Jeppesen Meteorology

25 FEB 05 METEOROLOGY 1
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

In this part of the METEOROLOGY section, selected Chapters and paragraphs have been extracted
from ICAO Annex 3 – Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation. Chapter and paragraph
numbers reflect those contained in the Annex.
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS BRIEFING — Oral commentary on existing and/or

expected meteorological conditions.
1.1 DEFINITIONS CONSULTATION — Discussion with a meteorolo-
When the following terms are used in the Standards gist or another qualified person of existing and/or ex-
and Recommended Practices for Meteorological pected meteorological conditions relating to flight
Service for International Air Navigation, they have operations; a discussion includes answers to ques-
the following meanings: tions.
AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMA- EXTENDED RANGE OPERATION — Any flight

RY — Concise summary of specified meteorologi- by an aeroplane with two turbine power-units where
cal elements at an aerodrome, based on statistical the flight time at the one power-unit inoperative
data. cruise speed (in ISA and still air conditions), from a
point on the route to an adequate alternate aero-
AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL TABLE — Ta- drome, is greater than the threshold time approved
ble providing statistical data on the observed occur- by the State of the Operator.
rence of one or more meteorological elements at an
aerodrome. FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION — Written or printed
documents, including charts or forms, containing
AERODROME METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE — meteorological information for a flight.
An office, located at an aerodrome, designated to
provide meteorological service for international air FORECAST — A statement of expected meteoro-
navigation. logical conditions for a specified time or period, and
for a specified area or portion of airspace.
AERONAUTICAL FIXED TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK (AFTN) — A world-wide system of GAMET AREA FORECAST — An area forecast
aeronautical fixed circuits provided, as part of the in abbreviated plain language for low-level flights for
aeronautical fixed service, for the exchange of mes- a flight information region or sub-area thereof, pre-
sages and/or digital data between aeronautical fixed pared by the meteorological office designated by the
stations having the same or compatible communica- meteorological authority concerned and exchanged
tions characteristics. with meteorological offices in adjacent flight informa-
tion regions, as agreed between the meteorological
AERONAUTICAL METEOROLOGICAL STA- authorities concerned.
TION — A station designated to make observa-
tions and meteorological reports for use in interna-
GRID POINT DATA IN DIGITAL FORM — Com-
tional air navigation.
puter processed meteorological data for a set of reg-
AIRCRAFT OBSERVATION — The evaluation of ularly spaced points on a chart, for transmission
one or more meteorological elements made from an from a meteorological computer to another comput-
aircraft in flight. er in a code form suitable for automated use.
AIRMET INFORMATION — Information issued by NOTE: In most cases such data are transmitted on
a meteorological watch office concerning the occur- medium or high speed telecommunications chan-
rence or expected occurrence of specified en route nels.
weather phenomena which may affect the safety of
low-level aircraft operations and which was not al- HUMAN FACTORS PRINCIPLES — Principles
ready included in the forecast issued for low-level which apply to aeronautical design, certification,
flights in the flight information region concerned or training, operations and maintenance and which
sub-area thereof. seek safe interface between the human and other
system components by proper consideration to hu-
AIR-REPORT — A report from an aircraft in flight
prepared in conformity with requirements for posi- man performance.
tion, and operational and/or meteorological informa- INTERNATIONAL AIRWAYS VOLCANO WATCH
tion. (IAVW) — International arrangements for monitor-
ing and providing warnings to aircraft of volcanic ash
NOTE: Details of the AIREP form are given in in the atmosphere.
PANS-ATM (Doc 4444) (Air Traffic Control pages,
Series 400).
AUTOMATIC DEPENDENT SURVEILLANCE

(ADS) — A surveillance technique in which aircraft
automatically provide, via a data link, data derived
from on-board navigation and position-fixing sys-
tems, including aircraft identification, four-dimen-
sional position and additional data as appropriate.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

WH-XII 24 MAR 06 METEOROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS

AND NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE LEGEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-101
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-103
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – JAPAN
AERONAUTICAL ENROUTE INFORMATION SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Japan-1
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

REPORTS ON AERODROME PAVEMENT CONDITIONS VIA MOTNE

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK -
EUROPE (MOTNE) BROADCAST
During winter period information on runway condition for the following European airports is included at the end
of METAR messages:
Aarhus Edinburgh Montpellier/Mediterranee

Aberdeen Erfurt Moscow (Sheremetyevo)
Aalborg Esbjerg Moscow (Vnukovo)
Ajaccio (Campo dell’Oro) Frankfurt/Main Munich
Amsterdam Geneva Nancy (Essey)
Ankara Goma Oryahovitsa Nantes-Atlantique
Arad Grenoble (Saint-Geoirs) Nice/Cote d’Azur
Basle-Muhlhouse Glasgow Newcastle
Bastia (Poretta) Goteborg Norrkopping
Beauvais (Tille) Graz Nurnberg
Belfast Guernsey Odense
Belgrade Hamburg Oslo (Gardermoen)
Bergen Hannover Ostend (Brugge)
Berlin (Schonefeld) Helsinki (Vantaa) Oulu
Berlin (Tegel) Innsbruck Paris (Charles-De-Gaulle)
Berlin (Tempelhof) Istanbul Paris (Le Bourget)
Biarritz (Bayonne-Anglet) Jersey Paris (Orly)
Biggin Hill Jonkoping Pau-Pyrenees
Billund Jyvaskyla Perpignan (Rivesaltes)
Birmingham Karup Plovdiv
Bordeaux (Merignac) Klagenfurt Poznan
Bornholm (Ronne) Kristiansand Prague
Bournemouth Kuopio Prestwick
Bratislava Leeds Bradford Quimper (Pluguffan)
Bremen Leipzig-Halle Reims (Champagne)
Brest (Guipavas) Liepaja Rennes (Saint Jaques)
Bristol Lille (Lesquin) Riga
Brussels (National) Linz Rotterdam
Bucharest (Baneasa) Liverpool Rovaniemi
Bucharest (Henri Coanda) Ljubljana Saint-Etienne (Boutheon)
Budapest (Ferihegy) London (Gatwick) Saarbrucken
Burgas London (Heathrow) Strasbourg (Entzheim)
Cardiff London (Luton) Salzburg
Chalons (Vatry) London (Stansted) Shannon
Cherbourg (Maupertus) Luxembourg Sofia
Clermon-Ferrant/Auvergne Le Touquet (Paris-Plage) Southend
Cologne-Bonn Lyon (Bron) St. Petersburg
Constanta Lyon (Saint Exupery) Stauning
Copenhagen Madrid Stavanger
Dijon (Longvic) Malmo Tarbes (Lourdes-Pyrenees)
Dinard (Pleurtuit Saint-Malo) Manchester Toulouse (Blagnac)
Dresden Marseille-Provence Toussus-Le-Noble
Dublin Metz-Nancy-Lorraine Sonderborg
Durham Tees Valley Milan (Linate) Stockholm (Arlanda)
Dusseldorf Milan (Malpensa) Stockholm (Bromma)

102 METEOROLOGY 25 FEB 05

Stuttgart Torino Visby
Tampere (Pirrkala) Turku Vojens/Skrydstrup
Thisted Varna Warsaw
Timisoara Vasteras Zagreb
Targu Mures Vienna Zurich

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

AERODROME WEATHER REPORT – METAR AND SPECI DECODE
IDENTIFICATION GROUPS
METAR or METAR – Aviation routine weather report code name
SPECI SPECI – Aviation special weather report code name
COR COR – Code word used as appropriate
CCCC ICAO four-letter location indicator
YYGGgg In individual messages, day of the month and time of observation in hours and
minutes UTC
Z Indicator of UTC
NIL NIL – Code word used as appropriate
AUTO Fully automated observation indicator
SURFACE WIND
ddd Mean wind direction in degrees
true rounded off to nearest 10
degrees (VRB = VARIABLE
when ff < 3kt)
ff Mean wind speed (10-minute 00000 = calm
mean or since discontinuity) P199KMH (P99KT, P49
MPS) mean ff or fmfm =
G Indicator of Gust - if necessary
200 KMH (100 KT, 50
fmfm Maximum wind speed (gust) - if MPS) or more
necessary
KMH or KT or MPS Wind speed units used
Followed when there is a variation in wind direction of 60° or more but less than 180° and wind speed > 3 KT
by group below:
dndndn Extreme direction of wind
V Indicator of Variability
dxdxdx Other extreme direction of wind (measured clockwise)
PREVAILING VISIBILITY
VVVV Prevailing visibility in metres or lowest visibility if visibility is not the same and
fluctuating and the prevailing visibility cannot be determined.
9999 = 10 km or more
Followed when visibility is not the same and minimum visibility is not prevailing and visibility < 1 500 m or
visibility < 50% of prevailing by the group below:
VnVnVnVn Lowest visibility
NDV Abbreviation for no directional variations.
Followed by
VnVnVnVn Lowest visibility
Dv General direction of lowest visibility or most operationally significant if minimum
visibility observed in more than one direction.
RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) WHERE REQUIRED, UP TO FOUR ACTIVE RUNWAYS

R Indicator of RVR
DRDR Runway designator – for parallel runways may have LL, L, C, R or RR appended
(L = left; C = centre; R = right)
VRVRVRVR RVR (10-minute mean) at the touchdown zone P2000 = more than 2 000 m,
M0050 = less than 50 m
i RVR tendency indicator over past 10 minutes. U = upward; D = downward; N =
no distinct change. Omitted if possible to determine
Replaced when there are significant variations in RVR by the group below:
R Indicator of RVR
DRDR Runway designator – for parallel runways may have LL, L C, R or RR
VRVRVRVR RVR in metres (one-minute mean minimum value during last 10 minutes)


RUNWAY VISUAL RANGE (RVR) WHERE REQUIRED, UP TO FOUR ACTIVE RUNWAYS
V Indicator of significant Variation
VRVRVRVR RVR in metres (one-minute mean maximum value during last 10 minutes)
i RVR tendency indicator
Note:
25 m STEP if RVR < 400 m
50 m STEP if 400 < RVR < 800 m
100 m STEP if RVR > 800 m
PRESENT WEATHER
w’w’ Present weather (see table w’w’ at the end of this sequence)
CLOUDS*
NsNsNs Cloud amount:
FEW – FEW (1 – 2 oktas)
SCT – SCaTtered (3 – 4 oktas)
BKN – BroKeN (5 – 7 oktas)
OVC – OVerCast (8 oktas)
hshshs Height of base of clouds in units of 30 m (100 ft)
(CC) Cloud type – only CB (cumulonimubs) or TCU (towering cumulus) indicated or ///
if it cannot be observed by automatic system
Replaced when sky is obscured and information on vertical visibility is available by the group below:
VV Indicator of Vertical Visibility
hshshs Vertical visibility in units of 30 m (100 ft) /// = vertical visibility unavailable
Replaced when there are no such clouds and CAVOK is not appropriate by:
SKC SKy Clear
Replaced when there are no such clouds, no restriction on vertical visibility and CAVOK and SCK are not
appropriate by:
NSC Nil Significant Cloud
Replaced when automatic system is used and no cloud detected by:
NCD No Cloud Detected
* Clouds of operational significance (i.e. below 1 500 m (5000 ft) or below the highest minimum sector
altitude, whichever is greater, and CB or TCU)
CAVOK
Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility RVR, present weather and cloud if:
(1) Visibility is 10 km or more
(2) No cumulonimbus cloud and no other cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highest minimum
sector altitude, whichever is greater, and
(3) No significant present weather (see table w’w’ at the end of this sequence)
TEMP AND DEW POINT

T’T’ Temperature in whole degrees Celsius (if below 0°C preceded by M)
T’dT’d Dew-point temperature in whole degrees Celsius (if below 0°C preceded by M)
PRESSURE
Q Indicator of QNH in hectopascals. If Q = A then QNH is in inches
PHPHPHPH QNH rounded down to the whole nearest hectopascal or to tenths and hundreths
of an inch , depending on indicator


SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION
RECENT WEATHER
RE Indicator of REcent weather
w’w’ REcent weather since previous report (intensity NOT to be reported)
WIND SHEAR
WS Wind Shear
RWY RUNWAY
DRDR Runway designator – for parallel runways, may have LL, L, C, R or RR appended (L = left;
C = centre; R = right)
Replaced when all runways are affected by wind shear by: WS ALL RWY
STATE OF THE SEA / SURFACE TEMP
W Group indicator letter
Ts Ts Temperature in whole degrees Celsius
S Indicator of state of the sea
S’ State of water surface
S’ STATE OF THE SEA
Code figure Descriptive terms
0 Calm (glassy)
1 Calm (rippled)
2 Smooth (wavelets)
3 Slight
4 Moderate
5 Rough
6 Very rough
7 High
8 Very high
9 Phenomenal
STATE OF THE RUNWAY **
RRRR Indicator of runway
ER Runway deposits
CR Extent of runway contamination
eReR Depth of deposit
BRBR Friction coefficient/breaking action
** State of the runway to be provided by appropriate airport authority
TREND FORECAST
TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION
CHANGE INDICATORS
TTTTT or NOSIG BECMG BECoMinG, used where changes are expected to reach or pass
through specified values at a regular or irregular rate
TEMPO TEMPOrary fluctuations of less than one hour and in aggregate
less than half the period indicated by GGGeGe
NOSIG NO SIGNIFICANT CHANGE
CHANGE AND TIME
TT Can be AT or FM = FROM or TL = TILL
GGgg Associated time group in hours and minutes UTC
FORECAST WIND


TREND FORECAST
TWO HOURS FROM TIME OF OBSERVATION
ddd Forecast mean wind direction in degrees true,
rounded to nearest 10 degrees (VRB = VARIABLE)
ff Forecast mean wind speed
00000 = calm
G Indicator of Gust
fmfm Forecast maximum wind speed (gust)
KMH or KT or MPS Wind speed units
FORECAST VISIBILITY
VVVV Forecast prevailing visibility in metres 9999 = 10 km or more
FORECAST WEATHER
w’w’ Forecast significant weather (see table w’w’ at the edn of this sequence)
Replaced when significant weather ends by:
NSW Nil Significant Weather
FORECAST CLOUDS OF OPERATIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OR VERTICAL VISIBILITY
NsNsNs Forecast cloud amount
hshshs Forecast height of base of cloud
(CC) Cloud type - only CB
Replaced when sky expected to be obscured and vertical visibility forecasts are undertaken by:
hshshs Vertical visibility in units of 30 m (100 ft)
Replaced when a change to clear sky forecast by:
SKC SKy Clear
Replaced when no CB and no cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or highest minimum sector altitude, whichever
is greater, are forecast and CAVOK or SKC are not appropriate by:
RMK
Information included by national decision but not disseminated internationally
w’w’ SIGNIFICANT PRESENT, FORECAST AND RECENT WEATHER

QUALIFIER WEATHER PHENOMENA
Intensity of
Proximity Descriptor Precipitation Obscuration Other
1 2 3 4 5
– Light MI Shallow DZ Drizzle BR Mist PO Dust/sand
Moderate BC Patches RA Rain FG Fog whirls (dust
(no devils)
qualifier)
+ Heavy or PR Partial SN Snow FU Smoke SQ Squalls
well-devel (covering part SG Snow grains VA Volcanic ash FC Funnel
oped in of the cloud(s)
the case aerodrome) DU Widespread
dust (tornado or
of PO and waterspout)
FC
VC In the DR Low drifting IC Ice crystals SA Sand SS Sandstorm
vicinity BL Blowing (diamond HZ Haze DS Duststorm
dust)
SH Shower(s) PL Ice pellets
TS Thunderstorm GR Hail
FZ Freezing GS Small hail
(supercooled) and/or snow
pellets
UP Unknown
Precipitation


NOTES: 1. The w’w’ groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table above in
sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather phenomena. An
example could be: + SHRA (heavy shower(s) of rain).
2. A precipitation combination has dominant type first.
3. DR (low drifting) less than two metres above ground, BL (blowing) two metres or more
above ground.
4. GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5 mm or more. When less than 5 mm, GS is used.
5. BR – visibility at least 1 000 m but not more than 5 000 m. FG – visibility less than 1 000 m.
6. VC – within 8 km of the aerodrome perimeter, but not at the aerodrome.

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

AERODROME FORECAST - TAF DECODE
IDENTIFICATION GROUPS
TAF or Code names for Aerodrome Forecast,
TAF AMD or Amended Aerodrome Forecast and
TAF COR Corrected Aerodrome Forecast, respectively
CCCC ICAO four-letter location indicator
YYGGgg Date and time of issue of forecast in UTC
Z Indicator of UTC
NIL Indicator of missing forecast
Y1Y1G1G1G2G2 Y1Y1 day of month, period of validity beginning G1G1 and ending G2G2 in hours UTC
CNL Indicator of cancelled forecast
FORECAST SURFACE WIND

ddd Mean wind direction in degrees true rounded to 00000 = calm
nearest 10 degrees
(VRB=VARIABLE when ff < 3kt)
ff Mean wind speed P199 KMH (P99
G Indicator of Gust KT, P49 MPS)
mean fmfm = 200
fmfm Maximum wind speed (gust) KMH (100 KT, 50
MPS) or more
KMH or KT or MPS Wind speed units used
FORECAST PREVAILING VISIBILITY

VVVV Prevailing visibility in metres
9999 = 10 km or more
w’w’ FORECAST SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
QUALIFIER WEATHER PHENOMENA
Intensity of
Proximity Descriptor Precipitation Obscuration Other
1 2 3 4 5
– Light MI Shallow DZ Drizzle BR Mist PO Dust/sand

Moderate BC Patches RA Rain FG Fog whirls (dust
(no devils)
qualifier)
+ Heavy or PR Partial SN Snow FU Smoke SQ Squalls

well-devel (covering part SG Snow grains VA Volcanic ash FC Funnel
oped in of the cloud(s)
the case aerodrome) IC Ice crystals DU Widespread
(diamond dust (tornado or
of PO and waterspout)
FC dust)
VC In the DR Low drifting PL Ice pellets SA Sand SS Sandstorm

vicinity BL Blowing GR Hail HZ Haze DS Duststorm
SH Shower(s) GS Small hail

TS Thunderstor and/or snow
m pellets
FZ Freezing UP Unknown
(supercooled) Precipitation
Replaced when significant weather phenomenon forecast to end by:
NSW Nil Significant Weather


5.3.5 5.6 OTHER NON-ROUTINE AIRCRAFT
In the case of the requirement to report
during the climb-out phase, an aircraft shall be des-
OBSERVATIONS
ignated, at approximately hourly intervals, at each
aerodrome to make routine observations in accor- When other meteorological conditions not listed un-
dance with 5.3.1. der 5.5; e.g., wind shear, are encountered and
which, in the opinion of the pilot-in-command, may
5.4 ROUTINE AIRCRAFT affect the safety or markedly affect the efficiency of
OBSERVATIONS - EXEMPTIONS other aircraft operations, the pilot-in-command shall
advise the appropriate air traffic services unit as
5.4.1 When voice communications are used, soon as practicable.
an aircraft shall be exempted from making routine
observations specified in 5.3.2 when: NOTE: Icing, turbulence and, to a large extent, wind
a. the aircraft is not equipped with RNAV equip- shear, are elements which, for the time being, can-
ment; or not be satisfactorily observed from the ground and
for which in most cases aircraft observations repre-
b. the flight duration is 2 hours or less; or
sent the only available evidence.
c. the aircraft is at a distance equivalent to less
than one hour of flying time from the next intend- 5.7 REPORTING OF AIRCRAFT
ed point of landing; or OBSERVATIONS DURING FLIGHT
d. the altitude of the flight path is below 1500m
(5000ft). 5.7.1 Aircraft observations shall be reported by
air-ground data link. Where air-ground data link is
5.4.2 Recommendation – When voice com- not available or appropriate, aircraft observations
munications are used, additional exemptions may be during flight shall be reported by voice communica-
prescribed by regional air navigation agreement for tions.
flights over routes and areas with high-density air
traffic and/or with adequate synoptic networks. Such 5.7.2 Aircraft observations shall be reported
procedures should take form of exemption or desig- during flight at the time the observation is made or
nation procedures and should: as soon thereafter as is practicable.
a. make it possible for the minimum requirements 5.7.3 Aircraft observations shall be reported as
for aircraft observations of all meteorological of- air-reports.
fices concerned to be met; and 5.8 RELAY OF AIR-REPORTS BY ATS
b. be as simple as possible to implement and pref- UNITS
erably not involving consideration of individual
cases. The meteorological authority concerned shall make
arrangements with the appropriate ATS authority to
5.5 SPECIAL AIRCRAFT
ensure that, on receipt by the ATS units:
OBSERVATIONS
a. routine and special air-reports by voice commu-
Special observations shall be made by all aircraft nications, the ATS units relay them without delay
whenever the following conditions are encountered to their associated meteorological watch office.
or observed: b. routine air-reports by data link communications,
a. severe turbulence; or the ATS units relay them without delay to
WAFCs; and
b. severe icing; or
c. special air-reports by data link communications,
c. severe mountain wave; or
the ATS units relay them without delay to their
d. thunderstorms, without hail, that are obscured, associated meteorological watch office and
embedded, widespread or in squall lines; or WAFCs.
e. thunderstorms, with hail, that are obscured, em-
5.9 RECORDING AND POST-FLIGHT
bedded, widespread or in squall lines; or
REPORTING OF AIRCRAFT
f. heavy duststorm or heavy sandstorm; or
OBSERVATIONS OF VOLCANIC
g. volcanic ash cloud; or
ACTIVITY
h. pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic erup-
tion. Special aircraft observations of pre-eruption volcanic
activity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash cloud
NOTE: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this con- shall be recorded on the special air-report of volca-
text means unusual and/or increasing volcanic nic activity form. A copy of the form shall be included
activity which could presage a volcanic eruption. with the flight documentation provided to flights op-
erating on routes which, in the opinion of the meteo-
In addition, in case of transonic and supersonic
rological authority concerned, could be affected by
flights:
volcanic ash clouds.
i. moderate turbulence; or
j. hail; or
k. cumulonimbus clouds.

