account of this factor. Table II gives some indications in this respect. Certain
countries specify aggregates with a polished stone value greater than 0.5, but this
imposition is associated with obtaining a durable skid resistance.
7.1.2. Cenient
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The majority of countries use standard cements whether Portland or blast fumace.
South Africa, Japan, the USA and Portugal mention the use of cement mixed with
fly ash or finely ground slag. In the Netherlands a Portland cement containing 25%
of fly ash is currently used for the construction of concrete pavements.
7.1.3.Adriiixtures
The most frequently mentioned admixtures are: air entraining agents which
improve workability and frost resistance, setting retarders, and water reducing
agents.
The grading of concrete is in general continuous and non uniform. The differences
are marked above all by the amount of cement used, which varies from 280 to
375 (even 400) kg per cubic metre of concrete. It is also recommended that the
waterkement ratio be limited with a view to obtaining a good mortar quality and to
ensure the durability of the material. The permitted values vary from 0.55 to 0.45.
Table 111 summarizes the principal characteristicsof the concretes.
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Aggregates
Australia
I( Gravier siliceux
Grès, Porphyre
Siliceousgravel
Limestone
Siliceousgravel
II Japan
Malaisie
Malaysia
1
Limestone
Gravier,
Pierre concassée
Gravel
Crushed sfone
Granite
Calcaire siliceux
Granite
Siliceous limestone
1 I Pavs-Bas
Neherlands 1 Gravier
Gravel
Calcaire
Gravier siliceux
Limestone
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TABLEAU 111 TABLE Ill
COMPOSITION MIX DESIGN
Taille
(mm)
Teneur
Rapport granulaldsable en ciment
minimum
íkdm')
WIC
I enbainé
Air
~~i~~~RatioAggregatdsnd
size Cement Air
minimum enîrained
content
65/35
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20 60140
*
Belgique
Belgium 32 NS
40 NS 300
NS 0 4 8 3dtO6%
350-375
40 70 340 0,48
RoyaumeUni
NS 320 0,45 41 1 H
---
12 Illinois 38 5-8
13 Maryland 38
14 Oklahoma 63
1 I
15 Oregon 38
335 0,49
111 Wisconsin NS
20 Arkansas
21 Norlh Dakola
I
TABLEAU IV TABLE IV
CRiTl%EC DE RESISTANCE STRENGTH REQUIREMENTS
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It seems clear nonethelessthat the concretes used must be of a quality not only to
provide sufficient strength to support the traffic loads, but also to enable a perfect
bond between the concrete and the steel.
Moreover, the durability of the concrete demands the attention of the specifier,
particularly in the regions where de-icing salts are used.
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7.2.A r m a t u r e s
7.2.1.Armatures longitudinales
Les barres d'acier utilisées sont du type à adhérence renforcée (acier à empreinte). La
limite d'élasticité de l'acier est comprise entre 400 et 500 MPa. En Belgique, on a
parfois utilisé des aciers présentant une limite d'élasticité de 600 MPa dans des
cas de recouvrements en épaisseur variable d'anciens revêtements en béton, afin
de pallier l'augmentation des contraintes dans l'acier due aux surépaisseurs que
l'on rencontre parfois dans ce genre d'application.
Ces recouvrements sont décalés de manière à éviter qu'ils ne se situent tous dans
une même section transversale. II n'est admis qu'un tiers des recouvrements dans
une même section transversale. Certains pays les décalent en oblique (figure 2).
L'utilisation d'aciers enrobés de résines epoxy semble très rare ; elle n'est
mentionnée que par les États de l'Illinois, du Wisconsin, d'Oklahoma, de Maryland
et à titre d'essai au Royaume-Uni.
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7.2.2.Ariitatures transversales
Ce dernier mode de pose a été utilisé pour la première fois en Belgique en 1970
et a depuis été adopté par cinq autres États. Ces barres, bien que d'un diamètre
relativement faible, jouent parfois un rôle d'amorce de fissurations lorsqu'elles sont
placées orthogonalement et, se situant dans ce cas au droit de la fissure,
présentent plus de risque de corrosion sur toute leur longueur. La distance entre
les armatures transversales varie de 400 à 1 O00 mm.
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7.2.Reinforcement
7.2.1. Longitudinal reinforcerrient
The steel bars used are of the deformed high grip type (corrugated steel), with an
elasticity limit between 400 and 500 MPa. In Belgium, steels of 600 MPa elasticity
limit have been used in cases of overlays of variable thickness on old concrete
pavements, in order to compensate for the increased stresses in the steel due to
the extra thicknesses sometimes encountered in this type of application.
The diameter of the longitudinal bars is generally between 13 and 22.5 mm. It is
obviously linked to the percentage of steel necessary and to the bar spacing. The
length of overlap for longitudinal bars varies from 480 to 700 mm; it is oíten
expressed as a function of diameter (25 to 35 times diameter). (Table V).
These overlaps are staggered so that they are not all located in the same
transverse section. No more than a third of overlaps is permitted in the same
transverse section. Some countries stagger them obliquely (figure 2).
In general the bars are situated in the upper third of the thickness of the slab,
although some countries prefer to place them at mid thickness. It seems through
the received answers that the first solution would be preferable since it limits the
opening of surface cracks. However, a sufficient covering of concrete above the
steel is indispensable in order to avoid corrosion problems. The minimum
thickness of cover quoted is 60 mm.
The use of steels coated with epoxy resins seems very rare; it has been
mentioned only by the states of Illinois, Wisconsin, Oklahoma, Maryland and by
the United Kingdom with reference to trials.
When used, the transverse bars must also be of deformed steel and have the
same elasticity limit as the longitudinal bars.
The latter method of placement was used for the first time in Belgium in 1970 and
has since been adopted by five other countries. These bars, though of relatively
small diameter, sometimes play a role of initiating the cracks when placed
orthogonally, and, being in line with the crack in this case there is greater risk of
corrosion over their whole length. The spacing between transverse bars vanes
from 400 to 1,000 mm.
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
AínquechSsud
South Airica
Australe
Australia
Belgique
Belgium
Espagne
Spain
5 France
Italie
Italy
Japon
Japan
Malaisie
Malaysia
12 Illinois
ltz-!-Gr
II 14 I Oklahoma
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--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Figure 2
Disposition des recouvrements Staggering of overlaps
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7.2.3. Supports d'anitature
Ces dispositifs doivent pouvoir supporter le poids d'un homme sans se déformer.
