MECH 4406 C p
T T T T
k k k g
t x x y y z z
HDE: (shown in Cartesian Coordinates)
2T g
ii) With energy generation 0
x 2 k
Prof. Matthew Johnson, Ph.D., P.Eng. dT
iii) 1D Conduction with Varying dx
: Extended Surfaces / Fins
Canada Research Chair in Energy & Combustion
Generated Air Emissions
b) 1D in Time
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering
Carleton, University • Lumped heat capacity
Ottawa, ON Canada
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2. Multi-Dimensonal
a) Space-Time (no energy generation)
T 2T • Generalized transient solution
C p k 2
t x • Semi-infinite solid solution
Transient Conduction and the Biot Number 6.2 Lumped Heat Capacitance Approach
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Solution to basic transient conduction using basic lumped Thus, in non-dimensional form:
heat-capacitance model (Bi<<1): hAs t hL* t
Vc k L* 2
T T hA t
exp s t exp
i Ti T V c t and defining:
1 Vc
Vc Rt Ct hL* t
• Where t is thermal time constant: t Bi (Biot Number) Fo (Fourier Number)
hAs hAs k L*2
Lumped capacitance solution:
Can rewrite in non-dimensional form by defining: T T hA
exp s t
hAs t ht V i Ti T Vc
* where: L*
i Vc L* c As
becomes:
* exp Bi Fo
hAs t hL* k t k
thermal diffusivity
Vc k c L*2 c
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Lumped capacitance model with other boundary conditions Note that at least 2 Biot numbers may be necessary to
(not just convection) determine applicability of Lumped Capacitance Model:
q s As E gen hT T T 4 Tsurr
4
As CV
dT
dt
• If both convection are radiation are relevant, then:
Rconduction • where Requiv is equivalent thermal resistance for
• Non-linear, 1st order, non-homogeneous ODE. Bih,equiv 0.1 both convection and radiation
Must be solved numerically. Requiv
• Two special cases are interesting analytically.
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If Bi > 0.1 then lumped heat capacitance no longer applies Consider a plane wall with convection
and we must consider spatial variations in the solid as well. T(x,0) = Ti • Relevant form of HDE:
Consider case temperature varies in 1D in space and in 1 T 2T
time: T , h T , h t x 2
C1p T 2T TT T T
C p k k k g • Boundary conditions:
k t xx 2 xx y y z z
• HDE reduces to:
dT
@ x=0: 0
dx
• Solution requires 2 boundary conditions plus 1 initial condition
-L L @ x=L: k dT hT ( L, t ) T
x dx xL
• Initial condition:
T(x,0) = Ti
Need to first simplify math by non-dimensionalizing the variables Problem is much simplified (now 3 variables instead of 8!):
in the problem Non-dimensionalized problem has an exact, infinite series
Define non-dimensional variables: solution:
T T t
* x* x / L t* Fo
* C n exp n2 Fo cos n x *
i Ti T L2
T 1 T
2
2 * *
4 sin n
x *2 Fo where: Cn (See Table 5.1 to quickly
x 2 t 2 n sin 2 n
look these values up as a
and update boundary & initial conditions: function of Biot number)
@ x=0, dT 0 @ x*=0,
*
0
and: n tan n Bi
dx x * x*0
*
@ x=L, k
dT
dx
hT ( L, t ) T @ x*=1,
x * x*1
Bi * 1, t *
xL
4 sin n
where: Cn
2 n sin 2 n
and: n tan n Bi
Good news is that if Fourier number, Fo > 0.2, we can get
an accurate solution using only the 1st term of the infinite
series
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* C1 exp 12 Fo
1 * T0,t T r
sin 1 r * 0 T T , r r
*
r * i o
1
*
0
3 *
1 30 sin 1 1 cos 1
Q
Q0 1
where: 1 n cot n Bi
6.9 Semi-Infinite Solid Solution
(or just get from from Table):
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T T T T
From HDE: C p k k k g
t x x y y z z
1D in x, with no generation: 1 T 2T
t x 2
• Initial Condition: T(x,0) = Ti
• Internal boundary condition: T(x, t) = Ti Note: Even for non-infinite cases, if t is small
enough, semi-infinite solid
approximation can still be useful
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x
erf x 2 exp u 2 du
0
erf x 2
x x3
31! 5x2! 7x3! ...
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1 n
x 2 n 1
2
2n 1 n!
n 0
erf () = 1
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q s, A q s, B
If negligible contact
resistance, single
temperature, Ts at interface
• Ts remains constant
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