NOTES: 1. The w’w’ groups are constructed by considering columns 1 to 5 in the table above in
sequence, that is intensity, followed by description, followed by weather phenomena. An
example could be: + SHRA (heavy shower(s) of rain).
2. A precipitation combination has dominant type first.
3. DR (low drifting) less than two metres above ground, BL (blowing) two metres or more
above ground.
4. GR is used when hailstone diameter is 5 mm or more. When less than 5 mm, GS is used.
5. BR – visibility at least 1 000 m but not more than 5 000 m. FG – visibility less than 1 000 m.
6. VC – within 8 km of the aerodrome perimeter, but not at the aerodrome.
FORECAST CLOUD AMOUNT AND HEIGHT*

NsNsNs Cloud amount:
FEW - FEW (1-2 oktas)
SCT - SCaTtered (3-4 oktas)
BKN - BroKeN (5-7 oktas)
OVC - OVerCast (8 oktas)
hshshs Height of base of cloud in units of 30 m (100 ft)
(cc) Cloud type - only CB (cumulonimbus) is indicated
Replaced when sky is expected to be obscured and information on vertical visibility is available by:
hshshs Vertical visibility in units of 30 m (100 ft)
Replaced when clear sky is forecast by:
SKC SKy Clear
Replaced when no CB and no cloud below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highest minimum sector altitude,
whichever is greater, are forecast and CAVOK and SKC are not appropriate by:
* Clouds of operational significance (i.e. below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below highest minimum sector
altitude, whichever is greater, and CB or TCU)
CAVOK
Ceiling And Visibility OK. Replaces visibility, weather and cloud if:
(1) Visibility is forecast to be 10 km or more
(2) No cumulonimbus cloud and no other cloud forecast below 1 500 m (5 000 ft) or below the highest
minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, and
(3) No significant weather forecast (see table w’w’ above)
SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:

PROBABILITY
PROB PROBability
C2C2 Only 30 or 40 used, indicating 30% or 40%
TIME
GGGeGe Beginning GG and end GeGe of forecast period in hours UTC
Probability is used to indicate the probability of occurence of:
(a) an alternative element or elements
(b) temporary fluctuations
CHANGE


SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:
TTTTT Type of significant change:
BECMG BECoMinG, used where changes are expected to reach or pass through
specified values at a regular or irregular rate
TEMPO TEMPOrary fluctuations of less than one hour and in aggregate less
than half the period indicated by GGGeGe
TIME
GGGeGe Beginning GG and end GeGe of forecast period in hours UTC
OR
If one set of weather conditions is expected to change more or less completely to a different set of conditions,
thus indicating the beginning of another self-contained part of the forecast, by:
TTGGgg
This takes the form FMGGgg where FM is the abbreviation for FroM and GGgg is the time in hours and
minutes UTC. All forecast conditions before this group are superseded by conditions indicated after the group.
BY REGIONAL AGREEMENT
FORECAST TEMPERATURE
TX, TN TX, TN Indicators of maximum and minimum forecast temperatures, respectively
TF TF TFTF Forecast temperature at GFGF Temperatures below 0°C preceded by M
GFGF GFGF Time UTC to which forecast temperature refers
Z Z Indicator of UTC


CHAPTER 6 – FORECASTS 6.2.5 TAF cannot be kept under continuos re-
view shall be cancelled.
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria 6.2.6 Recommendation – The period of validi-
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 5. ty of routine aerodrome forecasts should be not less
than 9 hours nor more than 24 hours; this period
6.1 INTERPRETATION AND USE OF
should be determined by regional air navigation
FORECASTS agreement. Routine TAF valid for less than 12 hours
6.1.1 Owing to the variability of meteorological should be issued every 3 hours and those valid for
elements in space and time, to limitations of fore- 12 to 24 hours should be issued every 6 hours.
casting techniques and to limitations caused by the 6.3 LANDING FORECASTS
definitions of some of the elements, the specific val-
ue of any of the elements given in a forecast shall be 6.3.1 A landing forecast shall be prepared by
understood by the recipient to be the most probable the meteorological office designated by the meteoro-
value which the element is likely to assume during logical authority concerned; such forecasts are in-
the period of the forecast. Similarly, when the time of tended to meet requirements of local users and of
occurrence or change of an element is given in a aircraft within about one hour’s flying time from the
forecast, this time shall be understood to be the aerodrome.
most probable time. 6.3.2 Landing forecasts shall be prepared in
6.1.2 The issue of a new forecast by a meteo- the form of a trend forecast, as determined by re-
rological office, such as a routine aerodrome fore- gional air navigation agreement.
cast, shall be understood to cancel automatically 6.3.3 A trend forecast shall consist of a concise
any forecast of the same type previously issued for statement of expected significant changes in the
the same place and for the same period of validity or meteorological conditions at that aerodrome to be
part thereof. appended to a local routine or local special report, or
6.2 AERODROME FORECASTS a METAR or SPECI. The period of validity of a trend
forecast shall be 2 hours from the time of the report
6.2.1 An aerodrome forecast shall be prepared which forms part of the landing forecast
by the meteorological office designated by the mete-
orological authority concerned. 6.4 FORECASTS FOR TAKE-OFF
6.2.2 An aerodrome forecast shall be issued at 6.4.1 A forecast for take-off shall be prepared
a specified time and consist of a concise statement by the meteorological office designated by the mete-
of the expected meteorological conditions at an orological authority concerned.
aerodrome for a specified period. 6.4.2 Recommendation – A forecast for
6.2.3 Aerodrome forecasts and amendments take-off should refer to a specified period of time and
thereto shall be issued as TAF and include the fol- should contain information on expected conditions
lowing information in the order indicated: over the runway complex in regard to surface wind
a. identification of the type of forecast; direction and speed and any variations thereof, tem-
perature, pressure (QNH), and any other elements
b. location indicator; as agreed locally.
c. time and issue of forecast;
6.4.3 Recommendation – A forecast for
d. identification of a missing forecast, when appli- take-off should be supplied to operators and flight
cable; crew members on request within the 3 hours before
e. date and period of validity of forecast; the expected time of departure.
f. identification of a cancelled forecast, when appli- 6.4.4 Recommendation – Meteorological of-
cable; fices preparing forecasts for take-off should keep the
g. surface wind; forecasts under continuos review and, when neces-
sary, should issue amendments promptly.
h. visibility;
i. weather; 6.5 AREA AND ROUTE FORECASTS,
j. cloud; and OTHER THAN FORECASTS ISSUED
k. expect significant changes to one or more of
WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE
these elements during the period of validity. WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM
Optional elements shall be included in TAF in accor- NOTE: Provisions concerning forecasts issued with-
dance with regional air navigation agreement. in the framework of the world area forecast system
NOTE: The visibility included in TAF refers to the are contained in Chapter 3 and those concerning
forecast prevailing visibility. area forecasts for low-level flights, under Section
6.6.
6.2.4 Meteorological offices preparing aero-
drome forecasts shall keep the forecasts under con-
tinuous review and, when necessary, shall issue
amendments promptly. The length of the forecast
messages and the number of changes indicated in
the forecast shall be kept to a minimum.


6.5.1 Area and route forecasts shall contain 7.1.2 SIGMET information shall be cancelled
upper winds, upper-air temperatures, significant en when the phenomena are no longer occurring or are
route weather phenomena and associated clouds. no longer expected to occur in the area.
Other elements may be added as required. This in- 7.1.3 SIGMET information shall be cancelled
formation shall cover the flight operations for which when the phenomena are no longer occurring or are
they are intended in respect of time, altitude and no longer expected to occur in the area.
geographical extent.
7.1.4 Recommendation – In the special case
6.5.2 Meteorological offices preparing area of SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud and
and route forecasts shall keep the forecasts under tropical cyclones, an outlook should be included giv-
continuous review and issue amendments as neces- ing information for up to 12 hours beyond the period
sary. of validity specified in 7.1.3, concerning the trajecto-
6.6 AREA FORECASTS FOR ry of the volcanic ash cloud and positions of the trop-
ical cyclone center.
LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS
7.1.5 Recommendation – SIGMET messages
6.6.1 Recommendation – When the density of issued in accordance with 7.1.4 concerning volcanic
traffic operating below flight level 100 (or up to flight ash cloud and tropical cyclones should be based on
level 150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where advisory information provided by VAACs and TCACs
necessary) warrants the routine issue and dissemi- respectively, designated by regional air navigation
nation of area forecasts for such operations, the fre- agreement.
quency of issue, the form and the fixed time or peri-
od of validity of those forecasts and the criteria of 7.1.6 Close coordination shall be maintained
amendments thereto should be determined by the between the meteorological watch office and the as-
meteorological authority in consultation with the us- sociated area control center/flight information center
ers. to ensure that information on volcanic ash cloud in-
cluded in SIGMET and NOTAM messages is consis-
6.6.2 When the density of traffic operating be- tent.
low flight level 100 warrants the issuance of AIRMET
information in accordance with 7.2.1, area forecasts 7.1.7 A SIGMET message relating to the ex-
for such operations shall be prepared in a format pected occurrence of weather phenomena listed in
agreed upon between the meteorological authorities Appendix 6, 1.1.4 with the exception of volcanic ash
concerned. When abbreviated plain language is cloud and tropical cyclones, shall be issued not
used, the forecast shall be prepared as a GAMET more than 6 hours, preferably not more than 4 hours,
area forecast, employing approved ICAO abbrevia- before the expected time of occurrence of that phe-
tions and numerical values.Thwe area forecasts nomenon.
shall be issued to cover the layer between ground 7.1.8 Recommendation – SIGMET messages
and flight level 100 (or up to flight level 150 in moun- concerning volcanic ash cloud or tropical cyclones
tainous areas, or higher, where necessary) and shall expected to affect a flight information region should
contain information on en-route weather phenomena be issued up to 12 hours before the commencement
hazardous to low-level flights, in support of the issu- of the period of validity or as soon as practicable if
ance of AIRMET information, and additional informa- such advance warning of the existence of these phe-
tion required by low-level flights. nomena is not available. SIGMET messages for vol-
6.6.3 Area forecasts for low-level flights pre- canic ash cloud and tropical cyclones should be up-
pared in support of the issuance of AIRMET infor- dated at least every 6 hours.
mation shall be issued every 6 hours and transmit- 7.2 AIRMET INFORMATION
ted to meteorological offices concerned not later
than one hour prior to the beginning of their validity 7.2.1 AIRMET information shall be issued by a
period. meteorological watch office in accordance with re-
gional air navigation agreement, taking into account
the density of the air traffic operating below flight lev-
CHAPTER 7 – SIGMET AND AIRMET el 100. AIRMET information shall give a concise de-
INFORMATION, AERODROME scription in abbreviated plain language concerning
WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR the occurrence and/or expected occurrence of spec-
ified en-route weather phenomena, which have not
WARNINGS been included in Section I of the area forecast for
low-level flights issued in accordance with Chapter
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria 6, sction6.6 and which may affect the safety of
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 6. low-level flights, and of the development of those
7.1 SIGMET INFORMATION phenomena in time and space.
7.2.2 AIRMET information shall be cancelled
7.1.1 SIGMET information shall be issued by a when the phenomena are no longer occurring or are
meteorological watch office and shall give a concise no longer expected to occur in the area.
description in abbreviated plain language concern-
ing the occurrence and/or expected occurrence of 7.2.3 The period of validity of an AIRMET mes-
specified en route weather phenomena, which may sage shall be not more than 6 hours, and preferably
affect the safety of aircraft operations, and of the denot more than 4 hours.
velopment of those phenomena in time and space.


7.3 AERODROME WARNINGS NOTE: Climatological data required for aerodrome
planning purposes are set out in Annex 14, Volume
7.3.1 Aerodrome warnings shall be issued by I, 3.1.3.
the meteorological office designated by the meteoro-
logical authority concerned and shall give concise 8.1.2 Recommendation – Aeronautical clima-
information of meteorological conditions which could tological information should normally be based on
aversely affect aircraft on the ground, including observations made over a period of at least 5 years
parked aircraft, and the aerodrome facilities and ser- and the period should be indicated in the information
vices. supplied.
7.3.2 Recommendation – Aerodrome warn- 8.1.3 Recommendation – Climatological data
ings should be cancelled when the conditions are no related to sites for new aerodromes and to additional
longer occurring and/or no longer expected to occur runways at existing aerodromes should be collected
at the aerodrome starting as early as possible before commissioning
of those aerodromes or runways.
7.4 WIND SHEAR WARNINGS
8.2 AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL TA-
7.4.1 Wind shear warnings shall be prepared BLES
by the meteorological office designated by the mete-
orological authority concerned and shall give con- Recommendation – Each Contracting State should
cise information of the observed or expected exist- made arrangements for collecting and retaining the
ence of wind shear which could adversely affect necessary observational data and have the capabili-
aircraft on the approach between runway level and ty:
500m (1600ft) above that level and aircraft on the a. to prepare aerodrome climatological tables for
runway during the landing roll or take-off run. Where each regular and alternate international aero-
local topography has been shown to produce signifi- drome within its territory; and
cant wind shears at heights in excess of 500m b. to make available such climatological tables to
(1600ft) above runway level, then 500m (1600ft) an aeronautical user within a time period as
shall not be considered restrictive. agreed between the meteorological authority
NOTE: Guidance on the subject of wind shear is and that user.
contained in the Manual on Wind Shear (DOC 9817, 8.3 AERODROME CLIMATOLOGICAL SUM-
in preparation). MARIES
7.4.2 Recommendation – Wind shear warn- Recommendation – Aerodrome climatological sum-
ings for arriving aircraft and/or departing aircraft maries should follow the procedures prescribed by
should be cancelled when aircraft reports indicate the World Meteorological Organization. Where com-
that wind shear no longer exists, or alternatively, af- puter facilities are available to store, process and re-
ter an agreed elapsed time. The criteria for the can- trieve the information, the summaries should be pub-
cellation of a wind shear warning should be defined lished, or otherwise made available to aeronautical
locally for each aerodrome, as agreed between the users on request. Where such computer facilities are
meteorological authority, the appropriate ATS au- not available, the summaries should be prepared us-
thority and the operators concerned. ing the models specified by the World Meteorologi-
cal Organization, and should be published and kept
up to date as necessary.
CHAPTER 8 - AERONAUTICAL
8.4 COPIES OF METEOROLOGICAL OBSER-
CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION VATIONAL DATA
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria Each meteorological authority, on request and to the
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 7 extent practicable, shall make available to any other
meteorological authority, to operators and to others
8.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS concerned with the application of meteorology to in-
ternational air navigation, meteorological observa-
NOTE: In cases where it is impracticable to meet the tional data required for research, investigation or op-
requirements for aeronautical climatological informa- erational analysis.
tion on a national basis, the collection, processing
and storage of observational data may be affected
through computer facilities available for international CHAPTER 9 - SERVICE FOR
use, and the responsibility for the preparation of re- OPERATORS AND FLIGHT CREW
quired aeronautical climatological information may
be delegated by agreement between the meteoro-
MEMBERS
logical authorities concerned.
9.1 GENERAL PROVISIONS
8.1.1 Aeronautical climatological information
9.1.1 Meteorological information shall be sup-
required for the planning of flight operations shall be
plied to operators and flight crew members for:
prepared in the form of aerodrome climatological ta-
bles and aerodrome climatological summaries. Such a. pre-flight planning by operators;
information shall be supplied to aeronautical users b. in-flight re-planning by operators using central-
agreed between the meteorological authority and ized operational control of flight operations;
those users.


c. use by flight crew members before departure; e. METAR and, where available, SPECI (including
and trend forecasts) for the aerodrome of departure,
take-off and en route alternate aerodromes, the
d. aircraft in flight.
aerodrome of intended landing and destination
9.1.2 Meteorological information supplied to alternate aerodromes, as determined by regional
operators and flight crew members shall cover the air navigation agreement;
flight in respect of time, altitude and geographical ex- f. TAF and amendments thereto for the aero-
tent. Accordingly, the information shall relate to ap- dromes of departure and intended landing, and
propriate fixed times, or periods of time, and shall for take-off, en route and destination alternate
extent to the aerodrome of intended landing, also aerodromes as determined by regional air navi-
covering the meteorological conditions expected be- gation agreement;
tween the aerodrome of intended landing and one
alternate aerodrome designated by the operator. In g. SIGMET information and appropriate special
addition, if agreed between numerological authority air-reports relevant to the whole of the routes
and the operator, information up to a further aero- concerned as determined by regional air naviga-
drome shall be supplied tion agreement, and;
9.1.3 Meteorological information supplied to NOTE: Appropriate special air-reports will be

operators and flight crew members shall include up- those not already used in preparation of SIG-
per winds and upper-air temperatures, significant en MET messages.
route weather phenomena, METAR and SPECI (in-
cluding trend forecasts), TAF, forecasts for take-off, h. AIRMET information for low-level flights are de-
SIGMET information and those special air-reports termined by regional air navigation agreement.
not covered by a SIGMET, and AIRMET information, 9.2.2 When upper-air information is supplied in
which are available at the meteorological office and chart form, it shall consist of charts for standard
which are relevant to the planned flight operations. flight levels.
9.1.4 Where necessary, the meteorological au- 9.2.3 Recommendation – The upper wind and
thority of the State providing service for operators upper-air temperature information and the significant
and flight crew members shall initiate coordinating en route weather information requested for pre-flight
action with the meteorological authorities of other planning and in-flight re-planning by the operator
States with a view to obtaining from them reports should be supplied as soon as it becomes available,
and/or forecasts required. but not later than 3 hours before departure. Other
9.1.5 Meteorological information shall be sup- meteorological information requested for pre-flight
plied to operators and flight crew members at the lo- planning and in-flight re-planning by the operator
cation to be determined by the meteorological au- should be supplied as soon as is practicable.
thority, after consultation with the operators and the 9.3 BRIEFING, CONSULTATION AND
time to be agreed upon between the meteorological
DISPLAY
office and the operator concerned. The service shall
normally be confined to flights originating within the NOTE: The requirements for the use of automated
territory of the State concerned, unless otherwise preflight information systems in providing briefing,
agreed between the meteorological authority and consultation and display are given in 9.5...
the operator concerned. At an aerodrome without a
meteorological office, arrangements for the supply of 9.3.1 Briefing and/or consultation shall be pro-
meteorological information shall be as agreed upon vided, on request, to flight crew members and/or
between the meteorological authority and the opera- other flight operations personnel. Its purpose shall
tor concerned. be to supply the latest available information on exist-
ing and expected meteorological conditions along
9.2 INFORMATION FOR OPERATORS
the route to be flown, at the aerodrome of intended
FOR PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING AND landing, alternate aerodromes and other aero-
FOR IN-FLIGHT RE-PLANNING dromes as relevant, either to explain and amplify the
UNDER CENTRALIZED information contained in the flight documentation or,
if so agreed between the meteorological authority
OPERATIONAL CONTROL
and the operator, in lieu of flight documentation.
9.2.1 Meteorological information for pre-flight 9.3.2 Meteorological information used for brief-
planning and in-flight re-planning by operators shall ing and consultation shall include any or all of the in-
include any or all of the following information, as es- formation listed in 9.2.1.
tablished by the meteorological authority in consulta-
tion with operators concerned: 9.3.3 If the meteorological office expresses an
opinion on the development of the meteorological
a. current and forecast: upper winds, upper-air tem-
conditions at an aerodrome which differs apprecia-
peratures and humidity;
bly from the aerodrome forecast included in the flight
b. tropopause height and temperature, and direc- documentation, the attention of flight crew members
tion, speed and height of maximum wind; shall be drawn to the divergence. The portion of the
c. existing and expected significant en route weath- briefing dealing with the divergence shall be record-
er phenomena and amendments thereto; ed at the time of briefing and this record shall be
d. forecast for take-off; made available to the operator.


9.3.4 The required briefing, consultation, dis- information as agreed between the operator and the
play and/or flight documentation shall normally be meteorological office concerned.
provided by the meteorological office associated 9.4.4 Recommendation – Whenever neces-
with the aerodrome of departure. At an aerodrome sary and possible, the flight documentation should
where these facilities are not available, arrange- be brought up to date, in writing or orally, before it is
ments to meet the requirements of flight crew mem- supplied to flight crew members. In cases where a
bers shall be as agreed upon between the meteoro- need for amendment arises after the flight documen-
logical authority and the operator concerned. In tation has been supplied, and before take-off of the
exceptional circumstances, such as an undue delay, aircraft, the meteorological office should, as greed
the meteorological office associated with the aero- locally, issue the necessary amendment or updated
drome shall provide or, if that is not practicable, ar- information to the operator or to the local air traffic
range for the provision of a new briefing, consulta- services unit, for transmission to the aircraft.
tion and/or flight documentation as necessary.
9.4.5 Recommendation – The forms and
9.3.5 Recommendation – The flight crew charts included in flight documentation should be
member or other flight operations personnel for printed in English, French, Russian or Spanish; they
whom briefing, consultation and/or flight documenta- should, wherever practicable, be completed in the
tion has been requested should visit the meteorolog- language requested by the operator, preferably us-
ical office at the time agreed upon between the me- ing one of those languages. Where appropriate, ap-
teorological office and the operator concerned. proved abbreviations should be used. The units em-
Where local circumstances at an aerodrome make ployed for each element should be indicated; they
personal briefing or consultation impracticable, the should be in accordance with Annex 5.
meteorological office should provide these services
by telephone or suitable telecommunication facilities. 9.5 AUTOMATED PRE-FLIGHT
9.4 FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION – INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR
GENERAL BRIEFING, CONSULTATION, FLIGHT
PLANNING AND FLIGHT
NOTE: The requirements for the use of automated DOCUMENTATION
preflight information systems in providing flight docu-
mentation are given in 9.5. 9.5.1 Where the meteorological authority uses
automated pre-flight information systems to supply
9.4.1 Recommendation – Flight documenta- and display meteorological information to operators
tion should cover the whole route to be flown and and flight crew members for self-briefing, flight plan-
comprise information listed under 9.2 a., c., and e. to ning and flight documentation purposes, the infor-
h. However, in accordance with regional air naviga- mation supplied and displayed shall comply with the
tion agreement, or in the absence thereto when relevant provisions in 9.1 to 9.4 inclusive.
agreed between the meteorological authority and
the operator concerned, flight documentation for 9.5.2 Recommendation – Automated
flights of two hours duration or less, after a short pre-flight information systems providing for a harmo-
stop or turn around should be limited to the informa- nized, common point of access to meteorological in-
tion operationally needed, but in all cases the flight formation and aeronautical information services in-
documentation should at least comprise the informa- formation by operators, flight crew members and
tion on 9.2.1 e., f., g. and if appropriate, h. other aeronautical personnel concerned should be
established by an agreement between the meteoro-
9.4.2 Recommendation – Meteorological of- logical authority and the relevant civil aviation au-
fices should, as far as practicable, provide informa- thority or the agency to which the authority provide
tion received within the framework of the world area service has been delegated in accordance with An-
forecast system for flight documentation. The flight nex 15, 3.1.1 c.
documentation should be presented in the form of
charts, tabular forms, or abbreviated plain-language NOTE: The meteorological and aeronautical infor-
texts. Aerodrome forecasts should be presented in mation services information concerned is specified
the TAF code, or in abbreviated plain-language text in 9.1 to 9.4 and Appendix 8 and in Annex 15, 8.1
using a tabular presentation. and 8.2 respectively.
NOTE: Models of charts and forms for use in the 9.5.3 Where automated pre-flight information
preparation of flight documentation are given in Ap- systems are used to provide a harmonized, common
pendix 1. These models and methods for their com- point of access to meteorological information and
pletion are developed by the World Meteorological aeronautical information services information by op-
Organization on the basis of relevant operational re- erators, flight crew members and other aeronautical
quirements stated by the International Civil Aviation personnel concerned, the meteorological authority
Organization. concerned shall remain responsible for the quality
control and quality management if meteorological in-
9.4.3. Whenever it becomes apparent that the formation by means of such systems in accordance
meteorological information to be included in the with Chapter2, 2.2.2
flight documentation will differ materially from that
made available for pre-flight planning and in-flight
re-planning, the operator shall be advised immedi-
ately and, if practicable, be supplied with the revised


10.2 INFORMATION FOR SEARCH AND RES-
NOTE: The responsibilities relating to aeronautical
information services information and the quality as- CUE SERVICES UNITS
surance of the information is given in Annex 15, Meteorological offices designated by the meteoro-
Chapter 3. logical authority in accordance with regional air navi-
gation agreement shall supply search and rescue
9.6 INFORMATION FOR AIRCRAFT IN services units with the meteorological information
FLIGHT they require in a form established by mutual agree-
ment. For that purpose, the designated meteorologi-
9.6.1 Meteorological information for use by air- cal office shall maintain liaison with the search and
craft in flight shall be supplied by a meteorological rescue services unit throughout a search and rescue
office to its associated air traffic services unit and operation.
through D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcasts. Meteo-
rological information for planning by the operator for 10.3 INFORMATION FOR AERONAUTICAL IN-
aircraft in flight shall be supplied on request, as FORMATION SERVICES UNITS
agreed between the meteorological authority or au- The meteorological authority, in coordination with
thorities and the operator concerned. the appropriate civil aviation authority, shall arrange
9.6.2 Meteorological information for use by air- for the supply of up-to-date meteorological informa-
craft on flight shall be supplied to air traffic services tion to relevant aeronautical information services
units in accordance with specifications of Chapter units, as necessary, for the conduct of their func-
10. tions.
9.6.3 Meteorological information shall be sup-
plied through D-VOLMET or VOLMET broadcast as CHAPTER 11- REQUIREMENTS FOR
determined by regional air navigation agreement, AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS
and in accordance with the specifications of Chapter
11. NOTE 1: Technical specification and detailed criteria
related to this chapter are given in Appendix10.
CHAPTER 10 - INFORMATION FOR NOTE 2: It is recognized that it is for each Contract-
AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH ing State to decide upon it own internal organization
AND RESCUE SERVICES AND and responsibility for implementing the telecommu-
nication facilities referred to this chapter.
AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION
SERVICES 11.1 REQUIREMENTS FOR COMMUNICA-
TIONS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria 11.1.1 Suitable telecommunications facilities
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 9. shall be made available to permit aerodrome meteo-
rological offices and, as necessary, aeronautical me-
10.1 INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC SER- teorological stations to supply the required meteoro-
VICES UNITS
logical information to air traffic services units on the
10.1.1 The meteorological authority shall desig- aerodromes for which those offices and stations are
nate a meteorological office to be associated with responsible, and in particular to aerodrome control
each air traffic services unit. The associated meteo- towers, approach control offices and the aeronauti-
rological office shall, after coordination with air traffic cal telecommunications stations serving these aero-
services unit, supply, or arrange for the supply of dromes.
up-t-date meteorological information to the unit nec-
essary for the conduct of its function. NOTE: Circuits of the aeronautical fixed service are
used for the collection and regional and inter-region-
10.1.2 Recommendation – The associated me- al exchanges of operational meteorological informa-
teorological office for an aerodrome control tower or tion as well as for access to international operational
approach control office should be an aerodrome me- meteorological data banks. Three aeronautical fixed
teorological office. service satellite distribution systems providing for
10.1.3 The associated meteorological office for global coverage are used to support the regional
a flight information center or area control center shall and inter-regional exchanges of operational meteo-
be a meteorological watch office. rological information. Provisions relating to the satel-
lite distribution systems are given in Annex 10, Vol-
10.1.4 Recommendation – Where, owing to lo- ume III, part 1, 10.1 and 10.2.
cal circumstances, it is convenient for the duties of
an associated meteorological office to be shared be- 11.1.2 Suitable telecommunications facilities
tween two or more meteorological offices, the divi- shall be made available to permit meteorological
sion of responsibility should be determined by the watch offices to supply the required meteorological
meteorological authority in consultation with the ap- information to air traffic services and search and res-
propriate ATS authority. cue services units in respect of the flight information
regions, control areas and search and rescue re-
10.1.5 Any meteorological information request-
gions for which those offices are responsible, and in
ed by an air traffic services unit in connection with
particular to flight information centers, area control
an aircraft emergency shall be supplied as rapidly as
centers and rescue coordination centers and the as-
possible.
sociated aeronautical telecommunications stations.