8. DIMENSIONNEMENT
L'armature n'a pour rôle principal que celui de reprendre les efforts dus aux
variations hygrothermiques du béton et d'assurer une répartition optimale des
fissures. Elle n'est donc calculée que dans ce but.
La première est toujours appliquée dans certains pays, tels que la France et
l'Espagne, et l'a été jusqu'il y a peu en Belgique. Elle consiste à tenir compte de la
continuité structurelle du revêtement et, pour la France, de la présence d'une
surlargeur non circulée (pas de charge au coin de la dalle en raison de
l'homogénéité du transfert des charges dans le sens longitudinal) pour admettre
une réduction de l'épaisseur des revêtements en BAC de 5 à 10 % par rapport à
celle d'un revêtement avec joints.
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7.2.3. Reinforcerrient supports
These are metal devices designed to maintain the bars at the required level during
all the concretingoperations.
There are numerous support systems consisting either of bent sheet steel into
which the longitudinal bars are fixed or of lattice beams, in which case the
transverse reinforcement constitutes the upper support bar to which the
longitudinal bars are fixed.
These devices must be able to support the weight of a man without deforming.
8. DESIGN
8.1. P r e l i m k a r y observation
The main role of the reinforcement is to take up the stresses due to shrinkage and
thermal movements of the concrete and to ensure an optimum distribution of
cracks. It is therefore calculated only on this basis.
The calculation of the structure of the roads with a CRC pavement does not differ
from that with an unreinforced jointed concrete pavement. Nevertheless two
tendencies exist.
The first is still applied by certain countries such as France and Spain and has
been used until recently in Belgium. It takes into account the structural continuity
of the pavement and for France the presence of a non circulated extra width (no
edge loading considering the homogeneity of the load transfer in the longitudinal
direction) which permits a reduction of the thickness of CRCP by 5 to 10% in
comparison by that of a jointed pavement.
Experts, notably French, think that the presence of a non circulated slab widening
andior a cement shoulder linked with the carriageway may justify a lesser
thickness, due to the localisation of the maximum stresses along the longitudinal
joints or the transverse cracks and not along the free edge of the slab.
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
II est de toute évidence difficile de faire un choix entre ces deux optiques étant
donné que de nombreux autres facteurs peuvent avoir une influence non
négligeable sur l'épaisseur de la dalle d'une chaussée à revêtement en BAC. II
s'agit notamment de la qualité de la fondation, des charges de circulation, des
caractéristiques mécaniques du béton et du pourcentaged'acier mis en œuvre.
La structure est donc pratiquement la même pour les deux types de revêtements
qui comportent en général une couche de forme, une fondation et le revêtement
(figure 3).
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Armature Revêtement
Fondation
Couche de forme
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The economic advantage due to the reduction of the slab thickness and
particularly of the amount of steel used as well as the good performance of the
pavement designed with this method, encourages the countries which use it to
continue in that way.
The second tendency, that is recommended by the FHWA in the United States
since 1990 consists of the application of the same thickness whether the
pavement is continuously reinforced or with joints; it will be noted that no extra
width nor eventual linked concrete shoulder are prescribed.
It is obviously difficult to make a choice between those two tendencies for the
reason that many other factors may have an important influence on the thickness
of the slab of a road with a CRC pavement. It is notably the quality of the sub-
base, the traffic loading, the characteristics of the concrete and the percentage of
longitudinalsteel used.
In the USA, the 1981 revision to the "AASHTO Interim Guide for Design of
Pavement Structures" recommended that CRCP have the same thickness as
jointed pavement unless local experienceshowed that thinner slabs would perform
satisfactorily. The 1986 AASHTO Guide permits the selection of a load transfer
coefficient (J) as an input into the thickness design procedure. The coefficient for
doweled jointed pavements is 3.2. The value of J recommended for CRCP is
between 2.9 and 3.2 depending on the capability of aggregate interlock at the
transverse cracks to transfer loads. Each agency is to develop criteria based on
local aggregate and climate. The use of a J of 2.9 will reduce the pavemed
thickness by approximately 1O mm.
For the two types of pavement the structure is thus practically the same and
comprises generally, a subgrade, the capping layer, the sub-base and the
pavement (figure 3).
I I I Fondation
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Capping layer
Subgrade
Figure 3
Structure of CRCP
Les meilleurs comporiements ont été obtenus avec des fondations poreuses et
non érodables.
Certains pays appliquent l'une de ces méthodes, mais ajustent la section de l'acier
en fonction de leur expérience. Par exemple, on constate que dans les pays à
climat humide et où l'utilisationde sels de déverglaçage est d'application courante,
le pourcentage d'acier est légèrement plus élevé. C'est ainsi que les pourcentages
utilisés dans le sud des Etats-Unis sont voisins et même parfois inférieurs à 0,6 %,
alors qu'ils sont plus élevés dans le Nord où ils atteignent, voire dépassent, 0,7 %.
II faut toutefois nuancer cette constatation car il semble évident que la distribution
des fissures ainsi que leur ouverture peuvent être totalement différentes, ce qu'il
n'a pas été possible de contrôler dans le cadre de l'enquête.
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8.3. Sub-bases for CRCP
In principle, these sub-bases must be not different from those for other concrete
pavements. However, and this is very important, it is indispensable to ensure that
non-erodible materials are used and to ensure efficient drainage of the slab-sub-
base interface.
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
These two recommendations are particularly vital for roads of intense and heavy
traffic. The presence of water at the interface and/or erosion of the sub-base could
lead to punchout at the outer edges of the pavement between close cracks (see
9 11.1.).
Certain countries recommend the interposition of a bituminous layer in the case of
cement bound sub-bases.
There are numerous methods of calculation, notably those which are based on a
ratio of equilibrium between the moment of resistance of the concrete and that of
the steel, or others which take account of the stresses in the steel, and of crack
spacing and width.
Certain countries apply one or the other of these methods but adjust the section of
the steel according to their experience. For example it has been found that in
countries with a wet climate and where de-icing salts are frequently used, the
percentage of steel is slightly higher. Thus the percentages used in the South of
the USA are close to and even sometimes less than 0.6%, whereas they are
higher in the north reaching and even exceeding 0.7%.
Whatever the method used, the data collected (Table V, page 28) shows that with
rare exceptions, the percentages of longitudinal reinforcement used are generally
between 0.6 and 0.7% of the concrete section, regardless of the strength of the
concrete.