11.1.3 Suitable telecommunication facilities shall transmission via aeronautical fixed service are listed
be made available to permit world area forecast cen- in Annex 10, Volume II, Chapter 4, together with the
ters to supply the required world area forecast sys- relevant priorities and priority indicator.
tem products to meteorological offices, meteorologi-
cal authorities and other users. 11.3 USE OF AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE
COMMUNICATIONS - WORLD AREA FORECAST
11.1.4 Telecommunication facilities between SYSTEM PRODUCTS
meteorological offices and, as necessary, aeronauti-
Recommendation – World area forecast system
cal meteorological stations and aerodrome control
products in digital form should be transmitted using
towers or approach control offices shall permit com-
binary data communication techniques. The method
munications by direct speech, the speed with which
and channels used for dissemination of the products
the communications can be established being such
should be as determined by regional air navigation
that required points may normally be contacted with-
agreement.
in approximately 15 seconds.
11.1.5 Recommendation – Telecommunication 11.4 USE OF AERONAUTICAL MOBILE SER-
facilities between meteorological offices and flight in- VICE COMMUNICATION
formation centers, area control centers, rescue coor- The content and format of meteorological informa-
dination centers and aeronautical telecommunication transmitted to aircraft and by aircraft shall be
tion stations should permit: consistent with the provisions of this Annex.
a. communications by direct speech, the speed 11.5 USE OF AERONAUTICAL DATA LINK
with which the communications can be estab- SERVICE - CONTENTS OF D-VOLMET
lished being such that the required points may
normally be contacted within approximately 15 D-VOLMET shall contain current METAR and SPECI
seconds; and together with trend forecasts where available, TAF
and SIGMET, special air-reports not covered by SIG-
b. printed communications, when a record is re- MET and, where available, AIRMET.
quired by the recipient; the message transmit
time should not exceed 5 minutes. NOTE: The requirement to provide METAR and
SPECI may be met by the data-link information ser-
NOTE: In 11.1.4 and 11.1.5 ‘approximately 15 vice (D-FIS) application entitled ‘Data link-aero-
seconds’ refers to telephony communications in- drome routine meteorological report (D-METAR) ser-
volving switchboard operation and ‘5 minutes’ re- vice’; the requirement to provide TAF may be met by
fer to printed communications involving transmis- the D-FIS application entitled ‘Data link-aerodrome
sion. forecast (D-TAF) service’; and the requirement to
provide SIGMET and AIRMET messages may be
11.1.6 Recommendation – The telecommuni-
met by the D-FIS application entitled ‘Data link-SIG-
cation facilities required in accordance with 11.1.4
MET (D-SIGMET) service’. The details of these data
and 11.1.5 should be supplemented, as and where
link services are specified in the Manual of Air Traffic
necessary, by other forms of visual or audio commu-
Services Data Link Applications (Doc 9694).
nications, for example, closed-circuit television or
separate information processing systems. 11.6 USE OF AERONAUTICAL BROADCAST
11.1.7 Recommendation – As agreed between SERVICE - CONTENTS OF VOLMET BROAD-
the meteorological authority and operators, provi- CASTS
sion should be made to enable operators to estab- 11.6.1 Continuous VOLMET broadcasts, nor-
lish suitable telecommunications facilities for obtain- mally on very high frequencies (VHF) shall contain
ing meteorological information from aerodrome current METAR and SPECI, together with trend fore-
meteorological offices or other appropriate sources. casts where available.
11.1.8 Recommendation – Suitable telecom- 11.6.2 Scheduled VOLMET broadcasts, normal-
munications facilities shall be made available to per- ly on high frequencies (HF), shall contain current
mit meteorological offices to exchange operational METAR and SPECI, together with trend forecasts
meteorological information with other meteorological where available and, where so determined by re-
offices. gional air navigation agreement, TAF and SIGMET.
11.1.9 Recommendation – The telecommuni-
cations facilities used for the exchange of operation-
al meteorological information should be the aero-
nautical fixed service.
11.2 USE OF AERONAUTICAL FIXED SERVICE
COMMUNICATIONS - METEORLOGICAL BULLE-
TINS IN ALPHANUMERIC FORMAT
Meteorological bulletins containing operational me-
teorological information to be transmitted via aero-
nautical fixed service shall be originated by the ap-
propriate meteorological office or aeronautical
meteorological station.
NOTE: Meteorological bulletins containing opera-

tional meteorological information authorized for


APPENDIX 1. FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION - MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS
(See Chapter 9 of this Annex.)
MODEL A - Aerodrome forecasts

Example 1 - Tabular form
Example 2 - TAF
MODEL TA - Tabular forecast of en-route conditions

Example 1 - Low level
Example 2 - Medium level
MODEL TB - Tabular forecast of upper winds and upper-air temperatures

Example - Spot locations
MODEL IS - Upper wind and temperature chart for standard isobaric surface
Example 1 - Arrows, feathers and pennants (Mercartor projection)
Example 2 - Arrows, feathers and pennants (Polar stereographic projection)
MODEL SWH - Significant weather chart (high level)

Example 1 - Mercator projection
Example 2 - Polar stereographic projection
Example 3 - Polar stereographic projection (showing the jet stream vertical extent and
crossing jet stream depictions)
NOTE: In accordance with Appendix 8, 4.3.1.1 m additional information related to

volcanic ash should be placed at the side of the charts.
MODEL SWM - Significant weather chart (medium level)
MODEL SWL - Significant weather chart (low level)

Example 1
Example 2
MODEL VAG - Volcanic ash advisory information in graphical format
MODEL SN - Sheet of notations used in flight documentation


NOTE: The IAVW is based on the co-operation of movement, central pressure and maximum surface
aviation and non-aviation operational units using in- wind of tropical cyclones.
formation derived from observing sources and net- UPPER-AIR CHART — A meteorological chart re-
works that are provided by States. The watch is lating to a specified upper-air surface or layer of the
co-ordinated by ICAO with the co-operation of other atmosphere.
concerned international organizations.
VISIBILITY — Visibility for aeronautical purposes
METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY — The au- is the greater of:
thority providing or arranging for the provision of me- a. the greatest distance at which a black object of
teorological service for international air navigation suitable dimensions, situated near the ground,
on behalf of a Contracting State. can be seen and recognized when observed
METEOROLOGICAL BULLETIN — A text com- against a bright background;
prising meteorological information preceded by an b. the greatest distance at which lights in the vicini-
appropriate heading. ty of 1,000 candles can be seen and identified
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION — Meteo- against an unlit background.
rological report, analysis, forecast and any other NOTE: The two distances have different values in air
statement relating to existing or expected meteoro- of given extinction coefficient, and the latter b. varies
logical conditions. with the background illumination. The former a. is
METEOROLOGICAL OFFICE — An office desig- represented by the meteorological optical range
nated to provide meteorological service for interna- (MOR).
tional air navigation.
VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY CENTRE (VAAC) —
METEOROLOGICAL REPORT — A statement of A meteorological centre designated by regional air
observed meteorological conditions related to a navigation agreement to provide advisory informa-
specified time and location. tion to meteorological watch offices, area control
centres, flight information centres, world area fore-
METEOROLOGICAL SATELLITE — An artificial cast centres, relevant regional area forecast centres
Earth satellite making meteorological observations and international OPMET data banks regarding the
and transmitting these observations to Earth. lateral and vertical extent and forecast movement of
volcanic ash in the atmosphere following volcanic
OBSERVATION (Meteorological) — The evalua- eruptions.
tion of one or more meteorological elements.
VOLMET BROADCAST — Routine broadcast
PROGNOSTIC CHART — A forecast of a speci- containing, as appropriate, current aerodrome
fied meteorological element(s) for a specified time or weather reports, aerodrome forecasts and SIGMET
period and a specified surface or portion of airspace, messages for aircraft in flight.
depicted graphically on a chart.
VOLMET DATA LINK SERVICE (D-VOLMET) —
REGIONAL AIR NAVIGATION AGREEMENT — Provision of current aerodrome weather reports,
Agreement approved by the Council of ICAO nor- aerodrome forecasts and SIGMET messages
mally on the advice of a regional air navigation through data link.
meeting.
WORLD AREA FORECAST CENTRE (WAFC) —
A meteorological centre designated to prepare and
SERVICE AREA (World Area Forecast Sys- supply significant weather forecasts and upper-air
tem) — A geographical area within which a re- forecasts in digital and/or pictorial form on a global
gional area forecast centre is responsible for supply- basis to regional area forecast centres, and direct to
ing area forecasts to meteorological authorities and States by appropriate means as part of the aeronau-
other users. tical fixed service.
SIGMET INFORMATION — Information issued by WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM (WAFS) —
a meteorological watch office concerning the occur- A world-wide system by which world and regional
rence or expected occurrence of specified en route area forecast centres provide aeronautical meteoro-
weather phenomena which may affect the safety of logical en route forecasts in uniform standardized
aircraft operations. formats.
STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACE — An isobar- 1.2 TERMS USED WITH A LIMITED
ic surface used on a world-wide basis for represent-
ing and analyzing the conditions in the atmosphere. MEANING
TROPICAL CYCLONE — Generic term for a For the purpose of Annex 3, the following terms are
non-frontal synoptic-scale cyclone originating over used with a limited meaning as indicated below:
tropical or sub-tropical waters with organized con- a. to avoid confusion in respect of the term “ser-
vection and definite cyclonic surface wind circula- vice” between the meteorological service consid-
tion. ered as an administrative entity and the service
TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY CENTRE which is provided, “meteorological authority” is
(TCAC) — A meteorological centre designated by used for the former and “service” for the latter;
regional air navigation agreement to provide adviso- b. “provide” is used solely in connection with the
ry information to meteorological watch offices re- provision of service;
garding the position, forecast direction and speed of


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL A - AERODROME FORECASTS - EXAMPLE 1 - TABULAR
FORM


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL A - AERODROME FORECAST, EXAMPLE 2 - TAF


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL TA , TABULAR FORECAST OF ENROUTE CONDITIONS -
EXAMPLE 1 - LOW LEVEL


APPENDIX 1, MODEL TA - TABULAR FORECAST OF ENROUTE CONDITIONS -
EXAMPLE 2 - MEDIUM LEVEL


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL TB - TABULAR FORECAST OF UPPER WINDS AND
UPPER AIR TEMPERATURES
EXAMPLE - SPOT LOCATIONS


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL IS - UPPER WIND AND TEMPERATURE CHART FOR
ISOBARIC SURFACE
EXAMPLE - ARROWS, FEATHERS AND PENNANTS (MERCATOR PROJECTION)


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL IS - UPPER WIND AND TEMPERATURE CHART FOR
STANDARD ISOBARIC SURFACE
EXAMPLE - ARROWS, FEATHERS AND PENNANTS (POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION)


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL SWH - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (HIGH LEVEL)
EXAMPLE - MERCATOR PROJECTION


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL SWH SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (HIGH LEVEL)
POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION


c. “issue” is used solely in connection with cases 2.2.2 Recommendation — In order to meet
where the obligation specifically extends to the objective of meteorological service for interna-
sending out the information to a user; tional air navigation, the Contracting State should
ensure that the designated meteorological authority
d. “make available” is used solely in connection
referred to in 2.1.4 establishes and implements a
with cases where the obligation ends with mak-
properly organized quality system comprising proce-
ing the information accessible to a user; and
dures, processes and resources necessary to pro-
e. “supply” is used solely in connection with cases vide for the quality management of the meteorologi-
where either c. or d. applies. cal information to be supplied to users listed in 2.1.2.
2.2.3 Recommendation — The quality system
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL established in accordance with 2.2.2 should be in
PROVISIONS conformity with the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) 9000 series of quality assur-
2.1 OBJECTIVE, DETERMINATION AND ance standards, and certified by an approved orga-
nization.
PROVISION OF METEOROLOGICAL
SERVICE NOTE: International Organization for Standardiza-
tion (ISO) 9000 series of quality assurance stan-
2.1.1 The objective of meteorological service dards provide a basic framework for the develop-
for international air navigation shall be to contribute ment of a quality assurance programme. The details
towards the safety, regularity and efficiency of inter- of a successful programme are to be formulated by
national air navigation. each State and in most cases are unique to the
2.1.2 This objective shall be achieved by sup- State organization.
plying the following users: operators, flight crew
2.2.4 Recommendation — The quality system
members, air traffic services units, search and res-
should provide the users with assurance that the
cue services units, airport managements and others
meteorological information supplied complies with
concerned with the conduct or development of inter-
the stated requirements in terms of the geographical
national air navigation, with the meteorological infor-
and spatial coverage, format and content, time and
mation necessary for the performance of their re-
frequency of issuance and period of validity, as well
spective functions.
as the accuracy of measurements, observations and
2.1.3 Each Contracting State shall determine forecasts. Where the quality system indicates that
the meteorological service which it will provide to the meteorological information to be supplied to the
meet the needs of international air navigation. This users does not comply with the stated requirements,
determination shall be made in accordance with the and automatic error correction procedures are not
provisions of this Annex and with due regard to re- appropriate, such information should not be supplied
gional air navigation agreements; it shall include the to the users unless it is validated with the originator.
determination of the meteorological service to be
provided for international air navigation over interna- NOTE 1: Requirements concerning the geographical
tional waters and other areas which lie outside the and spatial coverage, format and content, time and
territory of the State concerned. frequency of issuance and period of validity of mete-
orological information to be supplied to aeronautical
2.1.4 Each Contracting State shall designate users are given in Chapters 3, 4, 6 to 10 and Appen-
the authority, hereinafter referred to as the meteoro- dices 2, 3, 5 to 9 of Annex 3 and the relevant region-
logical authority, to provide or to arrange for the pro- al air navigation plans. Guidance concerning the ac-
vision of meteorological service for international air curacy of measurement and observation, and
navigation on its behalf. Details of the meteorologi- accuracy of forecasts is given in Attachments A and
cal authority so designated shall be included in the B respectively to Annex 3.
State aeronautical information publication, in accor-
dance with Annex 15, Appendix 1, GEN 1.1 (not NOTE 2: Notwithstanding the provisions in 2.2.4,
published herein). provisional TAF may still be issued, as necessary, in
accordance with Appendix 8, 4.4.3.
2.1.5 Each Contracting State shall ensure that
the designated meteorological authority complies 2.2.5 Recommendation — In regard to the ex-
with the requirements of the World Meteorological change of meteorological information for operational
Organization in respect of qualifications and training purposes, the quality system should include verifica-
of meteorological personnel providing services for tion and validation procedures and resources for
international air navigation. monitoring adherence to the prescribed transmis-
2.2 SUPPLY, QUALITY ASSURANCE sion schedules for individual messages and/or bulle-
tins required to be exchanged, and at the times of
AND USE OF METEOROLOGICAL their filing for transmission. The quality system
INFORMATION should be capable of detecting excessive transit
times of messages and bulletins received.
2.2.1 Close liaison shall be maintained be-
tween those concerned with the supply and those NOTE: Requirements concerning the exchange of
concerned with the use of meteorological informa- operational meteorological information are given in
tion on matters which affect the provision of meteo- Chapter 11 and Appendix 10 of Annex 3.
rological service for international air navigation.


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL SWH - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (HIGH LEVEL)
POLAR STEREOGRAPHIC PROJECTION (SHOWING THE JETSTREAM VERTICAL EXTENT AND
CROSSING JETSTREAM DEPICTIONS).


APPENDIX 1 - MODEL SWM - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (MEDIUM LEVEL)


ANNEX 1 - MODEL SWL - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (LOW LEVEL)


ANNEX 1- MODEL SWL - SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (LOW LEVEL)


MODEL VAG - VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY INFORMATION IN GRAPHIC FORMAT

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION -- ANNEX 3

APPENDIX 1. MODEL SN – NOTATIONS USED IN FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION
1 SYMBOLS FOR SIGNIFICANT WEATHER
Thunderstorms Drizzle
Tropical cyclone Rain
Severe squall line* Snow
Moderate turbulence Shower Hail
Severe turbulence Widespread blowing snow
Mountain waves Severe sand or dust haze
Moderate aircraft icing Widespread sandstorm or duststorm
Severe aircraft icing Widespread haze
Widespread fog Widespread mist
Radioactive materials in the atmosphere

Widespread smoke
**

Volcanic eruption *** Freezing precipitation ****
Mountain obscuration Visible ash cloud *****
* In flight documentation for flights operating up to FL 100, this symbol refers to “squall line”.
** The following information should be included at the side of the chart: radioactive materials symbol;
Latitude/longitude of accident site; Date and time of accident; check NOTAM for further information.
*** The following information should be included at the side of the chart: Volcanic eruption symbol; Name and
international number of volcano (if known); Latitude/longitude; Date and time of the first eruption (if known)
Check SIGMETs and NOTAM or ASHTAM for volcanic ash.
**** This symbol does not refer to icing due to precipitation coming into contact with an aircraft which is at a
very low temperature.
***** Visible ash cloud symbol applies only to model VAG not to SIGWX charts.
NOTE: Height indications between which phenomena are expected, top above base as per chart legend.
2 FRONTS AND CONVERGENCE ZONES AND OTHER SYMBOLS USED
Position, speed and level of max.

Cold front at the surface
wind
Warm front at the surface Convergence line
Occluded front at the surface Freezing level
Quasi-stationary front at the

Intertropical convergence zone
surface
Tropopause high State of the sea
Tropopause low Sea surface temperature
Tropopause level Widespread strong surface wind *

Wind arrows indicate the maximum wind in jet and the flight level at which it occurs. Significant changes
(speed of 20 knots or more, 3,000 ft (less if practicable) in flight level) are marked by the double bar. In the
example, at the double bar the wind speed is 225 km/h - 120 kt.
The heavy line delineating the jet axis begins/ends at the points where a wind speed of 150 km/h - 80 kt is
forecast.
* This symbol refers to widespread surface wind speeds exceeding 60 km/h (30 kt).
3 ABBREVIATIONS USED TO DESCRIBE CLOUDS

3.1 TYPE
CI = Cirrus AS = Altostratus ST = Stratus
CC = Cirrocumulus NS = Nimbostratus CU = Cumulus
CS = Cirrostratus SC = Stratocumulus CB = Cumulonimbus
AC = Altocumulus
3.2 AMOUNT
Clouds except CB:
SKC = sky clear (0/8ths)

FEW = few (1/8th to 2/8ths)
SCT = scattered (3/8th to 4/8ths)
BKN = broken (5/8ths to 7/8ths)
OVC = overcast (8/8ths)
CB only:
ISOL = individual CBs (isolated)

OCNL = well separated CBs (occasional)
FRQ = CBs with little or no separation (frequent)
EMBD = CBs embedded in layers of other clouds or concealed by haze (embedded)
3.3 HEIGHTS
Heights are indicated on SWH and SWM in flight levels (FL), top over base.
When XXX is used, tops or bases are outside the layer of the atmosphere to which the chart applies.
In SWL (low level) significant weather charts:
a. Heights are indicated as altitudes above mean sea level;
b. The abbreviation SFC is used to indicate ground level.
4 DEPICTING OF LINES AND SYSTEMS ON SPECIFIC CHARTS
4.1 SWH AND SWM — SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHARTS (HIGH AND MEDIUM)
Scalloped line = demarcation of areas of significant weather
Heavy broken line = delineation of area of CAT

Heavy solid line = position of jet stream axis with indication of wind direction, speed in kt or km/h and
interrupted by wind height in flight levels. The vertical extent of the jet stream is indicated (in flight
arrow and flight level levels) below the flight level, e.g. FL270 accompanied by +20/-30 indicates that the
height of the jet extends from FL240 to FL290.
Figures on arrows = speed in kt or km/h of movement of frontal system
Flight levels inside = height in flight levels of tropopause at spot locations; e.g., . Low and High
small rectangles points of the tropopause topography are indicated by the letters L or H respectively
inside a pentagon with the height in flight levels.
4.2 SWL — SIGNIFICANT WEATHER CHART (LOW LEVEL)

X = position of pressure centres given in hectopascals;
L = centre of low pressure;
H = centre of high pressure;
Scalloped lines = demarcation of area of significant weather
Dashed lines = altitude of 0°C isotherm in feet (hectofeet) or metres
NOTE: 0°C level may also be indicated by ; i.e., 0°C level is at an

altitude of 6,000 ft.
Figures on arrows = speed in kt or km/h of movement of frontal systems, depressions or anticyclones
Figure inside the = total wave height in feet or metres

state of the sea
symbol
Figure inside the sea = sea surface temperature in °C

surface temperature
symbol
Figures inside the = wind in kt or km/h

strong surface wind
symbol
4.3 ARROWS AND FEATHERS

Arrows indicate direction. Number of pennants and/or feathers correspond to speed.
EXAMPLE:
270° / 115 kt (equivalent to 213 km/h)
A pennant corresponds to 50 kt or 93 km/h;
A feather corresponds to 10 kt or 18 km/h;
A half-feather corresponds to 5 kt or 9 km/h.

4 MAR 05 METEOROLOGY 39

APPENDIX 2 - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WORLD AREA
FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
Table A2-1. Template for advisory message for volcanic ash
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message;
0 = inclusion optional;
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in advisory messages for volcanic
ash are shown in Appendix 6, Table A6-4.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Services -
ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).
NOTE 3: Inclusion of a "colon " after each element heading is mandatory.
NOTE 4: The numbers 1 to 18 are included only for clarity and they are not part of the advisory message, as
shown in the example.
NOTE:
1. Use abbreviations for months of the year from the PANS-ABC (Doc 8400), for example, "JAN".
2. International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior (IAVCEI).
3. Up to 4 selected layers.
4. If ash reported (e.g. AIREP) but not identifiable from satellite data.


2.2.6 Recommendation — Demonstration of f. for supersonic flights, the alternative subsonic
compliance of the quality system applied should be cruising level and the locations of the transonic
by audit. If non-conformity of the system is identified, acceleration and deceleration areas and of the
action should be initiated to determine and correct subsonic climb and descent paths;
the cause. All audit observations should be evi- g. type of flight, whether under the visual or the in-
denced and properly documented. strument flight rules;
2.2.7 The meteorological information supplied h. type of meteorological information requested for
to the users listed in 2.1.2 shall be consistent with a flight crew member, whether flight documenta-
Human Factors principles and shall be in forms tion and/or briefing or consultation;
which require a minimum of interpretation by users, i. time(s) at which briefing, consultation and/or
as specified in the following chapters. flight documentation are required.
NOTE: Guidance material on the application of Hu-
man Factors principles can be found in the Human CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA
Factors Training Manual (DOC 9863).
FORECAST SYSTEM AND
2.3 NOTIFICATIONS REQUIRED FROM METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES
OPERATORS
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
2.3.1 An operator requiring meteorological ser- related to this chapter are given in Appendix 2.
vice or changes in existing meteorological service
shall notify, sufficiently in advance, the meteorologi- 3.1 OBJECTIVES OF THE WORLD AREA
cal authority or the meteorological office(s) con- FORECAST SYSTEM
cerned. The minimum amount of advance notice re-
quired shall be as agreed between the The objectives of the world area forecast system
meteorological authority or meteorological office(s) shall be to supply meteorological authorities and
and the operator. other users with forecasts of global upper wind, up-
per-air temperature and humidity, direction, speed
2.3.2 The meteorological authority shall be no- and height of maximum wind, tropopause height and
tified by the operator requiring service when: temperature and forecasts of significant weather
a. new routes or new types of operations are phenomena in digital form. This objective shall be
planned; achieved through a comprehensive, integrated,
b. changes of a lasting character are to be made in worldwide and, as far as practicable, uniform sys-
scheduled operations; and tem, and in a cost-effective manner, taking full ad-
vantage of evolving techniques.
c. other changes, affecting the provision of meteo-
rological service, are planned. 3.2 WORLD AREA FORECAST
Such information shall contain all details necessary CENTRES
for the planning of appropriate arrangements by the
meteorological authority. 3.2.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the
responsibility for providing a WAFC within the frame-
2.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological office, or work of the world area forecast system, shall ar-
the meteorological office concerned, shall be noti- range for that centre:
fied by the operator or a flight crew member:
a. to prepare global forecasts for grid points in digi-
a. of flight schedules; tal form for all required levels and in a standard
b. when non-scheduled flights are to be operated; format; the forecasts shall comprise upper
winds, upper-air temperatures, tropopause
c. when flights are delayed, advanced or cancelled.
heights and maximum wind speed, direction and
2.3.4 Recommendation — The notification to height;
the aerodrome meteorological office, or the meteo- b. to prepare global forecasts of significant weather
rological office concerned, of individual flights phenomena in digital form;
should contain the following information except that,
in the case of scheduled flights, the requirement for c. to issue the forecasts referred to in a. and b. in
some or all of this information may be waived by digital to meteorological authorities and other us-
agreement between the meteorological office and ers in its service area, as approved by the Con-
the operator: tracting State on advice from the meteorological
authority;
a. aerodrome of departure and estimated time of
departure; d. to prepare and issue amendments to the fore-
casts;
b. destination and estimated time of arrival;
e. to receive information concerning the accidental
c. route to be flown and estimated times of arrival release of radioactive materials into the atmo-
at, and departure from, any intermediate aero- sphere, from its associated WMO regional spe-
drome(s); cialized meteorological centre for the provision of
d. alternate aerodromes needed to complete the transport model products for radiological envi-
operational flight plan and taken from the rele- ronmental emergency response, in order to in-
vant list contained in the regional air navigation clude the information in significant weather fore-
plan; casts; and
e. cruising level;

40 METEOROLOGY 4 MAR 05

Table A2-1 - Template for advisory message for volcanic ash


Table A2-1 cont’d


Table A2-1 cont’d


Example A2-1. Advisory message for volcanic ash
VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY
ISSUED: 20000402/0700Z
VAAC: TOKYO
VOLCANO: USUZAN 805-03
LOCATION: N4230 E14048
AREA: JAPAN
SUMMIT ELEVATION: 732M
ADVISORY NUMBER: 2000/432
INFORMATION SOURCE: GMS JMA
AVIATION COLOUR CODE: RED
ERUPTION DETAILS: ERUPTED 20000402/0614Z ERUPTION OBS ASH TO ABV FL300
OBS ASH DATE/TIME: 02/0645Z
OBS ASH CLD: FL150/350 N4230 E14048 - N4300 E14130 - N4246 E14230 - N4232
E14150 -N4230 E14048 SFC/FL150 MOV NE 25KT FL150/350 MOV
E 30 KT
FCST ASH CLD + 6 HR: 02/1245Z SFC/FL200 N4230 E14048 - N4232 E14150 - N4238
E14300 - N4246 E14230 FL200/350 N4230 E14048 - N4232 E14150
N4238 E14300 - N4246 E14230 FL350/600 NO ASH EXP
FCST ASH CLD + 12 HR: 02/1845Z SFC/FL300 N4230 E14048 - N4232 E14150 - N4238
E14300 - N4246 E14230 FL300/600 NO ASH EXP
FCST ASH CLD + 18 HR: 03/0045Z SFC/FL600 NO ASH EXP
NEXT ADVISORY: 20000402/1300Z
REMARKS: ASH CLD CAN NO LONGER BE DETECTED ON SATELLITE IMAGE

Table A2-2. Template for advisory message for tropical cyclones
Key: = = a double line indicates that the textAbbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).
following it should be placed on the subsequent line
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in advisory messages for tropical cy-
clone are shown in Appendix 6, Table A 6-4.
ICAI Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).
NOTE 3: All the elements are mandatory.
NOTE 4: Inclusion of a "colon " after each element heading is mandatory.
NOTE 5: The numbers 1 to 16 are included only for clarity and they are not part of the advisory message, as
shown in the example.


Table A2-2


Table A2-2 cont’d
Example A2-2. Advisory message for tropical cyclones
TC ADVISORY
DTG: 19970925/160OZ
TCAC: YUFO
TC: GLORIA
NR: 01
PSN: N2706 W07306
MOV: NW 20KMH
C: 965HPA
MAX WIND: 90KMH
FCST PSN + 12 HR: 26/040OZ N2830 W07430
FCST MAX WIND + 12 HR: 90KMH
FCST PSN + 18 HR: 2611000Z N2852 W07500
FCST PSN + 24 HR: 26/160OZ N2912 W07530
NXT MSG: 19970925/2000Z

4 MAR 05 METEOROLOGY 47
METEOROLOGICAL INFORMATION FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

APPENDIX 3 - TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO METEOROLOGICAL
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
Table A3-1 - Template for the local routine (MET REPORT) and local (SPECIAL) reports
Key: M = inclusion mandatory, part of every message
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological condition
0 = inclusion optional
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in the local routine and special re-
ports are shown in Table A3-4 of this appendix.
NOTE 2: The explanations for the abbreviations used can be found in the Procedures for Air Navigation Servic-
es - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).

48 METEOROLOGY 4 MAR 05

Table A3-1 cont’d


Table A3-1 cont’d


f. to establish and maintain contact with VAACs for 3.3.4 The aerodromes for which landing fore-
the exchange of information on volcanic activity casts are required shall be determined by regional
in order to coordinate the inclusion of information air navigation agreement.
on volcanic eruptions in significant weather fore- a. the meteorological authority concerned shall
casts. designate one or more meteorological offices to
supply meteorological information as required;
NOTE 1: Specifications for the preparation of
and
significant weather and upper-air prognostic
charts are contained in Part II, Appendix 1. b. the competent authorities shall establish means
by which such information can be supplied to the
NOTE 2: The WAFS service areas are given in aerodromes concerned.
the regional air navigation plans.
3.3.5 For aerodromes without meteorological
3.2.2 Recommendation — In case of interrup- offices
tion of the operation of a WAFC, its functions should a. the meteorological authority concerned shall
be carried out by the other WAFC. designate one or more meteorological offices to
supply meteorological information as required;
NOTE: Back-up procedures to be used in case of in- and
terruption of the operation of a WAFC are given in
Attachment C. Back-up procedures are expected to b. the competent authority shall establish means by
be subject to minor revisions by the World Area which such information can be supplied to the
Forecast System Operations Group (WAFSOPSG) aerodromes concerned.
and the latest revision can be found at the WAF- 3.4 METEOROLOGICAL WATCH
SOPSG website at: www.icao.int/anb/wafsopsg.
OFFICES
3.3 METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES 3.4.1 A Contracting State, having accepted the
3.3.1 Each Contracting State shall establish responsibility for providing air traffic services within a
one or more aerodrome and/or meteorological office flight information region or control area, shall estab-
which shall be adequate for the provision of meteo- lish one or more meteorological watch offices. or ar-
rological service required to satisfy the needs of in- range for another Contracting State to do so.
ternational air navigation. 3.4.2, A meteorological watch office shall:
3.3.2 An aerodrome meteorological office shall a. maintain watch over meteorological conditions
carry out all or some of the following functions as affecting flight operations within its area of re-
necessary to meet the needs of flight operations at sponsibility;
the aerodrome: b. prepare SIGMET and other information relating
a. to prepare and/or obtain forecast and other rele- to its area of responsibility;
vant information for flights with which it is con- c. supply SIGMET information and, as required,
cerned; the extent of its responsibilities to pre- other meteorological information to associated
pare forecasts shall be related to the local air traffic services units;
availability and use of enroute and aerodrome
forecast material received from other offices; d. disseminate SIMET information;
b. prepare and/or obtain forecasts of local meteoro- e. when required by regional air navigation agree-
logical conditions; ment, in accordance with 7.2.1;
c. maintain a continuos survey of meteorological 1. prepare AIRMET information related to its
conditions over the aerodromes for which it is area of responsibility;
designated to prepare forecasts; 2. supply AIRMET information to associated air
d. provide briefing, consultation and flight docu- traffic services units; and
mentation to flight crew members and/or flight 3. disseminate AIRMET information;
operations personnel; f. supply information received on pre-eruption vol-
e. supply other meteorological information to aero- canic activity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash
nautical users; cloud for which a SIGMET has not already been
f. display the available meteorological information; issued, to its associated ACC/FIC, as agreed be-
tween the meteorological and ATC authorities
g. exchange meteorological information with other concerned and to its associated VAAC as deter-
meteorological offices; mined by regional air navigation agreement, and
h. supply information received on pre-eruption vol- g. supply information received concerning acciden-
canic activity, a volcanic eruption or volcanic ash tal release of radioactive materials into the atmo-
cloud, to its associated air traffic services unit, sphere, in the area for which it maintains watch
aeronautical information service unit and mete- or adjacent areas, to its associated ACC/FIC, as
orically watch office as agreed between the me- agreed between the meteorological and ATS au-
teorological, aeronautical information service thorities concerned, and to aeronautical informa-
and ATS authorities concerned. tion service units, as agreed between the meteo-
3.3.3 The aerodrome meteorological office at rological and appropriate civil aviation authorities
which flight documentation is required, as well as the concerned. The information shall comprise loca-
areas to be covered, shall be determined by regional tion, date and time of the accident, and forecast
air navigation agreement. trajectories of the radioactive materials.


Table A3-1 cont’d


Table A3-2 - Template for METAR and SPECI
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological conditions or method of

observation
0 = inclusion optional
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI are shown in
Table A3-5 of this appendix.
es - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doc 8400).


Table A3-2 cont’d



Table A3-3 - Use of change indicators in trend forecast
Table A3-4 - Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elementd included in local forecasts


Table A3-5 - Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI
Table A3-5 cont’d


Example A3-1. Routline report
1. Local routine report (same location and weather conditions as METAR):

MET REPORT YUDO 221630Z WIND 240/15KMH VIS 600M RVR RWY 12 TDZ I000M MOD DZ FG CLD
SCT 300M OVC 600M T17 DP16 QNH 1018 HPA TREND BECMG TL1700 VIS 800M FG BECMG
AT1800 VIS 10KM NSW
2. METAR for YUDO (Donlon/International)1:
METAR YUDO 221630Z 24015KMH 0600 R12/I000U DZ FG SCT010 OVC020 17/16 Q1018 BECMG
TL1700 0800 FG BECMG AT 1800 9999 NSW
Meaning: of both reports:
Routine report for Donlon/International1 issued on the 22nd of the month at 1630 UTC; surface wind
direction 240 degrees; wind speed 15 kilometres per hour; visibility (along the runway(s) in the local
routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) 600 metres; runway visual range representative of the
touchdown zone for runway 12 is 1 000 metres and the runway visual range values have shown an upward
tendency during previous 10 minutes (RVR tendency to be included in METAR only); and moderate drizzle
and fog; scattered cloud at 300 metres; overcast at 600 metres; air temperature 17 degrees Celsius;
dew-point temperature 16 degrees Celsius; QNH 1 018 hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours, visibility
(along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing visibility in METAR) becoming 800 metres in fog
by 1700 UTC; at 1800 UTC visibility (along the runway(s) in the local routine report; prevailing visibility in
METAR) becoming 10 kilometres or more and nil significant weather.
1 Fictitious location
NOTE: In this example, the primary units "kilometre per hour" and "metre" were used for wind speed and
height of cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative
units "knot" and 'foot" may be used instead.
Example A3-2. Special report
1. Local special report (same location and weather conditions as SPECI):

SPECIAL YUDO 151115Z WIND 050/25KT MAX37 MNM10 VIS 1200M HVY TSRA CLD BKN CB 500FT
T25 DP22 QNH 1008 HPA TREND TEMPO TL1200 VIS 600M BECMG AT1200 VIS 8KM NSW NSC'.
2. SPECI for YUDO (Donlon/International)1: SPECI YUDO 151115Z 05025G37KT 3000 1200NE+TSRA
BKNO05CB 25/22 Q1008 TEMPO TL1200 0600 BECMG AT1200 8000 NSW NSC
Meaning of both reports:
Selected special report for Donlon/International1 issued on the 15th of the month at 1115 UTC; surface
wind direction 050 degrees; wind speed 25 knots gusting between 10 and 37 knots (minimum wind speed
not to be included in SPECI) visibility 1 200 metres (along the runway(s) in the local special report);
prevailing visibility 3 000 metres (in SPECI) with minimum visibility 1200 metres to north east (directional
variations to be included in SPECI only); thunderstorm with heavy rain; broken cumulonimbus cloud at
500 feet; air temperature 25 degrees Celsius; dew-point temperature 22 degrees Celsius; QNH 1 008
hectopascals; trend during next 2 hours, visibility (along the runway(s) in the local special report;
prevailing visibility in SPECI) temporarily 600 metres from 1115 to 1200, becoming at 1200 UTC visibility
(along the runway(s) in the local special report; prevailing visibility in SPECI) 8 kilometres, thunderstorm
ceases and nil significant weather and nil significant cloud.
1
Fictitious location
NOTE: In this example, the non-SI alternative units "knot" and 'foot" were used for wind speed and height of
cloud base, respectively However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding primary units "kilometre
per hour" and "metre" may be used instead.
Example A3-3. Volcanic activity report
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT YUSB1 231500 MT TROJEEN1 VOLCANO N5605 W12652 ERUPTED
231445 ,LARGE ASH CLOUD EXTENDING TO APPROX 30000 FEET MOVING SW
Meaning:
Volcanic activity report issued by Siby/Bistock meteorological station at 1500 UTC on the 23rd of the month.
Mt. Trojeen volcano 56 degrees 5 minutes north 126 degrees 52 minutes west erupted at 1445 UTC on the
23rd; a large ash cloud was observed extending to approximately 30 000 feet and moving in a south-westerly
direction.
1
Fictitious location


APPENDIX 4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
(See Chapter 5 of this Annex)
1. CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS
1.1 Routine air-reports by air-ground data link
When air-ground data link is used and automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) is being applied, the elements
contained in routine air-reports shall be
Message type designator
Aircraft identification
Data block 1
Latitude
Longitude
Level
Time
Data block 2
Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag
Temperature
Turbulence (if available)
Humidity (if available)
NOTE: When ADS is being applied, the requirements of routine air-reports may be met by the combination of
the basic ADS data block (data block 1) and the meteorological information data block (data block 2), available
from ADS reports. The ADS message format is specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Part II, Section 14.4
and in Annex 10, Volume III, Part I - Digital Data Communication Systems.
1.1.2 When air-ground data link is used while ADS is not being applied, the elements contained in routine re-
ports shall be in accordance with routine air-reports by voice communication.
NOTE: When air-ground data link is used while ADS is not being applied, the requirements of routine air-re-
ports may be met by the controller pilot data link communication (CPDLC) application entitled "Position report".
The details of this data link application are specified in the Manual of Air Traffic Services Data Link Applications
(Doc 9694) and in Annex 10, Volume III, Part I.


1.2 Special air-reports by air-ground data link
When air-ground data link is used, the elements contained in special air-reports shall be:
Data block 1
Latitude
Longitude
Level
Time
Data block 2
Wind direction
Wind speed
Wind quality flag
Temperature
Turbulence (if available)
Data block 3
Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report (one condition to be selected from the list
presented in Table A4-3).
NOTE 1: The requirements of special air-reports may be met by the data link fight information service (D-FIS)
application entitled "Special air-report service". The details of this data link application are specified in Doc
9694.
NOTE 2: In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or volcanic ash
cloud, additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.
1.3 Routine air-reports by voice communications

When voice communications are used, the elements contained in routine air-reports shall be:
Section 1 (Position information)
Position or latitude and longitude
Time
Flight level or altitude
Next position and time over
Ensuing significant point
Section 2 (Operational information)
Estimated time of arrival

Endurance
Section 3 (Meteorological information)
Air temperature
Wind direction
Wind speed
Turbulence
Aircraft icing


1.4 Special air-reports by voice communications
When voice communications are used, the elements contained in special air-reports shall be:
Section 1 (Position information)
Position or latitude and longitude
Time
Flight level or altitude
Section 3 (Meteorological information)
Condition prompting the issuance of a special air-report, to be selected from the list presented in Table
A4-3.
NOTE 1: Air-reports are considered routine by default. The message type designator for special air-reports is
specified in the PANS-ATM (Doc 4444), Appendix 1.
NOTE 2: In the case of a special air-report of pre-eruption volcanic activity, volcanic eruption or volcanic ash
cloud, additional requirements are indicated in 4.2.
2. CRITERIA FOR REPORTING

2.1 When air-ground data link is used, the wind direction, wind speed, wind quality flag, temperature, turbu-
lence and humidity included in air-reports shall be reported in accordance with the following criteria.
2.2 Wind direction
The wind direction shall be reported in terms of degrees true, rounded to the nearest whole degree.
2.3 Wind speed
The wind speed shall be reported in kilometres per hour or knots, rounded to the nearest 2 km/h (1 knot). The
units used shall be indicated.
2.4 Wind quality flag
The wind quality flag shall be reported as 0 when the roll angle is less than 5 degrees and as 1 when the roll
angle is 5 degrees or more.
2.5 Temperature
The temperature shall be reported to the nearest tenth of a degree Celsius.
2.6 Turbulence
The turbulence shall be observed in terms of the eddy dissipation rate (EDR).
2.6.1 Routine air-reports
The turbulence shall be reported during the en-route phase of the flight and shall refer to the 15-minute period
immediately preceding the observation. Both the average and peak value of turbulence, together with the time
of occurrence of the peak value to the nearest minute, shall be observed. The average and peak values shall
be reported in terms of a turbulence index comprising seven intensity levels of EDR as indicated in Table A4-1.
The time of occurrence of the peak value shall be reported as indicated in Table A4-2.
2.6.2 Interpretation of the turbulence index
Turbulence shall be considered:
a. severe when the turbulence index is between 15 and 27 (i.e. the peak value of the EDR is exceeding 0.5);
b. moderate when the turbulence index is between 6 and 14 (i.e. the peak value of the EDR is exceeding 0.3
while not exceeding 0.5);
c. light when the turbulence index is between 1 and 5 (i.e. the peak value of the EDR is between 0.1 and 0.3);
and
d. nil when the turbulence index is 0 (i.e. the peak value of the EDR is less than 0.1).
NOTE: The EDR is an aircraft-independent measure of turbulence. However, the relationship between the
EDR index and the perception of turbulence is a function of aircraft type, and the mass, altitude, configura-
tion and airspeed of the aircraft.


NOTE: The information is provided, at the request of tional Airways Volcano Watch (IAVW) (Doc 9766)
the delegated authority in a State. by WMO regional and at: http://www.icao.int/icao/en/anb/met/in-
specialized meteorological centers (RSMC) for the dex.html.
provision of transport model products for radiological
d. issue updated advisory information to the meteo-
environment emergency response. The information
rological watch offices, area control centers,
is sent by the RSMC to a single contact point of the
flight information centers and VACCs referred to
national meteorological service in each State. This
in c. as necessary, but at least six hours until
contact point has the responsibility of redistributing
such time as the volcanic ash ‘cloud’ is no longer
the RSMC products within the State concerned.
identifiable from satellite data, no further reports
3.4.3 Recommendation – The boundaries of of volcanic ash are received from the area, and
the area over which meteorological watch is to be no further eruptions of the volcano are reported.
maintained by a meteorological watch office should, 3.5.2 Volcanic ash advisory centers shall main-
is so far as is practicable, be coincident with the tain a 24-hour watch.
boundaries of a flight information region or a control
area or a combination of flight information regions 3.6 STATE VOLCANO OBSERVATORIES
and/or control areas.
Contracting States that maintain volcano observato-
3.4.4 Recommendation – Meteorological ries monitoring active volcanoes shall arrange that
watch should be maintained continuously; however, selected State volcano observatories, as designated
in areas with a low density of traffic the watch may by regional air navigation agreement, observing sig-
be restricted to the period relevant to expected flight nificant pre-eruption volcanic activity, a volcanic
operations. eruption and/or volcanic ash in the atmosphere shall
send this information as quickly as practicable to its
3.5 VOLCANIC ASH ADVISORY associated ACC, MWO and VAAC.
CENTERS
NOTE: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context
3.5.1 A Contracting State, having accepted, by means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity
regional air navigation agreement, the responsibility which could presage a volcanic eruption.
for providing VAAC within the framework of the inter-
national airways volcano watch, shall arrange for 3.7 TROPICAL CYCLONE ADVISORY
that center to respond to a notification that a volcano CENTRES
has erupted, or is expected to erupt or volcanic ash
is reported in its area of responsibility, by arranging A contracting State having accepted, by regional air
for that center to: navigation agreement, the responsibility for provid-
a. monitor relevant geostationary and polar-orbiting ing a TCAC shall arrange for that center to\:
satellite data to detect existence and extent of a. monitor the development of tropical cyclones in
volcanic ash in the atmosphere in the are con- its area of responsibility, using geostationary and
cerned; polar-orbiting satellite data, radar data and other
b. activate the volcanic ash numerical trajecto- meteorological information;
ry/dispersion model in order to forecast the b. issue advisory information concerning the posi-
movement of any ash ‘cloud’ which has been de- tion of the cyclone center, its direction and speed
tected or reported; of movement, central pressure and maximum
surface wind near the center, in abbreviated
NOTE: The numerical model may be its own or, plain language to:
by agreement, that of another VAAC.
1. meteorological watch offices in its area of re-
c. issue advisory information regarding the extent sponsibility;
and forecast movement of the volcanic ash 2. other TCACs whose area of responsibility
‘cloud’ to: may be affected; and
1. meteorological watch offices, area control 3. world area forecast centers, international
centers and flight information centers serving OPMET data banks, and centers designated
flight information regions in its area of re- by regional air navigation agreement for the
sponsibility which may be affected; operation of aeronautical fixed service satel-
2. other VACCs whose areas of responsibility lite distribution systems; and
may be affected; c. issue updated advisory information to meteoro-
3. world area forecast centers, international logical watch offices for each tropical cyclone, as
OPMET data banks, international NOTAM of- necessary, but at least every six hours.
fices, and centers designated by regional air
navigation agreement for the operation of
aeronautical fixed service satellite distribu-
tion systems; and
4. airlines requiring the advisory information
through the AFTN address provided specifi-
cally for this purpose; and
NOTE: The AFTN address to be used by the

VAACs is given in the Handbook on the Interna-


2.6.3 Special air-reports
Special air-reports on turbulence shall be made during any phase of the flight whenever the peak value ex-
ceeds the EDR value of 0.5. The special air-report on turbulence shall be made with reference to the 1 minute
pereiod immediately preceding the observation. Both the average and peak value of turbulence shall be ob-
served. The average and peak values shall be reportedin terms of a turbulence index as indicated in table
A4-1, column 0.5-0.8 and >0.8. Special air-reports shall be issued every minute until such time that the peak
values of turbulence fall below EDR value of 0.5.
Table A4-1. Turbulence index to be reported as a function of the average and peak value of turbulence
(Classes corresponding to severe turbulence are shaded)
Peak value of turbulence
Average value of EDR (m2/3s-1) Nil report
turbulence
EDR(m2/3s-1) <0.1 0.1-0.2 0.2-0.3 0.3-0.4 0.4-0.5 0.5-0.8 > 0.8
< 0.1 0 1 3 6 10 15 21
0.1-0.2 2 4 7 11 16 22
0.2-0.3 5 8 12 17 23
0.3-0.4 9 13 18 24
0.4-0.5 14 19 25
0.5-0.8 20 26
> 0.8 27
Nil report 28
Table A4-2. Time of occurrence of the peak value to be reported
Peak value of turbulence occurring during the one-minute period Value to be reported
....... minutes prior to the observation
0-1 0
1-2 1
2-3 2
... ...
13 - 14 13
14 - 15 14
No timing information available 15

Key: M = mandatory, part of every message
C = inclusion conditional; included whenever available
NOTE: Message to be prompted by the pilot-in-command. Currently only the condition "SEV TURB" can be au-
tomated (see 2.6.3).
Table A4-3. Template for the special air-report (downlink)

Element as specified in Detailed content Template(s) Examples
Chapter 5
Message type designator Type of the air-report (M) ARS ARS
(M)
Aircraft identification (M) Aircraft radiotelephony call nnnnnn VA812
sign (M)
DATA BLOCK 1
Latitude (M) Latitude in degrees and Nnnnn or Snnnn S4506
minutes (M)
Longitude (M) Longitude in degrees and Wnnnnn or Ennnnn E01056
minutes (M)
Level (M) Flight level (M) FLnnn FL330
Time (M) Time of occurrence in hours OBS AT nnnnZ OBS AT 1216Z
and minutes (M)
DATA BLOCK 2
Wind direction (M) Wind direction in degrees (M) nnn/ 262/
Wind speed (M) Wind speed in kilometres per nnnKMH (or nnnKT) 158KMH
hour (or knots) (M) (079KT)
Wind quality flag (M) Wind quality flag (M) n 1
Temperature (M) Air temperature in tenths of T[M]nnn T127
degrees C (M) TM455
Turbulence (C) Turbulence index and the EDRnn/nn EDR16/08
time of occurrence of the
peak value (C)1
Humidity (C) Relative humidity in per cent RHnnn RH054
(C)
DATA BLOCK 3
Condition prompting the SEV TURB [EDRnn]2 SEV TURB
issuance of a special or EDR16;
air-report (M) SEV ICE or VA CLD FL050/100
SEV MTW or
TS GR3 or
TS3 or
HVY SS4 or
VA CLD [FL nnn/nnn]
or
VA5 [MT
nnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnnn
nn]
NOTE:
1. The index and the time of occurrence to be reported in accordance with Tables A4-1 and A4-2, respective-
ly.
2. The turbulence index to be reported in accordance with 2.6.3 and Table A4-1.
3. Obscured, embedded or widespread thunderstorms or thunderstorms in squall lines.
4. Duststorm or sandstorm.
5. Pre-eruption volcanic activity or a volcanic eruption.