It is necessary, however, to qualify this finding, since it seems evident that crack
distribution and width could be totally different, which has not been possible to
monitor in this survey.
When used the percentage of transverse reinforcement varies from 0.05 to 0.1%.
The purpose of this reinforcement is on the one hand to keep eventual longitudinal
cracks closed, and on the other to enable fixing of the longitudinal bars. Methods
of calculation are also proposed by the association of producers of reinforcing bars.
Les extrémités libres des revêtements en BAC sont soumises à des mouvements
dus principalement aux variations de températures. Ces déplacements sont
d'autant plus importants que les différences de températures le sont, mais sont
inversement proportionnelsau coefficient de frottement de la dalle sur son assise.
C'est la raison pour laquelle certains pays prennent des dispositions pour accroître
le frottement entre la dalle et sa fondation sur une centaine de mètres et ce, quelle
que soit la solution choisie parmi celles exposées ci-après.
II a été constaté en outre que les allongements provoqués par la dilatation du BAC
étaient pratiquement irréversibles et qu'ils pouvaient avoir une incidence sur
l'ouverture des fissures dans les 50 à 100 derniers mètres. De plus, ces
mouvements peuvent provoquer des efforts de compression sur les structures
voisines (revêtement ou ouvrage d'art).
L'inconvénient majeur de ces joints est, outre leur coût, de nécessiter un entretien
régulier pour leur permettre de jouer leur rôle.
Ce type de joint est en général suivi par deux ou trois joints de dilatation normaux.
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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8.6.End movements of CRCP
It has also been found that the movements caused by the expansion of the CRCP
are practically irreversible and could permit the opening of cracks in the last 50 to
100 meters. In addition, these movements can provoke compression stresses on
neighbouring structures (surfaces or engineering structure).
Six countries mention the use of joints to take up end movements. These are
expansion joints either of steel and rubber, or the comb type joints used for
bridges.
The major disadvantage of these joints is that, in addition to their cost, they need
regular maintenance for them to work properly.
Four countries mention the use of this type of joint. It consists of a metal beam
with wide flanges which is fixed into a strongly reinforced foundation beam
(Figure 4). A compressible material is placed between the web of the beam and
the pavement.
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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Matériau compressible Dalle
Compressible material Slab
7
Figure 4
Joint avec poutrelle a larges semelles Joint with wide flange beam
Les culées d'ancrage sont constituées de trois à six voiles transversaux coulés
dans le sol d'assise (figure 5). Elles sont du type poids-frottement. Le nombre de
voiles varie de trois à six selon les caractéristiquesdu sol d'assise.
Ces dispositifs d'ancrage sont également parfois suivis de deux ou trois joints de
dilatation normaux. L'armature du revêtement est doublée au droit des culées.
Ce type de dispositif d'extrémité est relativement peu efficace lorsqu'il est construit
dans des remblais.
Dans ce cas, l'ancrage peut être réalisé au moyen de connecteurs fixés par moitié
dans les anciennes dalles, et dans le béton de recouvrement (figure 6).
O O
O O 0 E r n 6m
O O
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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8.6.3. Anchorage beams
These consist of 3 to 6 transverse beams cast into the base (Figure 5). These are
of the weight-friction type. The number of beams varies from 3 to 6 according to
the characteristicsof the cubgrade.
These devices are also followed by 2 or 3 normal expansion joints. The slab
reinforcement is doubled over the beam.
This type of terminal end system is however not very effective when built in
backfills.
BAC I
Culée
-
CRCP Abutment
i
1,00 rn
0,65 rn
k
Figure 5
Culée d'ancrage Anchorage beam
In this case anchorage can be achieved by means of tie bars fixed half into the old
slab and half into the overlay concrete (Figure 6).
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
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9. CONSTRUCTION
Bien que l'objet de ce rapport ne soit pas de traiter dans les détails des modalités
d'exécution, il est néanmoins apparu nécessaire d'attirer l'attention sur quelques
points particuliers.
Dans le cas d'un recouvrement, les manques d'uni localisés, hors tolérances,
doivent être corrigés avant la mise en œuvre du béton.
La méthode la plus utilisée est le placement manuel des armatures sur des
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
supports métalliques ou sur des poutres en treillis dont la barre supérieure
constitue l'armature transversale.
Cette méthode de construction en deux couches est interdite dans certains états
et ne peut être conseillée en raison de la variation des résultats obtenus.
Toutefois, les machines ont été développées, en France notamment, pour assurer
la mise en œuvre du béton en deux couches par une seule machine à coffrages
glissants. Le comportement ultérieur de ce dernier mode de mice en œuvre donne
eniière saiisiaciion après huit ans.
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9. CONSTRUCTION
The performance of CRCP, like that of other types of pavements, largely depends
on the care taken in construction. Certain problems encountered, notably at
daywork joints, can be attributed to errors in construction.
Although the details of operating methods are not the objective of this report, it
nonetheless appears necessary to draw attention to certain particular points.
The most widely used method is the manual placement of the bars on to the metal
supports or on to the lattice beams the upper bar of which constitutes the
transverse reinforcement.
Some countries make use of machines equipped with feeder tubes. The results
obtained are variable. For example in France, that method gives full satisfaction,
but it is prohibited notably in Australia and some states of the USA because of the
poor tolerances on the level of the reinforcement.
Three States use the two layer method of construction for the concrete, the
reinforcement being held by the first layer, sometimes vibrated. In other instances,
the vibration of the concrete is done through one operation.
The two layer method of construction is prohibited in certain states and cannot be
recommended because of the variation in the results obtained.
However, equipment has been developed, notably in France, for ensuring the
placement of concrete in two layers by a single slipform machine. The efficiency of
this method of placement has given satisfaction over 8 years of use.
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Quel que soit le mode de placement des armatures, les points suivants sont, entre
autres, à vérifier soigneusement :
- aspect des barres (absence de corrosion),
- nombre de barre longitudinales(sur toute la largeur),
- recouvrement et fixation des barres longitudinales,
- niveau de l'armature,
- stabilité des supports,
- écartement des barres transversales,
- distance entre les barres (régularité),
- distance entre la première barre et le bord du revêtement.