Table A4-4. Ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports
Element as specified in Chapter 5 Range Resolution
Wind direction: °true 000 - 360 1
Wind speed: KMH 00 - 500 2
KT 00 - 250 1
Wind quality flag: (index)1 0-1 1
Temperature: °C -80 - +60 0.1
Turbulence: routine air-report: (index)1 0-28 1
(time of 0 - 15 1
occurrence)
1
Turbulence: special air-report: (index)1 15 - 27 1

Humidity: % 0 - 100 1
1
Non-dimensional

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAFFIC - ANNEX 3

APPENDIX 5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO FORECASTS
1. CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF
1.1 TAF format
TAF shall be issued in accordance with the template shown in Table A5-1 and disseminated in the TAF code
form prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization.
NOTE: The TAF code form is contained in WMO Publication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume I.1, Part A -
Alphanumeric Codes.
1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF

NOTE: Guidance on operationally desirable accuracy of forecasts is given in Attachment B.
1.2.1 Surface wind

Recommendation - In forecasting surface wind, the expected prevailing direction should be given. When it is
not possible to forecast a prevailing surface wind direction due to its expected variability, for example, during
light wind conditions (less than 6 km/h (3 kt) or thunderstorms, the forecast wind direction should be indicated
as variable using “VRB”. When the wind is forecast to be less than 2 km/h (1 kt) the forecast wind speed should
be indicated as calm. When the forecast maximum speed (gust) exceeds the forecast mean wind speed by 20
km/h (10kt) or more, the forecast maximum wind speed should be indicated. When a wind speed of 200 km/h
(100kt) or more is forecast, it should be indicated to be more than 199 km/h (99kt).
1.2.2 Visibility
Recommendation - When the visibility is forecast to be less than 800 m it should be expressed in steps of 50 m;
when it is forecast to be 800 m or more but less than 5 km, in steps of 100 m; 5 km or more but less than 10 km
in kilometre steps and when it is forecast to be 10 km, or more it should be expressed as 10 km, except when
conditions of CAVOK are forecast to apply. The prevailing visibility should be forecast. When visibility is forecast
to vary in different directions and the prevailing visibility cannot be forecast, the lowest forecast visibility should
be given.
1.2.3 Weather phenomena
Recommendation - One or more, up to a maximum of three, of the following weather phenomena or combina-
tions thereof together with their characteristics and, where appropriate, intensity should be forecast if they are
expected to occur at the aerodrome:
– freezing precipitation
– freezing fog
– moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof)
– low drifting dust, sand or snow
– blowing dust, sand or snow
– duststorm
– sandstorm
– thunderstorm (with or without precipitation)
– squall
– funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout)
– other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3, 4.4.2.3 only if they are expected to cause a significant
change in visibility.
The expected end of occurrence of those phenomena should be indicated by the abbreviation “NSW”.


1.2.4 Cloud
Recommendation - Cloud amount should be forecast using the abbreviations “FEW”, “SCT“, “BKN” or “OVC”
as necessary. If no clouds are forecast, and the abbreviation “CAVOK” is not appropriate, the abbreviation
“SKC” should be used. When it is expected that the sky will remain or become obscured and clouds cannot be
forecast and information on vertical visibility is available at the aerodrome, the vertical visibility should be fore-
cast in the form “VV”followed by the forecast value of the vertical visibility. When several layers or masses of
cloud are forecast, their amount and height of base should be included in the following order:
a) the lowest layer or mass regardless of amount, to be forecast as FEW, SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;
b) the next layer or mass covering more than 2/8, to be forecast as SCT, BKN or OVC as appropriate;
c) the next higher layer or mass covering more than 4/8, to be forecast as BKN or OVC as appropriate; and
d) cumulonimbus clouds, whenever forecast and not- moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers al-
ready included under a) to c).
Cloud information should be limited to cloud of operational significance, i.e. cloud below 1500 m (5000 ft) or
the highest minimum sector altitude whichever is greater, and cumulonimbus whenever forecast. In apply-
ing this limitation, when no cumulonimbus and no cloud below 1500 m (5000 ft) or below the highest mini-
mum sector altitude whichever is greater are forecast, and “CAVOK” or “SKC” are not appropriate, the ab-
breviation “NSC” should be used.
1.2.5 Temperature
Recommendation - When forecast temperatures are included in accordance with regional air navigation agree-
ment, the maximum and minimum temperatures expected to occur during the period of validity of the TAF
should be given, together with their corresponding times of occurrence.
1.3 Use of change groups
1.3.1 Recommendation - The criteria used for the inclusion of change groups in TAF or for the amendment of
TAF should be based on the following:
a) when the surface wind is forecast to change through values of operational significance the threshold values
should be established by the meteorological authority in consultation with the appropriate ATS authority
and operators concerned, taking into account changes in the wind which would:
1) require a change in runway(s) in use; and
2) indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswind components will change through values representing
the main operating limits for typical aircraft operating at the aerodrome;
b) when the visibility is forecast to improve and change to or pass through one or more of the following values,
or when the visibility is forecast to deteriorate and pass through one or more of the following values:
1) 150, 350, 600, 800, 1500 or 3000 m; or
2) 5000 m in cases where significant numbers of flights are operated in accordance with the visual flight
rules;
c) when any of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof are forecast to begin or end or
change in intensity:
– moderate or heavy precipitation (including showers thereof)
– duststorm
– sandstorm
– other weather phenomena given in Appendix 3, 4.4.2.3 only if they are expected to cause a significant
change in visibility;
d) when the onset or cessation of any of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof are fore-
cast to begin or end:
– ice crystals
– freezing fog
– squall
– funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout);

e) when the height of base of the lowest layer or mass of cloud of BKN or OVC extent is forecast to lift and
change to or pass through one or more of the following values, or when the height of the lowest layer or
mass of cloud of BKN or OVC extent is forecast to lower and pass through one or more of the following val-
ues:
1) 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200, 500 or 1000 ft); or
2) 450 m (1500 ft), in cases where significant numbers of flights are operated in accordance with the visual
flight rules;
f) when the amount of a layer or mass of cloud below 450 m (1500 ft) is forecast to change:
1) from SKC, FEW or SCT to BKN or OVC; or
2) from BKN or OVC to SKC, FEW or SCT;
g) when cumulonimbus clouds are forecast to develop or dissipate;
h) when the vertical visibility is forecast to improve and change to or pass through one or more of the following
values, or when the vertical visibility is forecast to deteriorate and pass through one or more of the following
values: 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200, 500 or 1000 ft); and
i) any other criteria based on local aerodrome operating minima, as agreed between the meteorological au-
thority and the operators.
1.3.2 Recommendation - When a change in any of the elements given in Chapter 6, 6.2.3 is required to be indi-
cated in accordance with the criteria given in 1.3.1, the change indicators “BECMG” or “TEMPO” should be
used followed by the time period during which the change is expected to occur.
The time period should be indicated as the beginning and of the period in whole hours UTC. Only those ele-
ments for which a significant change is expected should be included following a change indicator. However, in
the case of significant changes in respect of cloud groups, including layers or masses not expected to change,
should be indicated.
1.3.3 Recommendation - The change indicator “BECMG” and the associated time group should be used to de-
scribe changes where the meteorological conditions are expected to reach or pass through specified threshold
values at a regular or irregular rate and at an unspecified time during the time period. The time period should
normally not exceed 2 hours but in any case should not exceed 4 hours.
1.3.4 Recommendation - The change indicator “TEMPO” and the associated time group should be used to de-
scribe expected frequent or infrequent temporary fluctuations in the meteorological conditions which reach or
pass specified threshold values and last for a period of less than one hour in each instance and, in the aggre-
gate, cover less than one-half of the forecast period during which the fluctuations are expected to occur. If the
temporary fluctuation is expected to last one hour or longer, the change group “BECMG” should be used in ac-
cordance with 1.3.3 or the validity period should be subdivided in accordance with 1.3.5.
1.3.5 Recommendation.- Where one set of prevailing weather conditions is expected to change significantly
and more or less completely to a different set of conditions, the period of validity should be subdivided into
self-contained periods using the abbreviation “FM” followed immediately by a four-figure time group in whole
hours and minutes UTC indicating the time the change is expected to occur. The subdivided period following
the abbreviation “FM” should be self-contained and all forecast conditions given before the abbreviation should
be superseded by those following the abbreviation.
1.4 Use of probability groups
Recommendation - The probability of occurrence of an alternative value of a forecast element or elements
should be indicated, as necessary, by use of the abbreviation “PROB” followed by the probability in tens of per
cent and the time period during which the alternative value(s) is (are) expected to apply. The probability infor-
mation should be placed after the element or elements forecast and be followed by the alternative value of the
element or elements. The probability of a forecast of temporary fluctuations in meteorological conditions should
be indicated, as necessary, by use of the abbreviation “PROB” followed by the probability in tens of per cent,
placed before the change indicator “TEMPO” and associated time group. A probability of an alternative value or
change of less than 30 per cent should not be considered sufficiently significant to be indicated. A probability of
an alternative value or change of 50 per cent or more, for aviation purposes, should not be considered a prob-
ability but instead should be indicated, as necessary, by use of the change indicators “BECMG” or “TEMPO” or
by subdivision of the validity period using the abbreviation “FM”. The probability group should not be used to
qualify the change indicator “BECMG” nor the time indicator “FM”.


1.5 Numbers of change and probability groups
Recommendation- The number of change and probability groups should be kept to a minimum and should not
normally exceed five groups.
1.6 Dissemination of TAF
TAF and amendments thereto shall be disseminated to international OPMET data banks and the centres des-
ignated by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service satellite distribution
systems, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
2. CRITERIA RELATED TO TREND FORECASTS
2.1 Format of trend forecasts
Trend forecasts shall be issued in accordance with the templates shown in Appendix 3, Tables A3-1 and A3-2.
The units and scales used in the trend forecast shall be the same as those used in the report to which it is ap-
pended.
NOTE: Examples of trend forecasts are given in Appendix 3.
2.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in trend forecasts

2.2.1 General provisions
The trend forecast shall indicate significant changes in respect of one or more of the elements: surface wind,
visibility, weather and clouds. Only those elements shall be included for which a significant change is expected.
However, in the case of significant changes in respect of cloud, all cloud groups, including layers or masses not
expected to change, shall be indicated. In the case of a significant change in visibility, the phenomenon causing
the reduction of visibility shall also be indicated. When no change is expected to occur, this shall be indicated
by the term “NOSIG”.
2.2.2 Surface wind
The trend forecast shall indicate changes in the surface wind which involve:
a) a change in the mean wind direction of 60° or more, the mean speed before and/or after the change being
20 km/h (10 kt) or more;
b) a change in mean wind speed of 20 km/h (10 kt) or more; and
c) changes in the wind through values of operational significance. The threshold values should be established
by the meteorological authority in consultation with the appropriate ATS authority and operators concerned,
taking into account changes in the wind which would:
1) require a change in runway(s) in use; and
2) indicate that the runway tailwind and crosswind components will change through values representing
the main operating limits for typical aircraft operating at the aerodrome.
2.2.3 Visibility
When the visibility is expected to improve and change to or pass through one or more of the following values, or
when the visibility is expected to deteriorate and pass through one or more of the following values: 150, 350,
600, 800, 1500 or 3000 m, the trend forecast shall indicate the change. When significant numbers of flights are
conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules, the forecast shall additionally indicate changes to or pass-
ing through 5000 m.
NOTE: In trend forecasts appended to local routine and special reports, visibility refers to the forecast visibility
along the runway(s); in trend forecasts appended to METAR and SPECI, visibility refers to the forecast prevail-
ing visibility.


2.2.4 Weather phenomena
2.2.4.2 The trend forecast shall indicate the expected onset or cessation of one or more, up to a maximum of
three, of the following weather phenomena or combinations thereof:
– ice crystals
– freezing fog
– squall
– funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout).
2.2.4.3 The expected end of occurrence of the weather phenomena shall be indicated by the abbreviation
“NSW”.
2.2.5 Clouds
When the height of the base of a cloud layer of BKN or OVC extent is expected to lift and change to or pass
through one or more of the following values, or when the height of the base of a cloud layer of BKN or OVC ex-
tent is expected to lower and pass through one or more of the following values: 30, 60, 150, 300 and 450 m
(100, 200, 500, 1000 and 1500 ft), the trend forecast shall indicate the change. When the height of the base of
a cloud layer is below or is expected to fall below or rise above 450 m (1500 ft), the trend forecast shall also in-
dicate changes in cloud amount from SKC, FEW, or SCT increasing to BKN or OVC, or changes from BKN or
OVC decreasing to SKC, FEW or SCT. When no cumulonimbus and no cloud below 1500 m (5000 ft) or below
the highest minimum sector altitude, whichever is greater, are forecast and “CAVOK” and “SKC” are not appro-
priate, the abbreviation “NSC” shall be used.
2.2.6 Vertical visibility
When the sky is expected to remain or become obscured and vertical visibility observations are available at the
aerodrome, and the vertical visibility is forecast to improve and change to or pass through one or more of the
following values, or when the vertical visibility is forecast to deteriorate and pass through one or more of the fol-
lowing values: 30, 60, 150 or 300 m (100, 200, 500 or 1000 ft), the trend forecast shall indicate the change.
2.2.7 Additional criteria
Criteria for the indication of changes based on local aerodrome operating minima, additional to those specified
in 2.2.2 to 2.2.6, shall be used as agreed between the meteorological authority and the operator(s) concerned.
2.3 Use of change indicators
2.3.1 When a change is expected to occur, the trend forecast shall begin with one of the change indicators
“BECMG” or “TEMPO”.
2.3.2 The change indicator “BECMG” shall be used to describe forecast changes where the meteorological
conditions arc expected to reach or pass through specified values at a regular or irregular rate. The period dur-
ing which, or the time at which, the change is forecast to occur shall be indicated, using the abbreviations “FM”,
“TL”, or “AT”, as appropriate, each followed by a time group in hours and minutes. When the change is forecast
to begin and end wholly within the trend forecast period, the beginning and end of the change shall be indicat-
ed by using the abbreviations “FM” and “TL”, respectively, with their associated time groups. When the change
is forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period but be completed before the end of that
period, the abbreviation “FM” and its associated time group shall be omitted and only “TL” and its associated
time group shall be used. When the change is forecast to begin during the trend forecast period and be com-
pleted at the end of that period, the abbreviation ”TL” and its associated time group shall be omitted and only
“FM” and its associated time group shall be used. When the change is forecast to occur at a specified time dur-
ing the trend forecast period, the abbreviation “AT” followed by its associated time group shall be used. When
the change is forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and be completed by the end
of that period or when the change is forecast to occur within the trend forecast period but the time is uncertain,
the abbreviations “FM”, “TL” or “AT” and their associated time groups shall be omitted and the change indicator
“BECMG” shall be used alone.


2.3.3 The change indicator “TEMPO” shall be used to describe forecast temporary fluctuations in the meteoro-
logical conditions which reach or pass specified values and last for a period of less than one hour in each in-
stance and, in the aggregate, cover less than one-half of the period during which the fluctuations are forecast
to occur. The period during which the temporary fluctuations are forecast to occur shall be indicated, using the
abbreviations “FM” and/or “TL”, as appropriate, each followed by a time group in hours and minutes. When the
period of temporary fluctuations in the meteorological conditions is forecast to begin and end wholly within the
trend forecast period, the beginning and end of the period of temporary fluctuations shall be indicated by using
the abbreviations “FM” and “TL”, respectively, with their associated time groups. When the period of temporary
fluctuations is forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period but cease before the end of
that period, the abbreviation “FM” and its associated time group shall be omitted and only “TL” and its associat-
ed time group shall be used. When the period of temporary fluctuations is forecast to begin during the trend
forecast period and cease by the end of that period, the abbreviation “TL” and its associated time group shall be
omitted and only “FM” and its associated time group shall be used. When the period of temporary fluctuations
is forecast to commence at the beginning of the trend forecast period and cease by the end of that period, both
abbreviations “FM” and “TL” and their associated time groups shall be omitted and the change indicator “TEM-
PO” shall be used alone.
2.4 Use of the probability indicator
The indicator “PROB” shall not be used in trend forecasts.
3. CRITERIA RELATED TO FORECASTS FOR TAKE-OFF
3.1 Format of forecasts for take-off
Recommendation - The format of the forecast should be as agreed between the meteorological authority and
the operator concerned. The order of the elements and the terminology, units and scales used in forecasts for
take-off should be the same as those used in reports for the same aerodrome.
3.2 Amendments to forecasts for take-off
Recommendation - The criteria for the issuance of amendments for forecasts for take-off for surface wind direc-
tion and speed, temperature and pressure and any other elements agreed locally should be agreed between
the meteorological authority and the operators concerned. The criteria should be consistent with the corre-
sponding criteria for special reports established for the aerodrome in accordance with Appendix 3, 2.3.1.
4. CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA AND ROUTE FORECASTS, OTHER THAN
FORECASTS ISSUED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WORLD AREA
FORECAST SYSTEM
4.1 Format of area and route forecasts
4.1.1 Area and route forecasts and amendments there to, disseminated locally, shall be in one of the forms pre-
scribed for the exchange of such information between meteorological offices or in another form as agreed lo-
cally.
4.1.2 Route forecasts and amendments thereto which are exchanged between meteorological offices shall be
in the ROFOR code form prescribed by the World Meteorological Organization.
NOTE: The ROFOR code form is contained in WMO Publication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume 1.1, Part
A - Alphanumeric Codes.
4.1.3 Recommendation.- The order of the elements in area and route forecasts (or amendments thereto) in ab-
breviated plain language should normally follow that of the corresponding coded form of message. The termi-
nology and units employed should be consistent with those used in the related aerodrome reports and fore-
casts. The identifier employed should be “AREA FCST” or “ROUTE FCST”, respectively, preceded in the case
of amendments by “AMD”. The CA VOK procedure applied in TAF should not be used in area and route fore-
casts.
4.2 Amendments to area and route forecasts
4.2.1 A list of criteria to be used for amendments to area and route forecasts shall be established by the mete-
orological authority, in consultation with operators and other users concerned.
4.2.2 Amendments to area and route forecasts shall be issued in accordance with criteria in Appendix 2, 1.4.


5. CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA FORECASTS FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS
5.1 Format and content of GAMET area forecasts
When prepared in GAMET format, they shall contain two sections: Section I related to information on en-route
weather phenomena hazardous to low-level flights, prepared in support of the issuance of AIRMET informa-
tion, and Section II related to additional information required by low-level flights. The area forecasts shall con-
tain the following information as necessary and, when prepared in GAMET format, in the order indicated. Addi-
tional elements in Section II shall be included in accordance with regional air navigation agreement:
a) location indicator of the air traffic services unit serving the flight information region(s) to which the area fore-
cast for low-level flights refers; for example, “YUCC”;
b) message identification using the abbreviation “GAMET”;
c) date-time groups indicating the period of validity in UTC; for example, “VALID 220600/221200”;
d) location indicator of the meteorological office originating the message, followed by a hyphen to separate the
preamble from the text; for example, “YUDO”;
e) on the next line, name of the flight information region, or a sub-area thereof, for which the area forecast for
low-level flights is issued; for example “AMSWELL FIR72BLWFL120”;
f) on the next line, indication of the beginning of the first section of the area forecast using the abbreviation
“SECN I”;
g) widespread mean surface wind speed exceeding 60 km/h (30 kt); for example, “SFC WSPD: 10/12 65
KMH”;
h) widespread areas of surface visibility below 5 000 m including the weather phenomena causing the reduc-
tion of visibility; for example, “SFC VIS: 06/08 3000 M BR NOFN51”;
i) significant weather conditions encompassing thunder storms and heavy sand- and duststorm (except for
phenomena for which a SIGMET message has already been issued); for example, “SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL
TS”;
j) mountain obscuration; for example, “MT OBSC: MT PASSES S OF N48”;
k) widespread areas of broken or overcast cloud with height of base less than 300 m (1000 ft) above ground
level (AGL) or above mean sea level (AMSL) and/or any occurrence of cumulonimbus (CB) or towering cu-
mulus (TCU) clouds, giving height indications of their bases and tops; for example, “SIG CLD: 06/09 OVC
800/1100 FT AGL N OF N51 10/12 ISOL TCU 1200/8000 FT AGL”;
l) icing (except for that occurring in convective clouds and for severe icing for which a SIGMET message has
already been issued); for example, “ICE: MOD FL050/080”;
m) turbulence (except for that occurring in convective clouds and for severe turbulence for which a SIGMET
message has already been issued); for example, “TURB: MOD ABV FL090”;
n) mountain wave (except for severe mountain wave for which a SIGMET message has already been issued);
for example, “MTW: MOD ABV FL080 E OF N63”; o) SIGMET messages applicable to the FIR concerned
or the sub-area thereof, for which the area forecast is valid; for example, “SIGMET APPLICABLE: 3,5”;
p) on the next line, indication of the beginning of the second section of the area forecast using the abbreviation
“SECN II”;
q) pressure centres and fronts and their expected movements and developments; for example, “PSYS: 06 L
1004 HPA N5130 E01000 MOV NE 25 KT WKN”;
r) upper winds and upper-air temperatures for at least the following altitudes: 600, 1500 and 3000 m (2000,
5000 and 10000 ft); for example, “WIND/T: 2000 FT 270/70 KMH PS03 5000 FT 250/80 KMH MS02 10000
FT 240/85 KMH MS II”;
s) cloud information not included under k), giving cloud amount, type and height indications of the bases and
tops above ground level (AGL) or above mean sea level (AMSL); for example, “CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000
FT AGL”;
t) height indication of 0° C level(s) above ground level (AGL) or above mean sea level (AMSL), if lower than
the top of the airspace for which the forecast is supplied; for example. “FZLVL: 3000 FT AGL”;
u) forecast lowest QNH during the period of validity; for example, “MNM QNH: 1004 HPA”;
v) sea-surface temperature and state of the sea if required by regional air navigation agreement; for example,
“SEA: T15 HGT 5 M”; and
w) location of volcanic eruptions which are producing ash clouds of significance to aircraft operations, name of
volcano and time of first eruption, if known; for example, “VA: MT. HOKKAIDO KOMAGATAKE PSN N4255
El 4040 ERUPTED VA CLD TOP 4900 FT MOV SE”.


CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL real time of the meteorological parameters affecting
landing and take-off operations. The design of inte-
OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS grated automatic systems should observe Human
Factors principles and include back-up procedures.
NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
related to this chapter are given in Appendix 3. 4.1.7 Recommendation – Where an integrat-
ed automatic system is used for the dissemina-
4.1 AERONAUTICAL tion/display of meteorological information, it should
METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS AND be capable of accepting the manual insertion of data
OBSERVATIONS covering those meteorological elements which can-
not be observed by automatic means.
4.1.1 Each Contracting State shall establish at
4.1.8 The observations shall form basis for the
aerodromes and other points of significance to inter-
preparation of reports to be disseminated at the
national air navigation, in its territory, such aeronau-
aerodrome of origin and for reports to be dissemi-
tical meteorological stations as it determines to be
nated beyond the aerodrome of origin.
necessary. An aeronautical meteorological station
may be a separate station or may be combined with 4.1.9 Owing to the variability of meteorological
a synoptic station. elements in space and time, to limitations of observ-
ing techniques and to limitations caused by defini-
4.1.2 Recommendation – Each Contracting
tions of some of the elements, the specific value of
State should establish, or arrange for the establish-
any of the elements given in a report shall be under-
ment of, aeronautical meteorological stations on
stood by the recipient to be best approximation to
off-shore structures or at other points of significance
actual conditions at the time of observation.
in support of helicopter operations to off-shore struc-
tures, if required by regional air navigation agree- 4.2 AGREEMENT BETWEEN AIR
ment. TRAFFIC SERVICES AUTHORITIES
4.1.3 Aeronautical meteorological stations AND METEOROLOGICAL
shall make routine observations at fixed intervals. At AUTHORITIES
aerodromes, the routine observations shall be sup-
plemented by special observations whenever speci- Recommendation - An agreement between the
fied changes occur in respect of surface wind, visibil- meteorological authority and the appropriate ATS
ity, runway visual range, present weather and/or authority should be established to cover, amongst
cloud. other things:
4.1.4 Recommendation – Each Contracting a. the provision in air traffic services units of dis-
State should arrange for its aeronautical meteoro- plays related to integrated automatic systems;
logical stations to be inspected at sufficiently fre- b. the calibration and maintenance of these dis-
quent intervals to ensure that a high standard of ob- plays/instruments;
servations is maintained, that instruments and all
c. the use to be made of the displays/instruments
their indicators are functioning correctly, and to
by air traffic services personnel;
check whether the exposure of the instruments has
changed significantly. d. as and where necessary, supplementary visual
observations (e.g. of meteorological phenomena
4.1.5 At aerodromes, with runways intended for of operational significance in the climb-out and
Category II and III instrument approach and landing approach areas) if and when made by air traffic
operations, automated equipment for measuring or services personnel to update or supplement the
assessing, as appropriate, and for monitoring and information supplied by the meteorological sta-
remote indicating of surface wind, visibility, runway tion;
visual range, height of cloud base, air and dew-point
e. meteorological information obtained from aircraft
temperatures and atmospheric pressure shall be in-
stalled to support approach and landing and take-off taking off or landing (e.g. on wind shear); and
operations. These devices shall be integrated auto- f. if available, meteorological information obtained
matic systems for acquisition, processing, dissemi- from ground weather radar.
nation and display in real time of the meteorological
parameters affecting landing and take-off opera- NOTE: Guidance on the subject of coordination be-
tions. The design of integrated automatic systems tween ATS and meteorological services is contained
shall observe Human Factors principles and include in the Manual on Coordination between Air Traffic
back-up procedures. services, Aeronautical Information Service and
Aeronautical Meteorological Services (DOC 9377).
4.1.6 Recommendation – At aerodromes,
with runways intended for Category I instrument ap-
proach and landing operations, automated equip-
ment for measuring or assessing, as appropriate,
and for monitoring and remote indicating of surface
wind, visibility, runway visual range, height of cloud
base, air and dew-point temperatures and atmo-
spheric pressure should be installed to support ap-
proach and landing and take-off operations. These
devices should be integrated automatic systems for
acquisition, processing, dissemination and display in


Each of the items g) to o) and q) to w) shall, when applicable, be included in the GAMET area forecast begin-
ning on a new line and include an indication of the location (referring where possible, to latitude and longitude
and/or locations or geographic features well known internationally) and level, where appropriate. Items g) to o)
for which no hazardous phenomenon is expected to occur, or which are already covered by a SIGMET mes-
sage, shall be omitted from the area forecast. When no weather phenomena hazardous to low-level flights oc-
cur and no SIGMET information is applicable, the term “HAZARDOUS WX NIL” shall replace all items listed un-
der g) to o).
5.2 Amendments to GAMET area forecasts
When a weather phenomenon hazardous to low-level flights has been included in the GAMET area forecast
and the phenomenon forecast does not occur, or is no longer forecast, a GAMET AMD shall be issued, amend-
ing only the weather element concerned.
NOTE: Specifications regarding the issuance of AIRMET information amending the area forecast in respect of
weather phenomena hazardous for low-level flights are given in Appendix 6.
5.3 Exchange of area forecasts for low-level flights

Area forecasts for low-level flights prepared in support of the issuance of AIRMET information shall be ex-
changed between meteorological offices responsible for the issuance of flight documentation for low-level
flights in the flight information regions concerned.
C = inclusion conditional, dependent on meteorological condition or method of Observation
O = inclusion optional
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF are shown in Table A5-3 of
this appendix.
es - ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doe 8400).


Table A5-1. Template for TAF
Element as Detailed content Template(s) Examples
specified in
Chapter 6
Identification Type of forecast (M) TAF or TAF AMD or TAF COR TAF
of the type of TAF AMD
forecast (M)
Location ICAO location nnnn YUDO1
indicator (M) indicator (M)
Time of issue Day and time of issue nnnnnnZ 160000Z
of forecast (M) of the forecast in UTC
(M)
Identification Missing forecast NIL NIL
of a missing identifier (C)
forecast (C)
END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS MISSING.
Day and period Day and period of the nnnnnn 160624
of validity of validity of the forecast 080918
forecast (M) in UTC (M)
Identification Cancelled forecast CNL CNL
of a cancelled identifier (C)
forecast (C)
END OF TAF IF THE FORECAST IS CANCELLED.
Surface wind Wind direction (M) nnn or VRB2 24015KMH; VRBO4KMH
(M) (24008KT); (VRB02KT)
19022KMH
(19011KT)
Wind speed (M) [Plnn[n] 00000KMH
(00000KT)
140P199KMH
(140P99KT)
Significant speed G[P]nn[n] 12012G35KMH
variations (C)3 (12006G18KT)
Units of KMH (or KT) 24032G54KMH
measurement (M)
(24016G27KT)
Visibility (M) Prevailing visibility nnnn C 0350 CAVOK
(M) A 7000
V 9000
0 9999
K

Element as Detailed Template(s) Examples

specified in content
Chapter 6
Weather Intensity of - or + -
(C)4, 5 weather
phenomena (C)6
Characteristics DZ or RA or IC or FG RA HZ
and type of SN or SG or or +TSRA FG
weather BR or SA
phenomena (C)7 PL or DS or -FZDZ
or PRFG
SS or
DU or HZ
FZDZ or or
FZRA or +TSRASN
FU or VA
SHGR or or
SHGS or SO or PO SNRA FG
SHPL or or
SHRA or FC or TS
or
SHSN or
BCFG or
TSGR or
BLDU or
TSGS or
BLSA or
TSPL or
BLSN or
TSRA or
DRDU or
TSSN
DRSA or
DRSN or
FZFG or
MIFG or
PRFG
Cloud (M)8 Cloud amount FEWnnn or VVnnn SKC or FEW010 VV005 SKC
and height of SCTnnn or or NSC OVC020 VV/// NSC
base or vertical BKNnnn or
visibility (M) OVCnnn VV/// SCT005 BKN012
Cloud type (C)4 CB - SCT008 BKN025CB
Temperature Name of the TX TX25/13Z TN09/05Z
(O)9 element (M) TX05/12Z TNM02/03Z
Maximum [M]nn/
temperature (M)
Time of nnZ
occurrence of the
maximum
temperature (M)
Name of the TN
element (M)
Minimum [M]nn/
temperature (M)
Time of nnZ
occurrence of the
minimum
temperature (M)


Chapter 6
Expected Change or PROB30 [TEMPO] or PROB40
significant probability [TEMPO] or BECMG or
changes to indicator (M) TEMPO or FM
one or more
of the above Period of nnnn
elements occurrence or
during the change (M)
period of Wind (C)4 nnn[P]nn[n][G[P]nn[n]]KMH TEMPO 1518
validity (C)4, or 25070G100KMH
10
VRBnnKMH (TEMPO 1518 25035G50KT)
(or TEMPO 1214 17025G50KMH
1000
nnn[P]nn[G[P]nn]KT
TSRA SCT010CB BKN020
or
(TEMPO 1214 17012G25KT
VRBnnKT) 1000
TSRA SCT010CB BKN020)
Prevailing nnnn C BECMG 1011 00000KMH
visibility (C)4 A 2400 OVCO10
V (BECMG 1011 00000KT 2400
OVC010)
0
PROB30 1214 0800 FG
K
Weather - or + - NSW BECMG 1214 RA
phenomenon: TEMPO 0304 FZRA
intensity (C)6
TEMPO 1215 BLSN
PROB40 TEMPO 0608 0500
FG
Weather DZ or RA or IC or
phenomenon: SN or SG FG or
characteristics or BR or
and type (C) 4, 7 SA or
PL or DS or
DU or
HZ or


Chapter 6
SS or FU or
FZDZ or VA or
FZRA or SQ or
PO or
SHGR or
FC or
SHGS or TS or
SHPL or BCFG
SHRA or or
SHSN or BLDU
TSGR or or
TSGS or BLSA
or
TSPL or
BLSN
TSRA or
or
TSSN
DRDU
or
DRSA
or
DRSN
or
FZFG
or
MIFG
or
PRFG
Cloud amount FEWnnn or VVnnn SKC or FM1230 15015KMH 9999
and height of SCTnnn or or NSC BKN020
base or vertical BKNnnn or VV/// (FM1230 15008KT 9999
visibility (C)4 OVCnnn BKN020)
4
Cloud type (C) CB - BECMG 1820 8000 NSW NSC
BECMG 0608 SCT015CB
BKN020
NOTE:
1. Fictitious location.
2. To be used in accordance with 1.2.1.
3. To be included in accordance with 1.2.1.
4. To be included whenever applicable.
5. One or more, up to a maximum of three, groups in accordance with 1.2.3.
6. To be included whenever applicable in accordance with 1.2.3. No qualifier for moderate intensity.
7. Weather phenomena to be included in accordance with 1.2.3. 8. 10.
8. Up to four cloud layers in accordance with 1.2.4. 9.
9. To be included in accordance with 1.2.5.
10. To be included in accordance with 1.3, 1.4 and 1.5.


Table A5-2. Use of change and time indicators in TAF
Change or time Time period Meaning
indicator
FM nhnhnmnm used to indicate a significant change in most weather elements
occurring at nhnh hours and nmnm minutes (UTC); all the elements
given before "FM" are to be included following “FM” (i.e. they are all
superseded by those following the abbreviation)
BECMG n1n1n2n2 the change is forecast to commence at n1n1 hours (UTC) and be
completed by n2n2 hours (UTC); only those elements for which a
change is forecast are to be given following “BECMG”; the time period
n1n1n2n2 should normally be less than 2 hours and in any case
should not exceed 4 hours
TEMPO n1n1n2n2 temporary fluctuations are forecast to commence at n1n1 hours
(UTC) and cease by n2n2 hours (UTC); only those elements for which
fluctuations are forecast are to be given following “TEMPO”;
temporary fluctuations should not last more than one hour in each
instance, and in the aggregate, cover less than half of the period
n1n1n2n2
PROBnn - n1n1n2n2 probability of occurrence (in%) of -
TEMPO n1n1n2n2 an alternative value of a forecast probability of occurrence of
element or elements; nn = 30 or temporary fluctuations
nn = 40 only; to be placed after
the element(s) concerned
Table A5-3. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF
Element as specified in Chapter 6 Range Resolution
Wind direction: ° true 000 - 360 10
Wind speed: KMH 00 - 3991 1
KT 00 - 1991 1
Visibility: M 0000 - 0800 50
M 0800 - 5000 100
M 5 000 - 9000 1 000
M 9 000 - 9 999 999
Vertical visibility: 30's M 000 - 020 1
(100's FT)
Cloud: height of base: 30's M 000 - 050 1
(100's FT)
Air temperature (maximum and minimum): °C -80 - +60 1
1
There is no aeronautical requirement to report surface wind speeds of 200km/h (100kt) or more; however,
provision has been made for reporting wind speeds up to 399km/h (199kt) for non-aeronautical purposes, as
necessary.


Example A5-1. TAF
TAF for YUDO (Donlon/International)1:

TAF YUDO 160000Z 160624 13018KMH 9000 BKN020 BECMG 0608 SCT015CB BKN020 TEMPO 0812
17025G45KMH 1000 TSRA SCT0I0CB BKN020 FM1230 15015KMH 9999 BKN020
Meaning of the forecast:
TAF for Donlon/International1 issued on the 16th of the month at 0000 UTC valid from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC
on the 16th of the month; surface wind direction 130 degrees; wind speed 18 kilometres per hour; visibility 9
kilometres, broken cloud at 600 metres; becoming between 0600 UTC and 0800 UTC, scattered
cumulonimbus cloud at 450 metres and broken cloud at 600 metres; temporarily between 0800 UTC and 1200
UTC surface wind direction 170 degrees; wind speed 25 kilometres per hour gusting to 45 kilometres per
hour; visibility 1000 metres in a thunderstorm with moderate rain, scattered cumulonimbus cloud at 300
metres and broken cloud at 600 metres; from 1230 UTC surface wind direction 150 degrees; wind speed 15
kilometres per hour; visibility 10 kilometres or more; and broken cloud at 600 metres.
NOTE: In this example, the primary units "kilometre per hour" and "metre" were used for wind speed and
height of cloud base, respectively. However, in accordance with Annex 5, the corresponding non-SI alternative
units "knot" and 'foot" may be used instead.
Example A5-2. Cancellation of TAF
Cancellation of TAF for YUDO (Donlon/International)1:

TAF AMD YUDO 161500Z 160624 CNL
Meaning of the forecast:
Amended TAF for Donlon/International1 issued on the 16th of the month at 1500 UTC cancelling the
previously issued TAF valid from 0600 UTC to 2400 UTC on the 16th of the month.


Example A5-3. GAMET area forecast
YUCC GAMET VALID 220600/221200 YUDO

AMSWELL FIR/2 BLW FL100
SECN I
SFC WSPD: 10/12 65 KMH
SFC VIS: 06/08 3000 M BR N OF N51
SIGWX: 11/12 ISOL TS
SIG CLD: 06/09 OVC 800/11 00 FT AGL N OF N51 10/12 ISOL TCU 1200/8000 FT AGL
ICE: MOD FL050/080
TURB: MOD ABV FL090
SIGMETS APPLICABLE: 3, 5
SECN II
PSYS: 06 L 1004 HPA N5130 E01000 MOV NE 25 KT WKN
WIND/T: 2000 FT 270/70 KMH PS03 5000 FT 250/80 KMH MS02 10000 FT 240/85
KMH MS11
CLD: BKN SC 2500/8000 FT AGL
FZLVL: 3000 FT AGL
MNM QNH: 1004 HPA
SEA: T15 HGT 5M
VA: NIL
Meaning: An area forecast for low-level flights (GAMET) issued for sub-area two of the
Amswell1 flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell area control
centre) for below flight level 100 by the Donlon/International1 meteorological
office (YUDO); the message is valid from 0600 UTC to 1200 UTC on the 22nd
of the month.
Section I:
surface wind speeds: between 1000 UTC and 1200 UTC 65 kilometres per hour;
surface visibility: between 0600 UTC and 0800 UTC 3000 metres north of 51 degrees north (due
to mist);
significant weather between 1100 UTC and 1200 UTC isolated thunderstorms without hail;
phenomena:
significant clouds: between 0600 UTC and 0900 UTC overcast base 800, top 1100 feet above
ground level north of 51 degrees north; between 1000 UTC and 1200 UTC
isolated towering cumulus base 1200, top 8000 feet above ground level;
icing: moderate between flight level 050 and 080;
turbulence: moderate above flight level 090 (at least up to flight level 100);
SIGMET messages: 3 and 5 applicable to the validity period and sub-area concerned.
Section II:
pressure systems: at 0600 UTC low pressure of 1 004 hectopascals at 51.5 degrees north 10.0
degrees east, expected to move north-eastwards at 25 knots and to weaken;

winds and temperatures: at 2 000 feet above ground level wind direction 270 degrees; wind speed 70
kilometres per hour, temperature plus 3 degrees Celsius; at 5 000 feet above
ground level wind direction 250 degrees; wind speed 80 kilometres per hour,
temperature minus 2 degrees Celsius; at 10 000 feet above ground level wind
direction 240 degrees; wind speed 85 kilometres per hour, temperature minus
11 degrees Celsius;
clouds: broken stratocumulus, base 2500 feet, top 8 000 feet above ground level;
freezing level: 3000 feet above ground level;
minimum QNH: 1004 hectopascals;
sea: surface temperature 15 degrees Celsius; and state of sea 5 metres;
volcanic ash: nil.

1
Fictitious locations


APPENDIX 6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET
INFORMATION, AERODROME WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS
NOTE: Data type designators to be used in abbreviated headings for SIGMET, AIRMET tropical cyclone and
volcanic ash advisory messages are given in WMO Publication No. 386, Manual on the Global Telecommunica-
tion System.
1. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET INFORMATION

1.1 Format of SIGMET messages
1.1.1 The content and order of elements in a SIGMET message shall be in accordance with the template
shown in Table A6-1.
1.1.2 Messages containing SIGMET information for subsonic aircraft shall be identified as "SIGMET", those
containing SIGMET information for supersonic aircraft during transonic or supersonic flight shall be identified
as "SIGMET SST".
1.1.3 The sequence number referred to in the template in Table A6-1 shall correspond with the number of SIG-
MET messages issued for the flight information region since 0001 UTC on the day concerned. Separate series
of sequence numbers shall be used for "SIGMET" and "SIGMET SST" messages. The meteorological watch
offices whose area of responsibility encompasses more than one FIR and/or CTA shall issue separate SIGMET
messages for each FIR and/or CTA within its area of responsibility.
1.1.4 In accordance with the template in Table A6-1, only one of the following phenomena shall be included in
a SIGMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:
a. at a subsonic cruising levels:
thunderstorm
- obscured OBSC TS
- embedded EMBD TS
- frequent FRQ TS
- squall line SQL TS
- obscured with hail OBSC TSGR
- embedded with hail EMBD TSGR
- frequent, with hail FRQ TSGR
- squall line with hail SQL TSGR
tropical cyclone
- tropical cyclone with 10-minute surface wind speed of 63 km/h TC (+ cyclone name)
(34 kt) or more
turbulence
- severe turbulence SEV TURB
icing
- severe icing SEV ICE
- icing due to freezing rain SEV ICE (FZRA)


4.3 ROUTINE OBSERVATIONS AND b. location indicator;
REPORTS c. time of observation;
d. identification of an automated or missing report,
4.3.1 At Aerodromes, routine observations
when applicable;
shall be made throughout the 24 hours each day, ex-
cept as otherwise agreed between the meteorologi- e. surface wind direction and speed;
cal authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the f. visibility;
operator concerned. Such observations shall be g. runway visual range, when applicable;
made at intervals of one hour or, if so determined by
regional air navigation agreement, at intervals of one h. present weather;
half-hour. At other aeronautical meteorological sta- i. cloud amount, cloud type (only for cumulonim-
tions, such observations shall be made as deter- bus and towering cumulus clouds) and height of
mined by the meteorological authority taking into ac- cloud base or, where measured, vertical visibili-
count the requirements of air traffic services units ty;
and aircraft operations. j. air temperature and dew-point temperature; and
4.3.2 Reports of routine observations shall be k. QNH and, when applicable, QFE (QFE included
issued as: only in local routine and special reports).
a. local routine reports only for dissemination at the
aerodrome of origin (intended for arriving and NOTE: The location indicators referred to and b. and
departing aircraft); and their significations are published in Location Indica-
tors DOC 7910).
b. METAR for dissemination beyond the aerodrome
of origin (mainly intended for flight planning, Recommendation - In addition to elements listed
VOLMET broadcasts and D-VOLMET). under 4.5.1 a. to k. local routine and special reports
and METAR and SPECI should contain supplemen-
NOTE: Meteorological information used in ATIS tary information to be placed after element k.
(voice-ATIS and D-ATIS) is to be extracted from the
local routine report, in accordance with Annex 11, 4.5.3 Optional elements included under sup-
4.3.6.1g). plementary information shall be included in METAR
and SPECI in accordance with regional air naviga-
4.3.3 At aerodromes that are not operational tion agreement.
throughout 24 hours in accordance with 4.3.1,
METAR shall be issued prior to the aerodrome re-
suming operations in accordance with regional air
navigation agreement.
4.4 SPECIAL OBSERVATIONS AND
REPORTS
4.4.1 A list of criteria for special observations
shall be established by the meteorological authority,
in consultation with the appropriate ATS authority,
operators and others concerned.
4.4.2 Reports of special observations shall be
issued as:
a. local special reports, only for dissemination at
the aerodrome of origin (intended for arriving
and departing aircraft); and
b. SPECI for dissemination beyond the aerodrome
of origin (mainly intended for flight planning,
VOLMET broadcasts and D-VOLMET).
NOTE: Meteorological information used in ATIS

(voice-ATIS and D-ATIS) is to be extracted from
the local routine report, in accordance with An-
nex 11, 4.3.6.1g).
4.4.3 At aerodromes that are operational

throughout 24 hours in accordance with 4.3.1, fol-
lowing the resumption of the issuance of METAR,
SPECI shall be issued, as necessary.
4.5 CONTENTS OF REPORTS
4.5.1 Local routine and special reports and
METAR and SPECI shall contain the following ele-
ments in order indicated
a. identification of the type of report;

mountain wave
- severe mountain wave SEV MTW
duststorm
- heavy duststorm HVY DS
sandstorm
- heavy sandstorm HVY SS
volcanic ash
- volcanic ash (irrespective of altitude) VA (+ volcano name, if known)
b. at transonic levels and supersonic cruising levels:
turbulence
- moderate turbulence MOD TURB
- severe turbulence SEV TURB
cumulonimbus
- isolated cumulonimbus ISOL CB
- occasional cumulonimbus OCNL CB
- frequent cumulonimbus FRQ CB
hail
- hail GR
volcanic ash
- volcanic ash (irrespective altitude) VA (+ volcano name, if known)
1.1.5 SIGMET information shall not contain unnecessary descriptive material. In describing the weather phe-
nomena for which the SIGMET is issued, no descriptive material additional to that given in 1.1.4 shall be includ-
ed. SIGMET information concerning thunderstorms or a tropical cyclone shall not include references to associ-
ated turbulence and icing.
1.1.6 Recommendation. - Meteorological watch offices in a position to do so should issue SIGMET informa-
tion for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones in graphical format using the WMO BUFR code form, in addi-
tion to the issuance of this SIGMET information in abbreviated plain language in accordance with 1.1.1.
NOTE: The BUFR code form is contained in WMO Publication No. 306, Manual on Codes, Volume 1.2, Part B -
Binary Codes.
1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET messages

1.2.1 SIGMET messages shall be disseminated to meteorological watch offices, WAFCs and to other meteoro-
logical offices in accordance with regional air navigation agreement. SIGMET messages for volcanic ash shall
also be disseminated to VAACs.
1.2.2 SIGMET messages shall be disseminated to international OPMET data banks and the centres designat-
ed by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronautical fixed service satellite distribution sys-
tems, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.


2. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRMET INFORMATION
2.1 Format of AIRMET messages
2.1.1 The content and order of elements in an AIRMET message shall be in accordance with the template
shown in Table A6-1.
2.1.2 The sequence number referred to in the template in Table A6-1 shall correspond with the number of
AIRMET messages issued for the flight information region since 0001 UTC on the day concerned. The meteo-
rological watch offices whose area of responsibility encompasses more than one FIR and/or CTA shall issue
separate AIRMET messages for each FIR and/or CTA within its area of responsibility.
2.1.3 The flight information region shall be divided in sub-areas, as necessary.
2.1.4 In accordance with the template in Table A6-1, only one of the following phenomena shall be included in
an AIRMET message, using the abbreviations as indicated below:
at cruising levels below flight level 100 (or below flight level 150 in mountainous areas, or higher, where neces-
sary):
- surface wind speed
- widespread mean surface wind speed above SFC WSPD

60 km/h (30 kt) (+ wind speed and units)
- surface visibility
- widespread areas affected by reduction of SFC VIS

visibility to less than 5000 m, including the (+ visibility)
weather phenomenon causing the reduction of
visibility (+ one of the following weather phenomena or
combination thereof: BR, DS, DU, DZ, FC, FG, FU. GR,
GS, HZ, IC, PL, PQ, RA, SA, SG, SN, SQ, SS or VA)
- thunderstorms
- isolated thunderstorms without hail ISOL TS
- occasional thunderstorms without hail OCNL TS
- isolated thunderstorms with hail ISOL TSGR
- occasional thunderstormes with hail OCNL TSGR
- mountain obscuration
- mountain obscured MT OBSC
- cloud
- widespread areas of broken or overcast cloud

with height of base less than 300 m (1000 ft)
above ground level:
- broken BKN CLD (+ height of the base and top and units)
- overcast OVC CLD (+ height of the base and top and units)
- cumulonimbus clouds
which are:
- isolated ISOL CB
- occasional OCNL CB
- frequent FRQ CB
- towering cumulus clouds

which are:
- isolated ISOL TCU
- occasional OCNL TCU

- frequent FRQ TCU
- Icing
- moderate icing (except for icing in convertive MOD ICE

clouds)
- turbulence
- moderate turbulence MOD TURB (except for MOD TURB

turbulence in convective clouds)
- mountain wave
- moderate mountain wave MOD MTW
2.1.5 AIRMET information shall not contain unnecessary descriptive material. In describing the weather phe-
nomena for which the AIRMET is issued, no descriptive material additional to that given in 2.1.4 shall be includ-
ed. AIRMET information concerning thunderstorms or cumulonimbus clouds shall not include references to as-
sociated turbulence and icing.
NOTE: The specifications for SIGMET information which is also applicable to low-level flights are given in 1.1.4.
2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET messages

2.2.1 Recommendation. - AIRMET messages should be disseminated to meteorological watch offices in adja-
cent flight information regions and to other meteorological offices, as agreed by the meteorological authorities
concerned.
2.2.2 Recommendation. - AIRMET messages should be transmitted to international operational meteorologi-
cal data banks and the centres designated by regional air navigation agreement for the operation of aeronauti-
cal fixed service satellite distribution systems, in accordance with regional air navigation agreement.
3. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS
NOTE: This appendix deals with the uplink of special airreports. The general specifications related to special
airreports are in Appendix 4.
3.1 Recommendation. - Special air-reports should be uplinked for 60 minutes after their issuance.
3.2 Recommendation. - Information on wind and temperature included in automated special air-reports
should not be uplinked to other aircraft in flight.
4. DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET MESSAGES AND
SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK)
4.1 Identification of the flight information region
Recommendation. - In cases where the airspace is divided into a flight information region (FIR) and an upper
flight information region (UIR), the SIGMET should be identified by the location indicator of the air traffic servic-
es unit serving the FIR.
NOTE: The SIGMET message applies to the whole airspace within the lateral limits of the FIR, i.e. to the FIR
and to the UIR. The particular areas and/or flight levels affected by the meteorological phenomena causing the
issuance of the SIGMET are given in the text of the message.
4.2 Criteria related to phenomena included in SIGMET and AIRMET messages and
special air-reports (uplink)
4.2.1 Recommendation. - An area of thunderstorms and cumulonimbus clouds should be considered:
a) obscured (OBSC) if it is obscured by haze or smoke or cannot be readily seen due to darkness;
b) embedded (EMBD) if it is embedded within cloud layers and cannot be readily recognized;
c) isolated (ISOL) if it consists of individual features which affect, or are forecast to affect, an area with a max-
imum spatial coverage less than 50 per cent of the area concerned (at a fixed time or during the period of
validity); and
d) occasional (OCNL) if it consists of well-separated features which affect, or are forecast to affect, an area
with a maximum spatial coverage between 50 and 75 per cent of the area concerned (at a fixed time or dur-
ing the period of validity).


4.2.2 Recommendation. - An area of thunderstorms should be considered frequent (FRQ) if within that area
there is little or no separation between adjacent thunderstorms with a maximum spatial coverage greater than
75 per cent of the area affected, or forecast to be affected, by the phenomenon (at a fixed time or during the pe-
riod of validity).
4.2.3 Recommendation. - Squall line (SQL) should indicate a thunderstorm along a line with little or no space
between individual clouds.
4.2.4 Recommendation. - Hail (GR) should be used as a further description of the thunderstorm, as neces-
sary.
4.2.5 Recommendation. - Severe and moderate turbulence (TURB) should refer only to: low-level turbulence
associated with strong surface winds; rotor streaming; or turbulence whether in cloud or not in cloud (CAT). Tur-
bulence should not be used in connection with convective clouds.
4.2.6 Turbulence shall be considered:
a) severe whenever the turbulence index is between 15 and 27 (i.e. the peak value of the eddy dissipation rate
(EDR) exceeds 0.5); and
b) moderate whenever the turbulence index is between 6 and 14 (i.e. the peak value of the eddy dissipation
rate (EDR) exceeds 0.3 while not exceeding 0.5).
4.2.7 Recommendation. - Severe and moderate icing (ICE) should refer to icing in other than convective
clouds. Freezing rain (FZRA) should refer to severe icing conditions caused by freezing rain.
4.2.8 Recommendation. - A mountain wave (MTW) should be considered:
a) severe whenever an accompanying downdraft of 3.0 m/s (600 ft/min) or more and/or severe turbulence is
observed or forecast; and
b) moderate whenever an accompanying downdraft of 1.75-3.0 m/s (350-600 ft/min) and/or moderate turbu-
lence is observed or forecast.
4.2.9 Recommendation. - In the outlook of SIGMET messages for volcanic ash, up to four layers or levels
should be included.
5. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AERODROME WARNINGS
5.1 Format and dissemination of aerodrome warnings
5.1.1 The aerodrome warnings shall be issued in accordance with the template in Table A6-2 where required
by operators or aerodrome services, and shall be disseminated in accordance with local arrangements to those
concerned.
5.1.2 Recommendation. - In accordance with the template in Table A6-2, aerodrome warnings should relate to
the occurrence or expected occurrence of one or more of the following phenomena:
– tropical cyclone (to be included if the 10-minute mean surface wind speed at the aerodrome is expected to
be 63 km/h (34 kt) or more)
– thunderstorm
– hail
– snow (including the expected or observed snow accumulation)
– hoar frost or rime
– sandstorm
– duststorm
– rising sand or dust
– strong surface wind and gusts
– squall
– frost
– volcanic ash
– other phenomena as agreed locally.
5.1.3 Recommendation. - The use of text additional to the abbreviations listed in the template in Table A6-2
should be kept to a minimum. The additional text should be prepared in abbreviated plain language using ap-
proved ICAO abbreviations and numerical values. If no ICAO approved abbreviations are available, English
plain language text should be used.


5.2 Quantitative criteria for aerodrome warnings
Recommendation. - When quantitative criteria are necessary for the issue of aerodrome warnings covering,
for example, the expected maximum wind speed or the expected total snowfall, the criteria should be estab-
lished by agreement between the meteorological office and the users of the warnings.
6. SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WIND SHEAR WARNINGS
6.1 Detection of wind shear
Recommendation - Evidence of the existence of wind shear should be derived from:
a) ground-based wind shear remote-sensing equipment, for example, Doppler radar;
b) ground-based wind shear detection equipment, for example, a system of surface wind and/or pressure sen-
sors located in an array monitoring a specific runway or runways and associated approach and departure
paths;
c) aircraft observations during the climb-out or approach phases of flight to be made in accordance with
Chapter 5; or
d) other meteorological information, for example, from appropriate sensors located on existing masts or tow-
ers in the vicinity of the aerodrome or nearby areas of high ground.
NOTE: Wind shear conditions are normally associated with the following phenomena:
– thunderstorms, microbursts, funnel cloud (tornado or waterspout), and gust fronts
– frontal surfaces
– strong surface winds coupled with local topography
– sea breeze fronts
– mountain waves (including low-level rotors in the terminal area)
– low-level temperature inversions.
6.2 Format and dissemination of wind shear warnings

NOTE: Information on wind shear is also to be included as supplementary information in local routine and spe-
cial reports and METAR and SPECI in accordance with the templates in Tables A3-1 and A3-2.
6.2.1 The wind shear warnings shall be prepared in abbreviated plain language in accordance with the tem-
plate in Table A6-3 and disseminated for aerodromes where wind shear is considered a factor in accordance
with local arrangements with the appropriate ATS authority and operators concerned and by the meteorological
office designated to provide service for the aerodrome or disseminated directly from automated ground-based
wind shear remote-sensing or detection equipment referred to in 6.1 a) and b).
6.2.2 Recommendation. - Where microbursts are observed, reported by pilots or detected by ground-based
wind shear detection or remote-sensing equipment, the wind shear warning should include a specific reference
to microburst.
6.2.3 Recommendation. - Where information from ground-based wind shear detection or remote-sensing
equipment is used to prepare a wind shear warning, the warning should, if practicable, relate to specific sec-
tions of the runway and distances along the approach path or take-off path as agreed between the meteorolog-
ical authority, the appropriate ATS authority and the operators concerned.
6.2.4 Recommendation. - When an aircraft report is used to prepare a wind shear warning, or to confirm a
warning previously issued, the corresponding aircraft report, including the aircraft type, should be given un-
changed in the warning.
NOTE 1: Following reported encounters by both arriving and departing aircraft two different wind shear warn-
ings may exist, one for arriving aircraft and one for departing aircraft.
NOTE 2: Specifications for reporting the intensity of wind shear are still undergoing development. It is recog-
nized, however, that pilots, when reporting wind shear, may use the qualifying terms "moderate", "strong" or
"severe", based to a large extent on their subjective assessment of the intensity of the wind shear encountered.
In accordance with 6.2.4, such reports are to be incorporated unchanged in wind shear warnings.
6.2.5 Recommendation. - The use of text additional to the abbreviations listed in the template in Table A6-3
should be kept to a minimum. The additional text should be prepared in abbreviated plain language using ap-
proved ICAO abbreviations and numerical values. If no ICAO approved abbreviations are available, English
plain language text should be used.


C = inclusion conditional, included whenever applicable
= = a double line indicates that the text following it should be placed on the subsequent line
NOTE: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in SIGMET/AIRMET messages and in
special air-reports are shown in Table A6-4 of this appendix.
Table A6-1. Template for SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink)
specified in content SIGMET SIGMET AIRMET SPECIAL
Chapter 5 and SST1
Appendix 6 AIR-REPORT
2
Location ICAO location nnnn — YUCC4

indicator of indicator of the YUDD4
FIR/CTA (M)3 ATS unit
serving the
FIR or CTA to
which the
SIGMET/
AIRMET refers
(M)
Identification Message SIGMET SIGMET AIRMET ARS SIGMET 5
(M) identification [nn]n SST [nn]n SIGMET A3
and sequence [nnjn
number5 (M) SIGMET SST 1
AIRMET 2
ARS
Validity period Date-time VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn _6 VALID
(M) groups 221215/221600
indicating the VALID
period of 101520/101800
validity in UTC
(M) VALID
251600/252200
Location Location nnnn— YUDO—4
indicator of indicator of YUSO—4
MWO (M) MWO
originating the
message with
a separating
hyphen (M)
Name of the Location nnnn nnnnnnnnnn nnnn nnnnnn YUCC
FIR/ CTA or indicator and FIR[/UIR] or nnnn nnnnnnnnnn AMSWELL
aircraft name of the FIR[/n] FIR4
identification FIR/CTA7 for nnnnnnnnnn CTA
(M) which the YUDD
SIGMET/ SHANLON
AIRMET is FIR/UIR4
issued or YUCC
aircraft AMSWELL
radiotelephony
FIR/24
call sign (M)
YUDD
SHANLON
FIR4
VA812
IF THE SIGMET IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.


specified in content SIGMET SIGMET AIRMET SPECIAL
Chapter 5 SST' AIR-REPORT
and 2
Appendix 6
Phenomenon Description of OBSC9 MOD SFC TS SEV TURB
(M)8 phenomenon TS [GR10] TURB11 WSPD TSGR FRQ TS
causing the EMBD12 SEV nn[n]KMH
issuance of FRQ13 TS OBSC TSGR
TURB (or SFC
SIGMET / [GR] WSPD EMBD TSGR
AIRMET (C) SQL14 TS nn[n]KT) TC GLORIA
[GR]
TC ISOL15 SFC VIS SEV TURB VA ERUPTION
nnnnnnnn CB16 nnnnM SEV ICE MT ASHVAL
nn OCNL18 (nn)17
CB FRQ13 LOC S15
CB E073 VA CLD
SEV GR ISOL15 SEV MTW
TURB11 VA[ERUP TS[GR]10 HVY SS
SEV TION] [MT OCNL18
ICE19 nnnnnnnn TS[GR]
SEV ICE nn] [LOC MT OBSC
(FZRA)20
SEV Nnn[nn] or BKN CLD
MTW21 Snn[nn] nnn/[ABV]
Ennn[nn] nnnnM (or
HVY DS or BKN CLD VA CLD [FL MOD TURB
HVY SS Wnnn[nn]] nnn/[ABV] nnn/nnn] MOD MTW
VA CLD nnnnFT) VA [MT ISOL CB
nnnnnnnnnn]
VA[ERUP OVC CLD BKN CLD
TION] [MT nnn/[ABV] 120/900M
nnnnnnnn nnnnM (or (BKN CLD
nn] [LOC OVC CLD 400/3000FT)
Nnn[nn] or nnMABV] MOD TURB11 OVC
Snn[nn] nnnnFT) CLD270/ABV300
GR10
Ennn[nn] ISOL15 0M (OVC CLD
or CB16 CB16 900/ABV
Wnnn[nn]] OCNL18 10000FT)
VA CB FRQ13
CLD CB
ISOL15 SEV ICE
TCU16
OCNL18
TCU16
FRQ13
TCU
MOD
TURB11
MOD
ICE19
MOD
MTW21
Observed or Indication OBS [AT nnnnZ] OBS AT nnnnZ OBS AT 1210Z
forecast whether the FCST OBS
phenomenon information is
(M) observed and OBS [AT nnnnZ] AND FCST OBS AND FCST
expected to
continue, or
forecast (M)

Element Detailed Template(s) Examples

as content SIGMET SIGMET AIRMET SPECIAL
specified SST'
in Chapter AIR-REPORT
2
5 and
Appendix
6
Location Location Nnn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or NnnnnWnnnn S OF N54
(C) (referring to Nnn[nn] Ennn[nn] or n or N OF N50
latitude and NnnnnWnnnn
longitude Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or N2020
n or W07005
(in degrees Snn[nn] Ennn[nn]
and SnnnnWnnnnn YUSB4
or or
minutes) or N2706
N OF Nnn[nn] or SnnnnEnnnnn
locations or W07306
geographic S OF Nnn[nn] or
N48 E010
features N OF Snn[nn] or
well known N OF N1515
S OF Snn[nn] or AND
internation
ally) (AND] W OF
W OF Wnnn[nn] or E13530
E OF Wnnn[nn] or W OF E1554
W OF Ennn[nn] or WI N6030
E OF Ennn[nn] E02550 -
or N6055
E02500 -
[N OF, NE OF, E OF, SE OF, S OF, SW OF, W
OF, NW OF] nnnnnnnnnnnn N6050
E02630
or
WI Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] -
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] -
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] -
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] -
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn] Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]


specified SST'
in Chapter AIR-REPORT
2
5 and
Appendix
6
Level (C) Flight level FLnnn or FLnnn/nnn orTOP FLnnn or [TOP] FLnnn FL180
and ABV FLnnn or [TOP] BLW FLnnn FL050/080
extent22(C) or BLW nnnnM (or BLW nnnnFT) TOP FL390
or23 BLW FL200
CB TOP [ABV] FLnnn WI nnnKM OF CENTRE TOP ABV
(or CB TOP [ABV] FLnnn W1 nnnNM OF FL100
CENTRE) or FL310/450
CB TOP [BLW] FLnnn WI nnnKM OF CENTRE CB TOP
(or CB TOP [BLW] FLnnn WI nnnNM OF FL500 WI
CENTRE) 270KM OF
or24 CENTRE
FLnnn/nnn [APRX nnnKM BY nnnKM] (CB TOP
[Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] FL500 WI
150NM OF
- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] CENTRE)
( - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]] FL310/350
[ - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]] APRX
(or FLnnnlnnn [APRX nnnNM BY nnnNM] 220KM BY
(Nnn[nn] or Snn(nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] 35KM
- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] FL390
[ - Nnn[nn] o;' Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]]
[ - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn(nn] or Ennn[nn]]])
Movements Movement MOV N [nnKMH] or MOV NE [nnKMH] or MOV - MOV E
or expected or expected E [nnKMH] or MOV SE [nnKMH] or MOV S 40KMH
movement movement [nnKMH] or MOV SW [nnKMH] or MOV W (MOV E
(C) (direction [nnKMH] or MOV NW [nnKMH] or MOV W 20KT)
and speed) [nnKMH] or MOV NW [nnKMH] (or MOV N
with [nnKT] or MOV NE [nnKT] or MOV E [nnKT] or
reference MOV SE [nnKT] or MOV S [nnKT] or MOV SW
to one of [nnKT] or MOV W [nnKT] or MOV NW [nnKT] or
the eight STNR
points of
compass or
stationary
(C)
Changes in Expected INTSF or WKN or NC - WKN
intensity changes in
(C) intensity
(C)


specified SST1
in AIR-
Chapter 5 REPORT2
and
Appendix
6
Forecast Forecast FCST nnnnZ TC CENTRE - - FCST 2200Z
position position of Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn] TC
(C)22 volcanic CENTRE
ash cloud or
N2740
or the FCST nnnnZ VA CLD APRX W07345
centre of Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
the TC at FCST 17002
- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or VA CLD
the end of
Ennn[nn] APRX S15
the validity
period of [ - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or E075 -
the Ennn[nn]] S15 E081 -
SIGMET [ - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or S17 E083 -
message Ennn[nn]]
(C) S18 E079 -
S15 E075
Outlook22 Outlook OTLK nnnnnn TC CENTRE - OTLK 260400
(C) providing Nnnnn or SnnnnWnnnnn or Ennnnn TC
informatio CENTRE
n beyond nnnnnn TC CENTRE
N28030
the period Nnnnn or SnnnnWnnnnn or Ennnnn
of validity W07430
or 261000 TC
of the
OTLK nnnnn VA CLD APRX CENTRE
trajectory
of the [FLnnn/nnn]25 Nnn[nn] or N3100
volcanic Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn) or Ennn[nn] W07600
ash cloud
- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn(nn) or OTLK 212300
and
Ennn[nn] VA CLD
positions
of the - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or APRX
tropical Ennn[nn] S16 E078 -
cyclone [ - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or S17 E084 -
centre (C) Ennn[nn]]
S18 E089 -
[ - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nnj] S19 E081 -
nnnnnn VA CLD APRX S16 E078
220300
Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or Ennn[nn]
VA CLD
- Nnn[nn] or Snnf nn]Wnnn[nn] or APRX
Ennn[nn]
S17 E081 -
- Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or
Ennn[nn] S18 E086 -
( - Nnn[nn] or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or S20 E092 -
Ennn[nn]] S21 E084 -
[ - Nnn(nn) or Snn[nn]Wnnn[nn] or S17 E081
Ennn[nn]j
OR


4.6 OBSERVING AND REPORTING 4.6.3.3 The runway visual range, assessed in ac-
METEOROLOGICAL ELEMENTS cordance with 4.6.3.1 and 4.6.3.2, shall be reported
in meters throughout periods when either the visibili-
4.6.1 Surface Wind ty or the runway visual range is less than 1500m.
4.6.1.1 The mean direction and the mean 4.6.3.4 Runway visual range assessments shall
speed of the surface wind shall be measured, as be representative of:
well as significant variations of wind direction and a. the touchdown zone of the runway intended for
speed, and reported in degrees true and kilometers non-precision or Category I instrument approach
per hour (or knots), respectively. and landings operations;
4.6.1.2 Recommendation – When local routine b. the touchdown zone and the mid-point of the
and special reports are used for departing aircraft, runway intended for Category II instrument ap-
the surface wind observations for these reports proach and landing operations; and
should be representative of conditions along the run- c. the touchdown zone, the mid-point and stop-end
way; when local routine and special reports are used of the runway intended for Category III instru-
for arriving aircraft, the surface wind observations for ment approach and landing operations.
these reports should be representative for the touch-
down zone. 4.6.3.5 The units providing air traffic service and
aeronautical information service for an aerodrome
4.6.1.3 Recommendation – For METAR and shall be kept informed without delay of changes in
SPECI, the surface wind observations should be the serviceability status of the automated equipment
representative of conditions above the whole runway used for assessing runway visual range.
where the is only one run way and the whole runway
complex where there is more than one runway. 4.6.4 Present Weather
4.6.2 Visibility 4.6.4.1 The present weather occurring at the

aerodrome and/or its vicinity shall be observed and
4.6.2.1 The visibility as defined in Chapter 1 shall reported as necessary.
be measured or observed, and reported in meters or
4.6.4.2 Recommendation – For local routine
kilometers,
and special reports, the present weather information
4.6.2.2 Recommendation – When local routine should be representative of conditions at the aero-
and special reports are used for departing aircraft, drome.
the visibility observations for these reports should be
4.6.4.3 Recommendation – For METAR and
representative of conditions along the runway; when
SPECI, the present weather information should be
local routine and special reports are used for arriving
representative of conditions at the aerodrome and,
aircraft, the visibility observations for these reports
for certain specified weather phenomena, in its vicin-
should be representative of the touchdown zone of
ity,
the runway.
4.6.4.4 Recommendation – Where observa-
4.6.2.3 Recommendation – For METAR and
tions are made using automatic observing systems,
SPECI the visibility observations should be repre-
provisions should be made for manual insertion of
sentative of the aerodrome.
those present weather elements which cannot be
4.6.3 Runway Visual Range determined adequately by that equipment.
NOTE: Guidance on the subject of runway visual 4.6.5 Clouds

range is contained in the Manual of Runway Visual 4.6.5.1 Cloud amount, cloud type and height of
Range Observing and reporting Practices (DOC cloud base shall be observed, and reported as nec-
9328). essary to describe the clouds of operational signifi-
cance. When the sky is obscured, vertical visibility
4.6.3.1 Runway visual range as defined in Chap-
shall be observed and reported, where measured, in
ter I shall be assessed on all runways intended for
lieu of cloud amount, cloud type and height of cloud
Category II and III instrument approach and landing
base. The height of cloud base and vertical visibility
operations.
shall be reported in meters (or feet).
4.6.3.2 Recommendation – Runway visual
4.6.5.2 Recommendation – Cloud observations
range as defined in Chapter I should be assessed
for local routine and special reports should be repre-
on all runways intended for use during periods of re-
sentative of the approach area.
duced visibility, including:
a. precision approach runways intended for Cate- 4.6.5.3 Recommendation – Cloud observations
gory I instrument approach and landing opera- for METAR and SPECI should be representative of
tions; and the aerodrome and its vicinity.
b. runways used for take-off and having high-inten-
sity edge lights and/or center line lights.
NOTE: Precision approach runways are defined

in Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter I, under ‘Instru-
ment runway’.