9.3. Fabrication e t mise en œuvre du béton
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Whatever the method of placing the reinforcement, the following points, amongst
others, must be carefully checked:
- condition of the bars (absence of corrosion),
- number of longitudinal bars (over the whole width),
- overlap of longitudinal bars and their fixing,
- level of the reinforcement,
- stability of the suppotts,
- spacing of transverse bars,
- distance between bars (regularity),
- distance between the first bar and the edge of the pavement.
9.3. Mixing and laying of the concrete
Strict control at the concrete mixing plants is very important, especially the correct
proportioning of all the constituents and the mixing time, so as to guarantee
homogeneous mixtures. Water content and the amount of admixture are
particularly important because of their direct influence on the workability and
strengths of the concrete.
The workability must be adapted to the method of laying: between fixed formwork
- with surface vibration - or with a slipform paver - vibration pokers. In this last
case, the level of the pokers must be adjusted in order to avoid any contact with
the reinforcement. It must be sufficient to ensure an adequate compaction of the
concrete through its whole thickness and a good bond with the reinforcement
bars.
Les différentes méthodes ont été décrites dans la publication "La route en béton
de ciment'' (référence 07.02.8, AIPCR, 1987), et dans le rapport du ComitØ
technique des Routes en Béton "Réduction du bruit de roulement des surfaces en
béton" publié lors du Congrès de Marrakech (référence 19.07.8, AIPCR, 1991).
Ce dernier attire surtout l'attention sur les nuisances sonores que peuvent générer
les différents traitements et sur les mesures à prendre pour les éviter.
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The compacting and the compaction of the concrete are most critical at the
beginning and end of the day (along the constructionjoints). It is indispensable to
have complementary means of vibration to ensure good finishing in these places.
In addition, in some countries the longitudinal reinforcement is doubled at
construction joints, whilst in others it is recommended to increase the cement
content by about 25 kg/m3for the first and last mixes of the day.
The different methods have been described in the publication "Concrete Roads"
(reference: 07.02.8, PIARC,I 987), and in "Tyre noise reduction achieved with
concrete surfaces", a report by the Technical Committee on Concrete Roads
published at the time of the Marrakesh Congress (reference: 19.07.8,PIARC,
1991). The latter draws attention above all to the noise levels which can be
generated by the various treatments and how to proceed for their reduction.
It is absolutely necessary to protect the fresh concrete from surface drying in order
to ensure:
- the durability of the concrete (resistance to wear, to frost and to the effects of
de-icing salts);
- as uniform a distribution of cracks as possible (avoiding wide cracks);
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
En cas de bétonnage par temps froid, la surface sera également protégée, après
l'applicationdu produit de cure, par tout moyen pouvant empêcher le gel du béton.
Bien conçus et bien construits, les revêtements en béton armé continu ont un
comportement excellent comme en témoignent les nombreux exemples de tels
revêtements dont la longévité peut atteindre 35, voire 40 ans, tout en ne
nécessitant que des frais d'entretien minimes. C'est d'ailleurs une des raisons
majeures qui conduit à leur utilisation de plus en plus fréquente.
Leur comportement est de toute évidence lié à la distribution des fissures (intervalle,
ouverture). La distance finale entre les fissures, leur ouverture et les contraintes
dans l'acier affectent fortement le comportement de ce type de revêtement. II est
difficile de déterminer avec précision et a priori le degré de fissuration car de très
nombreux facteurs, parfois non maitrisables,y jouent un rôle.
La fissuration initiale est due aux contraintes provoquées par les premières chutes
de température et par le retrait hygrométrique du béton. D'autres fissures
apparaîtront lors des chutes ultérieures de températures et lors de I'application
des charges (trafic). La combinaison des contraintes internes (retrait) et externes
(trafic) varie évidemment selon le type de route et les conditions climatiques, ce
qui explique la difficulté précédemment mentionnée de détermination de la
aisiribuiion aes tissures.
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Curing must be carried out immediately after the passage of the last machine. The
curing compound must be preferably of white or metallic pigmentation, effective
(resin based), and spread in adequate quantty (I 200 dm2). When surface defects
occurs on concrete pavements, they are most frequently due to poor curing.
Special precautions must be taken when temperatures are high (230°C): more
curing compound, covering with mats which are kept wet, or sprinkling the surface
after curing.
When concrete is laid in cold weather the surface must also be protected, after
application of the curing compound, by suitable means which prevent the concrete
from freezing.
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
Their performance is obviously linked to crack distribution (spacing, width). The
final distance between cracks, their width, and the stresses in the steel, strongly
affect the performance of this type of pavement. It is difficult to determine in
advance with precision the degree of cracking, since numerous factors, not always
controllable, are involved.
The first of these is obviously the design of the pavement and the percentage of
longitudinal steel used. But other factors which cannot be ignored are: the friction
of the slab on the sub-base; the difference between the temperature at the time of
laying and the minimum temperature to which the slab will be subjected; the
diameter, spacing and level of the steel bars, etc.
Initial cracking is due to the stresses provoked by the first temperature drops and
by the thermal shrinkage of the concrete. Other cracks will appear during
subsequent drops in temperature and when traffic loads are applied. This
combination of stresses, internal (shrinkage) and external (traffic), obviously vanes
according to the type of road and the weather conditions, which explains the
previously mentioned difficulty in determining crack distribution.
b. Lors de ia construction
- mauvaisequalité des granulats (granulats gélifs ou à texture schisteuse à proscrire),
- composition de béton mal étudiée ou mal dosée,
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
- mise en œuvre de la fondation et/ou du revêtement peu soignée,
- absence ou des négligences dans la cure du béton frais (protection contre
l'évaporation et contre le gel),
- pose incorrecte des armatures (non-respect de la couverture minimale de béton
au-dessus des armatures, de la régularité de la distance entre les barres, de
leur recouvrement, de leur niveau...),
- réalisation peu soignée des joints de construction.
IIest en général admis qu'un des défauts majeurs pouvant affecter les revêtements en
béton armé continu est l'apparition de poinçonnements au bord extérieur de la
dalle (punchouts). L'absence de drainage à l'interface dalle-fondation et
I'érodabilité de la fondation peuvent entraîner des poinçonnements entre deux
fissures rapprochées (5 50 cm) sous l'effet des charges lourdes de bord.
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The main setbacks encountered, happily rare, are largely caused by:
a. Design phase
- underdesign of the pavement structure or the slab.
- too little longitudinal reinforcement (0.6 to 0.7% seems necessary according to
climate).
--`,`,`,``,`,`,`,,,,`,`,`,,`,`,-`-`,,`,,`,`,,`---
b. Construction phase
- poor quality aggregates (frost-susceptibleor schisty aggregates are prohibited).
- poor composition or mix design of the concrete.
- lack of care in the construction of the sub-base and/or slab.
- lack of or negligence in the curing of the fresh concrete (protection against
evaporation and frost).
- incorrect placement of the steel bars (non-compliance with minimum concrete
cover, uniformity of spacing, overlap, level...).
In short, as for all other types of pavement, it is necessary to comply with the rules
of good practice in design as well as in construction.
Punchouts at the outer edge of the slab are generally acknowledged to be one of
the major defects affecting CRCP. Lack of drainage at the slab/sub-base interface
and erosion of the sub-base can .lead to punchouts between two closely cracks
(5 50 cm) under the effect of heavy edge loads.
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- the percentage of reinforcement (the lower the percentage the greater the risk of
"wide" cracks (20,5 mm); on the other hand, too high a percentage can lead to
cracks which are close to each other, resulting in early distress when weak
foundations are present;
- the marking of the external edge (if the marking is located on the hard shoulder,
heavy vehicles tend to drive over the joint, between the hard shoulder and the
slab), thus increasing the edge stress;
- inadequate thickness (the thinner the slab the greater the risks);
This generally occurs at cracks which are too wide (20,5 mm) (that can denote a
too low percentage of longitudinal steel) and is generally seen only on concrete of
mediocre quality. The action of de-icing salts could contribute to the aggravation of
this problem.
Underdesign of the pavement or the slab can manifest itself in the appearance of
longitudinal cracks about 1 m from the outer edge. These in turn could lead to
punchouts where they cross close transverse cracks (< 0,5 m), and can lead to a
reduction in the life of the pavement.
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La corrosion des armatures est une cause de défaillance très peu rencontrée ; elle
n'intervient que lorsque le revêtement a été mal dimensionné (pourcentage
d'armature trop faible) et que l'on constate des fissures larges (t0,5 mm) ou,
dans certains cas, lorsque le revetement a été mis en œuvre en 2 couches
vibrées séparément ou encore, lorsque la couverture de béton au-dessus des
barres est insuffisante (S 60 mm). Celle-ci sera de préférence d'une épaisseur
égale à deux fois la dimension du plus gros granulat.
L'utilisation d'aciers enrobés de résine epoxy n'est citée que par quatre Etats des
Etats-Unis et à titre d'essai au Royaume-Uni.
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11.5. Corrosion of reinforcement
As a cause of failure, this is very rarely encountered. It occurs only when the
pavement has been badly designed (a too low percentage of steel giving rise to
wide cracks (20,5mm), or in certain cases, when the pavement has been
constructed in two separately vibrated layers, or again, when the concrete cover
over the bars is insufficient (5 60 mm). This last must preferably be of a thickness
equal to twice the size of the largest aggregate.
The use of steels coated with epoxy resins has been mentioned only by four
states in the USA, and by the United Kingdom with reference to trials.
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12. ENTRETIEN ET REPARATIONS
12.1. Entretien
L'entretien des revêtements en béton armé continu est extrêmement limité, ce qui
est d'ailleurs un des principaux arguments en faveur de ce type de revêtement.
12.2. Réparations
Les détails de réparation des revêtements en béton armé continu sortent du cadre
du présent rapport. II est toutefois utile de rappeler les quelques grands principes
qui prévalent lors de l'exécutionde tels travaux.
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12. MAINTENANCE A N D REPAIRS
12.1. Mainteiiance
CRC pavements require very little maintenance, which is one of the main
arguments in their favour.
It is, however, necessaiy to monitor the proper functioning of the drainage and to
maintain the longitudinal joint seals in good condition, particularly that between the
slab and the hard shoulder.
12.2. Re pairs
Repair details are outside the framework of the present report. It is however useful
to recall some of the basis principles which prevail when carrying out such work:
a) As with all other types of pavement, repairs require first of all a careful
diagnosis to determine the causes of the degradation. No repair will last if
the causes of the defects are not eliminated or alleviated.
The conception and design of a concrete carriageway differs little whether its a
case of slabs with joints or a continuously reinforced pavement. Nevertheless,
there are some particular precautions to be borne in mind by the project designer.
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13.1.1. Conception
- le revêtement sera construit avec une surlargeur côté voie lente, d'au moins 0,5 m
par rapport à la voie de circulation des véhicules. Dans les cas où une bande
d'arrêt d'urgence est prévue, elle sera liée par ancrage à la voie de circulation,
en vue de minimiser les contraintes dues aux charges de bord. Cette surlargeur
peut recevoir un traitement de surface différent de celui de la voie de circulation
en vue d'attirer l'attention des usagers. L'Australie mentionne la construction
d'une bande d'arrêt d'urgence en béton non armé avec joints, liée au
revêtement en BAC. Dans ce cas, elle doit être construite après le revêtement.
Ja Dente transversale sera d'au moins 1,5 Yo ; elle doit être adaptée aux
conditions climatiques et aux pentes du profil en long (plus ces dernières sont
faibles et plus la pente transversale devra être forte). Dans les pays soumis à
de fortes pluies, elle sera de préférence de 2,5 %.
- une attention particulière doit être retenue aux gncraaes des joints
. .
onaitudinaux, La section des barres ne devrait pas être inférieure à 3,5cm2par
mètre courant. Les barres d'ancrage seront placées juste en dessous des
barres d'armatures longitudinales, leur diamètre est en général de 16 à 18 mm,
leur écartement de 500mm à 700mm. En cas de bandes bétonnées
séparément, le placement s'effectuera de préférence par forage dans le béton
durci de la bande déjà construite.
13.1.2. Diniensionneinent
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13.1.1. Conception
The choice of cross section must take account of the following points:
The sub-base must be non-erodible and preferably pervious. Its width must be
at least 2 m wider than that of the pavement, and it must extend under the hard
shoulder when there is one.
The Davement will be constructed with an extra width at the side of the slow
lane, of at least 0.5 m in relation to the traffic lane. In cases where a hard
shoulder is envisaged, this will be joined to the traffic lane by reinforcement bars
in order to minimize the stresses due to edge loads. This extra width can
receive a surface treatment different from that of the traffic lane with a view to
attracting the attention of users. Australia mentions the construction of a jointed
plain concrete shoulder linked with the CRCP carriageway. In this case it must
be built after the pavement.
The cross fall must be at least 1.5%; it must be adapted to weather conditions
and to the longitudinal gradients (the lower these are the higher must be that of
the cross fall). In countries of heavy rainfall it would preferably be 2.5%.
- Particular attention must be paid to fhe anchoraae of lonaitudinal joints. The bar
section must not be less than 3.5 cm* per linear metre. The anchorage bars will
be placed just under the longitudinal reinforcing bars, their diameter in general
being 16 to 18 mm and their spacing 500 to 700 mm. In case of lanes built
separately their placement will be done preferably by boring in the hardened
concrete of the lane already placed.
13.1.2. Design
- The weather conditions of the region must be taken into account when
calculating the percentage of longitudinal reinforcement to be used. In general
this would be about 0.6% in dry regions, and 0.7% in areas of wet and cold
(frosty) weather where the use of de-icing salts is likely to be employed.
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- les aciers utilisés seront à adhérence renforcée et présenteront une limite
d'élasticité d'au moins 400 MPa. Le diamètre des barres sera compris entre 12
et 23 mm. Leur écartement sera au minimum égal à 2% fois le diamètre des
gros granulats ; il sera au maximum égal à 200 mm. Les recouvrements des
barres feront au moins trente fois leur diamètre ; ils seront décalés en oblique
ou de manière à ne pas dépasser un tiers de leur nombre dans une même
section transversale. Lorsqu'elles sont utilisées, l'écartement des barres
transversales ne sera pas inférieur à 400 mm, ni supérieur à 1 O00 mm.
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- High grip steels should be used which have an elasticity limit of at least
400 MPa and a diameter of between 12 and 23 mm. Minimum bar spacing must
be equal to 2% times the diameter of the coarses aggregate, and the maximum
should be 200 mm. The length of overlap will be at least 30 times the bar
diameter, with the overlaps being staggered either obliquely or in such a way
that no more than a third are located in the same transverse section. When
used, the spacing of transverse bars must not be less than 400 mm nor more
than 1,000 mm.
13.2. Construction
This has already been partially dealt with in paragraph 10 - construction. Only the
principal precautions to be observed will therefore be repeated here.
Tolerances must not exceed 15 mm for the level of the bars and 20 mm for the
spacing. The distance between the first bar and the edge of the pavement must
not be greater than the normal bar spacing.
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14. NEWDEVELOPMENTS
In 1983 CRCP was used in France for the overlay of a motorway pavement having
a concrete pavement. From 1986 the same technique was used for sections of
new motorway construction.
The technique used was "traditional", that is to say, a steel percentage of 0.67%
with deformed bars of 16 mm diameter and an elasticity limit of 500 MPa spaced
on 150 mm for a slab thickness of 200 mm.
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L'armature transversale constituée au début de barres de 12 mm placées
perpendiculairement aux longitudinales fut peu à peu supprimée, la mise en
œuvre des aciers se faisant par tube.
En 1986, des premiers essais furent tentés visant à remplacer les armatures en
barres rondes par des rubans crantés en acier galvanisé à chaud présentant une
limite d'élasticité de 700 MPa. L'épaisseur des rubans était de f 2 mm et leur
largeur de 40 mm. Cette technique connue sous le nom déposé de Flexarm
permet de réduire le pourcentage d'acier à environ 0,3 ?Lo ou 0,4 % tout en
assurant (après trois ans) un comporlement remarquable.
Dès novembre 1988, le premier chantier industriel a été entrepris sur l'autoroute
Paris-Lyon dont l'exploitation est confiée à la Société des Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-
Rhône. Fin 1991, 100 km de routes (équivalentes à 2 voies) avaient été construits.
L'épaisseur des rubans crantés ayant toutefois été portée à 2,3 mm et la limite
d'élasticité de l'acier à 800 MPa, le pourcentage d'armature était ainsi de 0,37 Yo.
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The transverse reinforcement constituted initially of 12 mm bars placed at right
angels to the longitudinal was gradually discontinued, the placing of the bars being
done by tubefeeders.
In 1986 the first trials were carried out aiming to replace round bars with deformed
galvanized steel strip having an elasticity limit of 700 MPa. The strip was f 2 m m
thick and 40 mm wide. This technique, known under the trade name of Flexarm,
enables a reduction of the percentage of steel to 0.3 or 0.4% whilst ensuring a
remarkableperformance after three years.
From November 1988, the first work site was undertaken on the Paris-Lyon
motorway and operated by the "Société des Autoroutes Paris-Rhin-Rhône". At the
end of 1991, 1O0 km of 2 lane equivalent roads had been constructed.
The thickness of the steel strip having however been increased to 2.3 mm and the
elasticity limit of the steel to 800 MPa, the percentage of reinforcement thus
became 0.37%.
This technique not only enabled a drastic reduction of the amount of steel but also
allowed a very high daily output, the rolls of strip needing no particular preparation
before the placement machines. In addition, the length of the site is greatly
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reduced (about 1O0 m).
15. CONCLUSIONS
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15.1. Aspects techiiiques
Les revêtements de chaussée en béton armé continu ont largement démontré leur
principale qualité de bon comportement à long terme, pour autant qu'ils aient été
conçus et construits selon les règles de l'art. La technique, qui avait la réputation
d'être "pointue", s'est avérée n'être pas plus difficile d'application que les autres ;
elle nécessite toutefois le respect de certaines précautions dont il a été question
dans les paragraphes précédents.
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Inspections carried out after 3 years showed satisfactory performance, although
the distance between cracks was greater and crack widths in some cases attained
1.2 mm.
In the state of present knowledge the zinc coating of the steel allows to expect no
corrosion problems, even though some countries have doubts about a possible
chemical attack of the zinc by the concrete.
15. CONCLUSIONS
CRC pavements have largely demonstrated their main quality of good long-term
behaviour, to the extent to which they have been constructed according to the
state of the art. The technique, which had the reputation of being difficult, has
proven to be no more so than others in application. It nonetheless requires the
observation of certain precautions as mentioned in the preceding paragraphs.
15.2. C o s t consideratioti
- the life of the pavement and the interest rate on the borrowed money;
- the residual value of the pavement (at the end of its expected life);
- maintenance and operating costs;
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la ,.
valeur re- des revêtements en béton armé continu est élevée ; ils
peuvent, à la fin de leur vie, être réhabilités par simple recouvrement.
. es COûts d'entret ¡en sont extrêmement faibles, en général limités à ceux des
opérations de rescellement des joints longitudinaux et du nettoyage éventuel du
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système de drainage.
. . ont, eux, une grande importance ; ils comprennent, outre
esc0Uts d'exploitation
les frais de réparations éventuelles des dégradations locales (tels qu'aux joints
de construction), le coût pour les usagers.
Ce dernier doit être envisagé principalement pour tout endroit où une interruption
ou un ralentissement à l'écoulement normal du trafic - notamment pour les travaux
d'entretien - sont susceptibles de générer des inconvénients graves à une
exploitation rationnelle de l'ouvrage.
C'est le cas, notamment, pour les routes à trafic important, pour les tunnels et
leurs trémies d'accès, pour les aires de stationnement d'avion ou les pistes
d'aérodrome, et pour certaines voiries urbaines.
II n'est pas possible, dans le cadre du présent rapport, de donner une estimation
chiffrée des aspects économiques étant donné les différences des valeurs à
affecter pour chaque paramètre dans chaque pays. II appartient aux autorités
responsables de ces derniers d'étudier les bilans comparatifs qui s'imposent lors
du choix de la structure d'un itinéraire.
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. jhe life of the DavemeM can be estimated at 40 years as has been demonstrated
by numerous examples around the world. It is nevertheless bounded to the
choice of the master of the work and depends notably on the design. The
technique of CRCP is without doubt amongst the most performing in potentiality
of gain of time life in relation to additional centimetres in thickness (doubling of
the time life for an increase in thickness of 2 cm).
orrowina rates and B e repavment of loa m are imporiant, since they are in a
way linked to the life of the pavement.
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maintenance cos1s are extremely low and generally limited to the resealing of
longitudinaljoints and the eventual cleaning of the drainage system.
The latter are especially significant where slow moving traffic or traffic delays -
particularly due to road maintenance - are liable to seriously affect the rational
operation of the road.
This is particularly the case for roads of intense traffic, tunnels and their
approaches, airport runways and aircraft parking areas, and some urban roads.
At a time when roads carry over 70% of freight transport, it is obvious that any
disturbance to traffic flow can have a not insignificant effect. Furthermore, some
studies have shown an increase in the number of accidents at locations of lane
restrictions and traffic diversions due to road works.
.
.
e..
Within the framework of the present report it is not possible to give estimated cost
figures, given the different values assigned to each parameter in each country. It
falls to the responsible authorities in these countries to study the comparative
balance sheets imposed when choosing the structure of a road project.
-
1.C.P. VETTER Stresses in reinforcedconcretedue to volume changes
American Society of civil engineers papers pp. 197-211 Feb. 1932 - -
-
2.Y. DECHAMPS Revêtementsen béton de ciment avec armatures
-
Etude d'infonation - F 33/63 Centre de Recherches Routières Bruxelles -
3.Design of terminals for rigid pavementsto control end movements
State of the art - N.A.S. Washington D.C. - Special report 1973
-
8. RAY G.K. Concrete shouldersfor CRCP
Proceedings of the CRCP workshop - New Orleans - 15-16/2178
-
9.YODER E. Identifyingdistress and failures in CRCP
Proceedings of the CRCP workshop New Otieans 15-16/W8 - -
10. MAC CULLOUGH B. - MA J. - NOBLE C.
Limitingcriteria for the design of continuously reinforced concrete pavements
Tranportation research record - 756 - 1980
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BIBLIOGRAPH Y RÉFÉRENCES
BIBLIOGRAPHIQUES
-
15. AUNIS J. CAHORS R. & DUTARD Y.
. Recouvrementsen béton armé continu sur différentes autoroutes françaises.
Contraintes techniques et d'organisation des chantiers exécutés sans circulation.
Cernbureau - P" Symposium International des routes en béton - Aachen - Cembureau
Bnixelles 1986
21. CRCP Performance.An evaluation of continuously reinforced cement pavements in six states
Th. L. Neff - G.K. Ray (CRSI PG2M-11-86)
-
23. ARBP - CRSI Design of continuously reinforced concrete for highways
-
26. K. VERHOEVEN Le comportement du béton armé continu
-
Rapport de recherche R.R. CRIC 53f-1992
Centre de Recherches Scientifiques et Techniques pour l'Industrie Cimentière
Bnixelles - 1992
-
27. HODGKINSON J.R. Continuouslyreinforcedconcrete pavements
Cement and Concrete Association of Australia - Technical note TN 36 March 1992 -
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Dictionnaire technique routier français-anglais Technical Dictionary of Road Terms English-French
6cédition 164 p. 1990 [96.OO.B] -100I70 FRF- C edition 164p. 1990[gS.OO.B] -1OOflO FRF-
Dictionnaire technique routier espagnol-français-anglais TedmkdDictionaiy of Road T e m Spanish-Englishfiendi
6e édition 190 p. 1991 [96.01.X] -1OOI70 FRF- b edition 19Op. 1991 [g6.Ol.X] -100/70 FRF-
Dictionnaire technique routier arabe-français-anglais TedinicalDictionary of Road TennsAra~c-EngIkh-French
6cédition 224 p. 1991 (96.02.Xj -1OOI70 FRF- Sh edition 224 p. 1991 [96.02.X] -100/70 FRF-
Dictionnaire technique routier portugais-français-anglais T ~ ~ D i d ~ n a i y o f RTmP~ml~g&r@.d~f&
oai
6e édition 104 p. 1991 [96.05.X] -1OOI70 FRF- 6ih edition 104p. 1991 [96.05.X] -100/70 FRF-
2. Politique routière 2. Road Policy
Politiques routières Road Policies
30 Rapports nationaux présentés au 30 National Reports presented at the
XIXe Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) XlXh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
502 p. 1991 [19.21.F] -1OOflO FRF- 508p. 1991 [W.Zl.E] -1OOflO FRF-
Rapport général présenté au General Report presented at the
XIXe Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) XlXh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
104 p. 1991 [19.31.B] -50/35 FRF- 1 0 4 ~1991
. [19.31.8] -50/35 FRF-
3. Economie et Finances 3. Economy and Finances
Méthodes de choix des investissements routiers Methods for selecting Road Investments
152 p. 1991 [09.01.B] -1501100 FRF- 152 P. 1991[09.01.B] -150/1# FRF-
Economie et finances Economy and Finances
XIXe Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) XlXh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
84 p. 1991 [19.09.B] -50/35 FRF- 84p. 1991 [19.09.B] -50/35 FRF-
4. Sécurité 4. Saíeiy
Aménagements de sécurité sur routes interurbaines Safety Improvements on Interurban Roads
108 p. 1991 [04.01 B] -1OOI70 FRF- 108p. 1991 [04.01.B] -1OOUO FRF-
Caractéristiquesde sutíace Sutíace Characteristics
XIXe Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) X1Xh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
84 P. 1991 [19.Ol.B] -50/35 FRF- 8 4 ~ 1991
. [19.01.8] -50/35 FRF-
ji.CUtiié Safefy
25 Rapport nationaux présentés au 25 National Reports presented at the X l f l Wotid
XIXe Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) Road Congress (Marrakesh)
480 P. 1991 [19.24.F] -1OOI70 FRF- 448p. 1991 [19.24.E] -1OOflO FRF-
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Rapport général General Report
88 p. 1991 [19.34.B] -50/35 FRF- 88p. 1991 [19.34.B] -50/35FRF-
5. Environnement 5. Envjronnemen/
Environnement The Environment
Texte d'une conférencedébat présentée au Text of a conferencediscussion presented at the
X I X S Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) XIXh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
80 P. 1991 (19.41.Bj -50/35 FRF- 80p. 1991 [19.41.B] -501'35 FRF-
6. Circulation 6. Trafic
Encombrements sur autoroutes et chaussbs séparées TrañkCmg~tion cn M o t o M a y s a n d D M r r i a g i ? ~ ~
128 p. 1991 [04.02.B] -100/70 FRF- 128p. 1991 [04.02.B] -100/70 FRF-
Circulation de transit dans les petites agglomérations Through Traffic in Small Towns
"Routesmoads" nospécial,44 p. 1991 [04.03.B] -60 FRF- "Rout&oads"sp&ai hue, 44p. 1991[M.ûá.B] -60 FIT-
Réduction de la circulation en centre ville Reduction of Car Traffic in City Centres
"Routesmoads" nospécial, 46 p. 1990 [iO.Oi,B] -60 FRF- 'i?~M~ds"~peU 46p.
d k1990[10.Ol.B]
~, GOFRF-
Régulation de !a circulation,péage et information routière Traffic Control, Toll and Road Information
"Routesmoads" nospécial, 46 p. 1990 [10.02.B] -60 FRF- "RcWiM~?&".pdkM, 46p. 1990[lO.OZ.B] -60 FRF-
Recommandationspour les projets routierset la gestion Road Design and Traffic Operation Guidelinesto Aid
de la circulation en vue d'aider les automobilistes âgés the Older Motorists
68 p. 1991 (10.03.B] -60/40 FRF- 68p. 1991 [10.03.B] 47/40 FRF-
7. Milieu urbain 7. Urban Areas
Circulation de transit dans les petites agglomérations Through Traffic in Small Towns
"Routes/Roads" nospéaal. 44 p. 1991 [04.03.8] -60FRF- ?loutes/Roads"spcia/&sue, 44p. 1991[M.a3.B] # F f f -
Réduction de la circulation en centre ville Reduction of Car Traffic in City Centres
"Routesmoads" nospécial, 46 p. 1990 [iO.Oi.B] -60 FRF- 'Routes/Roads"speadi~ue,46p. 1990[10.Ol.B] -60 FRF-
Régulation de la circulation, péage et infomation routière Traffic Control, Toll and Road Information
"Routesmoads" nospécial, 46 p. 1990 [10.02.B] -60 FRF- 'RouteclRoads"speadksue,46p. 1990 [lO.O2.B] -60FRF-
Conception des réseaux de voiries urbaines The Urban Road Network Design
"Routesmoads" nospécial, 40 p. 1991 [10.04.B] -60 FRF- "h'out&oads"speaalbue, 40p. 1991[10.04.B] GOFRF-
La route en milieu urbain Roads in Urban Areas
XIX* Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) XIXh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
88 p. 1991 (19.10.B] -50/35 FRF- 88p. 1991 [19.lO.B] -50/35FRF-
8. Milieu interurbain 8. Interurban Roads
Aménagements de sécurité sur routes interurbaines Safety Improvements on Interurban Roads
108 p. 1991 [04.01.B] -100/70 FRF- 1 0 8 ~1991
. [04.01.B] -1OOh'O FRF-
Routes interurbaines Interurban Roads
XIXR Congrès mondial de la Route (Marrakech) XISh World Road Congress (Marrakesh)
80 p. 1991 (19.04.Bj -50/35 FRF- BOP. 1991 [19.04.B] -50/35FRF-
9. Matériaux et Essais 9. Materials and resling
Exécution des essais sur géotextiles Testing Geotextiles
30 p. 1987 [02.01.B] -60/40 FRF- 30 p. 1987 [02.01.B] -60/40 FRF.
Exécution des essais de granulats Testing Aggregates
66 p. 1987 [02.02.B] -60/40 FRF- 66p. 1987[02.02.B] -60/40 FRF.
Exécution des essais sur les matériaux traités aux Testing Hydraulic and Pozzolanic Binder Treated
liants hydrauliques et pouzzolaniques Materials
26 p. 1987 [02.03.B] -60140 FRF- 26p. 1987[02.03.B] -60/40 FRF-
Matériaux marginaux Marginal Materials
Etat des connaissances State of the art
112 p. 1989 [02.04.B] -100/70 FRF- 1 1 2 ~1989
. [02.04.8] -1OOh'O FRF-
Essais sur les matériaux marginaux Testing Marginal Materials
48 p. 1991 [02.05.B] -60/40 FRF- 48p. 1991 [02.05.B] -60/40 FRF.
Guide pour le choix et l'exécution des essais sur les Guidelines for Selecting and Cartying out Tests on
produits de marquage routier Marking Products
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Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Document provided by IHS Licensee=BP Amoco/5928366101, 08/03/2004 21:55:22 MDT
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group
at 303-397-2295.
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Copyright American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials Document provided by IHS Licensee=BP Amoco/5928366101, 08/03/2004 21:55:22 MDT
Provided by IHS under license with AASHTO Questions or comments about this message: please call the Document Policy Group
at 303-397-2295.
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