Cancellation Cancellation CNL SIGMET CNL CNL AIRMET - CNL SIGMET 2

of of [nn]nnnnnnnln SIGMET (nn)nnnnnnn/n 101200/10160026
SIGMET/AIR SIGMET/AIR nnnnn or CNL SST [nn]n nnnnn CNL SIGMET 3
MET26(C) MET referring SIGMET [nn]n nnnnnnlnn 251030/251430 VA
to its nnnnnn/nnnnn nnnn MOV TO YUDO
identification n [VA MOV TO FIR26
nnnn FIR]24
CNL SIGMET SST
1212330/22013026
CNL AIRMET
151520/15180026
NOTE:
1. In accordance with 1.1.2.
2. No wind and temperature to be uplinked to other aircraft in flight in accordance with 3.2.
3. See 4.1.
5. In accordance with 1.1.3 and 2.1.2.
6. See 3.1.
7. See 2.1.3.
9. In accordance with 4.2.1 a).
12. In accordance with 4.2.1 b).
15. In accordance with 4.2.1 c).
16. The use of cumulonimbus, CB, is restricted to AIRMETs and SIGMETs related to SST flight during tran-
sonic and supersonic cruise; the use of towering cumulus, TCU, is restricted to AIRMETs in accordance
with 1.1.4 and 2.1.4.
18. In accordance with 4.2.1 d).
22. Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash cloud and tropical cyclones.
23. Only for SIGMET messages for tropical cyclones.
24. Only for SIGMET messages for volcanic ash.
25. Up to four layers (or levels) in accordance with 4.2.9.
26. End of the message (as the SIGMET/AIRMET message is being cancelled).
NOTE: In accordance with 1.1.5 and 2.1.5, severe or moderate icing and severe or moderate turbulence (SEV
ICE, MOD ICE, SEV TURB, MOD TURB) associated with thunderstorms, cumulonimbus clouds or tropical cy-
clones should not be included.
NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in wind shear warnings are shown in
Table A 6-4 of this appendix.
ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doe 8400).


Table A6-2. Template for aerodrome warnings
Element Detailed content Template Example
Location indicator of the Location indicator of the nnnn YUCC1
aerodrome (M) aerodrome
Identification of the type Type of message and AD WRNG n AD WRNG 2
of message (M) sequence number
Validity period (M) Day and time of validity VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn VALID 211230/211530
period in UTC
IF THE AERODROME WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.
Phenomenon (M)2 Description of TC3 nnnnnnnnnn or TC ANDREW
phenomenon causing [HVY] TS or HVY SN 25CM
the issuance of the
aerodrome warning GR or SFC WSPD 8OKMH MAX
[HVY] SN [nnCMj3 or 120
[HVY] FZRA or VA
[HVY] FZDZ or
RIME4 or
[HVY] SS or
[HVY] DS or
SA or
DU or
SFC WSPD nn[n]KMH
MAX nn[n]
(SFC WSPD nn[n]KT
MAX nn[n]) or
SO or
FROST or
VA or
free text up to 32
characters5
Observed or forecast Indication whether the OBS [AT nnnnZ] or OBS AT 120OZ
phenomenon (M) information is observed FCST or OBS
and expected to
continue, or forecast OBS [AT nnnnZ] AND OBS AT 1220Z AND FCST
FCST
Changes in intensity Expected changes in INTSF or WKN
(C) intensity WKN or
NC
OR
Cancellation of Cancellation of aerodrome CNL AD WRNG n CNL AD WRNG 2

aerodrome warning6 warning referring to its nnnnnNnnnnnn 211230/2115306
identification
NOTE:
2. One phenomenon or a combination thereof, in accordance with 5.1.2.
4. Hoar frost or rime in accordance with 5.1.2.
6. End of the message (as the aerodrome warning is being cancelled).

NOTE 1: The ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in wind shear warnings are shown in
Table A 6-4 of this appendix.
ICAO Abbreviations and Codes (PANS-ABC, Doe 8400).
Table A6-3. Template for wind shear warnings

Element Detailed content Template Example
Location indicator of Location indicator of nnnn YUCC1
the aerodrome (M) the aerodrome
Identification of the Type of message and WS WRNG [nn] WS WRNG 01
type of message (M) sequence number
Time of origin and Day and time of issue nnnnnn [VALID TL nnnnnn] or 211230 VALID TL
validity period (M) and, where applicable, [VALID nnnnnn/nnnnnn] 211330
validity period in UTC 221200 VALID
221215/221315
IF THE WIND SHEAR WARNING IS TO BE CANCELLED, SEE DETAILS AT THE END OF THE TEMPLATE.
Phenomenon (M) Identification of the [MOD] or [SEVI WS IN APCH or WS APCH RWY12
phenomenon and its [MOD] or [SEV] WS [APCH] MOD WS RWY34
location RWYnnn
or
[MOD] or [SEV] WS IN WS IN CLIMB-OUT
CLIMB-OUT
or
[MOD] or [SEV] WS MBST APCH RWY26
CLIMB-OUT RWYnnn or
MBST IN APCH or
MBST [APCH] RWYnnn
or
MBST IN CLIMB-OUT or MBST IN CLIMB-OUT
MBST CLIMB-OUT RWYnnn
Observed, reported or Identification whether REP AT nnnn nnnnnnnn or REP AT 1510 B747
forecast phenomenon the phenomenon is OBS (AT nnnn] or OBS AT 1205
(M) observed or reported
and expected to FCST FCST
continue or forecast
Details of the Description of SFC WIND: nnn/nnKMH (or SFC WIND:
phenomenon (C)2 phenomenon causing nnrdnnKT) nnnM 320/20KMH
the issuance of the (nnnFT)-WIND: nnn/nnKMH (or 60M-WIND:
wind shear warning nnn/nnKT) 360/50KMH
or (SFC WIND: 320/10KT
nnKMH (or nnKT) ASPEEDL 200FT-WIND:
nnKM (or nnNM) 360/25KT)
FNA RWYnn 60KMH ASPEEDL
or 4KM
nnKMH (ornnKT) ASPEEDG FNA RWY13 (30KT
nnKM (ornnNM) FNA RWYnn ASPEEDL 2NM FNA
RWY13)
OR
Cancellation of wind Cancellation of wind CNL WS WRNG n CNL WS WRNG

shear warning3 shear warning referring nnnnnn/nnnnnn 1211230/2113303
to its identification


NOTE:
2. Additional provisions in 6.2.5.
3. End of the message (as the wind shear warning is being cancelled).
Table A6-4. Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in volcanic ash and tropical
cyclone advisory messages, SIGMET/AIRMET messages and aerodrome and wind shear warnings
Element as specified in Appendices 2 and 6 Range Resolution
Summit elevation: M 000 - 8100 1
FT 000 - 27000 1
Advisory number: for VA (index)1 000 - 2 000 1
for TC (index)1 00 - 99 1
Maximum surface wind: KMH 00 - 399 1
KT 00 - 199 1
Central pressure: hPa 850 - 1050 1
Surface wind speed: KMH 60 - 199 1
KT 30 - 99 1
Surface visibility: M 0000 - 0800 50
M 0800 - 5000 100
Cloud: height of base: M 000 - 1000 30
FT 000 - 300 100
Cloud: height of top: M 000-3000 30
M 3 000 - 20 000 10 000 - 60 000
FT 000-10000 100
FT 10 000 - 60 000 1 000
Latitudes: °(degrees) 00 - 90 1
'(minutes) 00 - 60 1
Longitudes: ° (degrees) 000 -180 1
'(minutes) 00 - 60 1
Flight levels: 000 - 650 10
Movement: KMH 0 - 300 10
KT KT 5
1
Non-dimensional
Example A6-1. SIGMET and AIRMET message and the corresponding cancellations
SIGMET Cancellation of SIGMET

YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 101200/101600 YUSO- YUDD SIGMET 3 VALID 101345/101600 YUSO
SHANLON FIR/UIR OBSC TS FCST SHANLON FIR/MR CNL SIGMET 2 101200/101600
S OF N54 TOP FL390 MOV E WKN
AIRMET Cancellation of AIRMET

YUDD AIRMET 1 VALID 151520/151800 YUSO- YUDD AIRMET 2 VALID 151650/151800 YUSO
SHANLON FIR ISOL TS OBS SHANLON FIR CNL AIRMET 1 151520/151800
N OF S50 TOP ABV FL 100 STNR WKN YUCC SIGMET 3 VALID 251600/252200 YUDO


Example A6-2. SIGMET message for tropical cyclone
YUCC SIGMET 3 VALID 251600/252200 YUDO-

AMSWELL FIR TC GLORIA OBSN2706 W07306 AT 160OZ CB TOP FL500 WI 150NM OF CENTRE MOV
NW IOKT NC FCST 220OZ TC CENTRE N2740 W07345 OTLK TC CENTRE 260400 N2830 W07430
261000 N2912 W07530
Meaning:
The third SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell
area control centre) by the Donlon/International1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the
message is valid from 1600 UTC to 2200 UTC on the 25th of the month; tropical cyclone Gloria was observed
at 27 degrees 06 minutes north and 73 degrees 6 minutes west at 1600 UTC with cumulonimbus top at flight
level 500 within 150 nautical miles of the centre; the tropical cyclone is expected to move northwestwards at
10 knots and not to undergo any changes in intensity; the forecast position of the centre of the tropical cyclone
at 2200 UTC is expected to be at 27 degrees 40 minutes north and 73 degrees 45 minutes west.
Outlook:
The centre of the tropical cyclone is expected to be on the 26th of the month at 0400 UTC and 1000 UTC
located at 28 degrees 30 minutes north and 74 degrees 30 minutes west, and at 29 degrees 12 minutes north
and 75 degrees 30 minutes west, respectively.
1
Example A6-3. SIGMET message for volcanic ash
YUDD SIGMET 2 VALID 211100/211700 YUSO

SHANLON FIR/UIR VA ERUPTION MT ASHVAL LOC S1500 E07348 VA CLD OBS AT 1100Z FL310/450
APRX 220KM BY 35KM S1500 E07348 - S1530 E07642 MOV ESE 65KMH FCST 1700Z VA CLD APRX
S1506 E07500 - S1518 E08112 - 51712 E08330 - S1824 E07836
OTLK 212300Z VA CLD APRX S 1600 E07806 - S 1642 E08412 - S 1824 E08900 - S 1906 E08100 220500Z
VA CLD APRX S1700 E08100 - 51812 E08636 - S2000 E09224 - S2130 E08418
Meaning:
The second SIGMET message issued for the SHANLON1 flight information region (identified by YUDD
Shanlon area control centre) by the Shanlon/International1 meteorological watch office (YUSO) since 0001
UTC; the message is valid from 1100 UTC to 1700 UTC on the 21st of the month; volcanic ash eruption of
Mount Ashval1 located at 15 degrees south and 73 degrees 48 minutes east; volcanic ash cloud observed at
1100 UTC between flight levels 310 and 450 in an approximate area of 220 km by 35 km between 15 degrees
south and 73 degrees 48 minutes east, and 15 degrees 30 minutes south and 76 degrees 42 minutes east;
the volcanic ash cloud is expected to move east-southeastwards at 65 kilometres per hour; at 1700 UTC the
volcanic ash cloud is forecast to be located approximately in an area bounded by the following points: 15
degrees 6 minutes south and 75 degrees east, 15 degrees 18 minutes south and 81 degrees 12 minutes
south, 17 degrees 12 minutes south and 83 degrees 30 minutes east, and 18 degrees 24 minutes south and
78 degrees 36 minutes east.
Outlook:
The volcanic ash cloud at 2300 UTC on the 21st of the month is expected to be located approximately in an
area bounded by the following points: 16 degrees south and 78 degrees 6 minutes east, 16 degrees 42
minutes south and 84 degrees 12 minutes east, 18 degrees 24 minutes south and 89 degrees east, and 19
degrees 6 minutes south and 81 degrees east; the volcanic ash cloud at 0500 UTC on the 22nd of the month
is expected to be located approximately in an area bounded by the following points: 17 degrees south and 81
degrees east, 18 degrees 12 minutes south and 86 degrees 36 minutes east, 20 degrees south and 92
degrees 24 minutes east, and 21 degrees 30 minutes south and 84 degrees 18 minutes east.
1
Example A6-4. SIGMET message for severe turbulence
YUCC SIGMET 5 VALID 221215/221600 YUDO-

AMSWELL FIR SEV TURB OBS AT 1210Z YUSB FL250 MOV E 40KMH WKN
Meaning:
The fifth SIGMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC Amswell
area control centre) by the Donlon/International1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001 UTC; the
message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; severe turbulence was observed at
1210 UTC over SibyBistock* aerodrome (YUSB) at flight level 250; the turbulence is expected to move
eastwards at 40 kilometres per hour and to weaken in intensity.
1


Example A6-5. AIRMET message for moderate mountain wave
AMSWELL FIR MOD MTW OBS AT 1205Z AND FCST N48 El0 FLO80 STNR NC
Meaning:
The second AIRMET message issued for the AMSWELL1 flight information region (identified by YUCC
Amswell area control centre) by the Donlon/Intemational1 meteorological watch office (YUDO) since 0001
UTC; the message is valid from 1215 UTC to 1600 UTC on the 22nd of the month; moderate mountain wave
was observed at 1205 UTC at 48 degrees north and 10 degrees east at flight level 080; the mountain wave
is expected to remain stationary and not to undergo any changes in intensity.
1

DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS

The first two digits indicate the Runway Designator.
The third digit indicates the Runway Deposits.
The fourth digit indicates the extent of runway contamination.
The fifth and sixth digits indicate the depth of deposit.
The seventh and eighth digits indicate the friction co-efficient or Braking Action.
RUNWAY DESIGNATOR (First and Second Digits)

The two digits correspond to the runway designator (e.g., 09, 27 etc.). In the case of parallel runways, the ‘Left”
runway is indicated by the designator only (e.g., 09L as 09) while the “Right” runway has 50 added so that 09R
becomes 59 and 27R becomes 77. Whenever all runways are affected the figure group 88 will be used.
NOTE: 99 may sometimes appear as the first two digits. This does not purport to be a runway indicator but
means that the information is a repetition of the last message because no new message has been received in
time for transmission.
RUNWAY DEPOSITS (Third Digit)

The runway deposit expressed as a single figure as follows:
0 — Clear and dry 6 — Slush
1 — Damp 7 — Ice
2 — Wet or water patches 8 — Compacted or rolled snow
3 — Rime of frost covered (Depth normally less 9 — Frozen ruts or ridges

than 1 mm)
4 — Dry snow / — Type of deposit not reported (e.g., due to

runway clearance in progress).
5 — Wet snow
EXTENT OF RUNWAY CONTAMINATION (Fourth Digit)

The extent of runway contamination is expressed as a single digit in accordance with the following scale:
1 — Less than 10% of runway contaminated (covered)
2 — 11% to 25% of runway contaminated (covered)
/ — not reported (e.g., due to runway clearance in progress).
DEPTH OF DEPOSIT (Fifth and Sixth Digits)

The depth of deposit is indicated by two digits in accordance with the following scale:
00 less than 1 mm 15 = 15 mm
01 = 1 mm etc.
02 = 2 mm 20 = 20 mm
etc. etc., up to
10 = 10 mm 90 = 90 mm
etc. NOTE: Code 91 is not used.
Thereafter, the depth is indicated by:

92 = 10 cm
93 = 15 cm
94 = 20 cm
95 = 25 cm
96 = 30 cm
97 = 35 cm
98 = 40 cm or more
99 = runway or runways non-operational due to snow, slush, ice, large drifts or runway clearance, but
depth not reported.
// = Depth of deposit operationally not significant or not measurable.
The quoted depth is the mean of a number of readings or, if operationally significant, the greatest depth mea-
sured.
FRICTION CO-EFFICIENT OR BRAKING ACTION (Seventh and Eighth Digits)

The friction co-efficient is denoted by two digits or, if the co-efficient is not available, the braking action is denot-
ed by two digits.
a. Friction co-efficient
Example:
28 — friction co-efficient 0.28
35 — friction co-efficient 0.35
etc.
b. Braking action
95 = Good
94 = Medium / Good
93 = Medium
92 = Medium / Poor
91 = Poor
99 = Unreliable
// = Braking action not reported; Runway not operational; Aerodrome closed; etc.
NOTE:
1. Where Braking Action is assessed at a number of points along a runway, the mean value will be trans-
mitted or, if operationally significant, the lowest value.
2. If measuring equipment does not allow measurement of friction with satisfactory reliability, which may
be the case when a runway is contaminated by wet snow, slush, or loose snow, the figures 99 will be
used.
EXAMPLES
NOTE: The occasion may arise when a new report or a valid report is not available in time for dissemination
with the appropriate METAR message. In this case, the previous runway state report will be repeated, as indi-
cated by the figures 99 in place of the runway designator.

99421594 Dry Snow covering 11% to 25% of the runway: depth 15 mm; braking action medium to good.
14//99// Runway 14 non-operational due to runway clearance in progress.
14////// Runway 14 contaminated but reports are not available or are not updated due to aerodrome
closure or curfew, etc.
88////// All runways are contaminated but reports are not available or are not updated due to
aerodrome closure or curfew, etc.
14CLRD// Runway 14 contamination has ceased to exist.

(No further reports will be sent unless recontamination occurs).

31 DEC 04 METEOROLOGY JAPAN-1
AERONAUTICAL ENROUTE INFORMATION SERVICE

Aeronautical Enroute Information Service (hereinaf- b. NOTAM: NOTAMs including S/I condition issued
ter referred to as AEIS) is a service to support air- in preceding 10 hours (5 hours for Broadcast)
craft in-flight (other than those arriving at and de- and become effective within 10 hours (5 hours
parting from airports), by providing them with the for Broadcast) from time of the issuance.
information essential to safety of flights, by handling c. PIREP (Pilot Report): The reports on meteoro-
reports from aircraft on the meteorological condition, logical conditions etc., received from aircraft
etc., and by conducting other communication neces- in-flight in the preceding two (2) hours.
sary for safety of flights. d. Other necessary information.
Information to be provided includes: This service will be available in the Tokyo and Fuku-
a. Meteorological Information: SIGMET, ARMAD, oka ACC and will operate with the following station
METAR, FCST and TREND, SPECI, Weather identifications and frequencies.
Radar Echo, other necessary information.
Air-Ground NEW CHITOSE INFORMATION Kushiro 135.1 MHz
Obihiro 135.6 MHz
Okadama 134.75 MHz
Yokotsudake 127.1 MHz
Asahikawa 124.15 MHz
Air-Ground SENDAI INFORMATION Akita 134.6 MHz
Jobonzan 135.8 MHz
Niigata 135.3 MHz
Air-Ground TOKYO INFORMATION Nasu 135.65 MHz
Kumagaya 135.75 MHz
Narita 134.8 MHz
Matsumoto 134.85 MHz
Hakone 134.7 MHz
Yamanashi 127.15 MHz
Air-Ground CHUBU INFORMATION Komatsu 135.05 MHz
Mikawa 135.5 MHz
Air-Ground OSAKA INFORMATION Nikunisan 135.6 MHz
Kushimoto 126.75 MHz
Miho 134.75 MHz
Air-Ground FUKUOKA INFORMATION Iwakuni 126.7 MHz
Shimizu 135.1 MHz
Sangunzan 126.95 MHz
Fukue 134.65 MHz
Air-Ground KAGOSHIMA INFORMATION Kaseda 135.8 MHz
Amani 134.8 MHz
Air-Ground NAHA INFORMATION Yaedake 127.1 MHz
Miyako 134.75 MHz
Check NOTAMs for more complete details on this service.

JAPAN-2 METEOROLOGY 31 DEC 04
AERONAUTICAL ENROUTE INFORMATION SERVICE
a. Echo-area is expressed in relation to the name 5 Steps (on request)

of airport, notable location etc.
Echo-intensity (mm/HR) Rainfall
b. Echo-intensity is usually provided with 3 steps.
intensity
(5 steps on request)
c. Echo-top is observed on the hour only. And the VERY WEAK 0—1
maximum within about 50 km mesh is provided.
d. Echo does not show obstructions to vision such WEAK 1—4
as fog, cloud without precipitation.
MODERATE 4 — 16
3 Steps STRONG 16 — 64
Echo-intensity (mm/HR) Rainfall
VERY STRONG 64 —
intensity
NOTE: Each intensity means a rainfall intensity
WEAK 0—4
converted by per hour.
MODERATE 4 — 16
STRONG 16 —
NOTE: Each intensity means a rainfall intensity

converted by per hour.

11 FEB 05 METEOROLOGY PB-1
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS - PACIFIC BASIN
SERVICES AMERICAN SAMOA

PRIOR TO DEPARTURE TAU I IFSS Honolulu
Meteorological offices at aerodromes of departure (Fitiuta) 1 800 WX BRIEF
can supply meteorological information, and provide (992-7433)
briefing and documentation to aeronautical person-
nel. Such information includes area, enroute and TATUILA I MO-III Nadi
aerodrome forecasts, routine and special reports, (Pago Pago Intl) 688-9130
and SIGMET information.
IFSS Honolulu
DURING FLIGHT
1 800 WX BRIEF
Air Traffic Service units are capable of supplying all (992-7433).
the types of meteorological information mentioned
above on the pilot"s request. Additionally, VOLMET
broadcasts are issued at regular time intervals. AUSTRALIA
The telephone numbers of the Services (English
A limited elaborative briefing service is available
Language) described above are listed below.
from Regional Forecasting Centres (RFCs) and
Meteorological Offices (MOs) on the following
FACILITY ABBREVIATIONS
telephone numbers:
ATC – Air Traffic Control
Adelaide 08 8366 2617
AWS – Aviation Weather Station
Alice Springs 08 8952 1943
FIC – Flight Information Center (0630-1730)
FIS – Flight Information Service Canberra 02 6247 0411

(0600-1830)
FSS – Flight Service Station
Cairns 07 4035 9777
IFSS – International Flight Service Station (0000-1830)
JSDF – Japan Self Defense Force Brisbane 07 3229 1854
MO-I – Class I Meteorological Office Darwin 08 8920 3833
MO-II – Class II Meteorological Office Hobart 03 6221 2026
MO-III – Class III Meteorological Office Launceston 03 6391 8377

(0600-1630)
MWO – Meteorological Weather Service
Melbourne 03 9669 4850
NWS – National Weather Service
Perth 08 9263 2253
PATWAS – Pilot’s Automatic Telephone
Weather Answering Service Port Hedland 08 9140 1480
(0530-1430)
RFC – Regional Forecast Center
Rockhampton 07 4922 3597
WSO – Weather Forecasting Office (0500-1900)
Sydney 02 9296 1527

TELEPHONE NUMBERS
Townsville 07 4779 5999
AMERICAN SAMOA
NOTE: Conversations on these briefing services
800-WX-BRIEF (992-7433) will contact FSS from are recorded
many locations in the United States. (Cell phone
users who are outside their cell phone area code
and want to call a FSS, call toll-free 800-555-1212 BRUNEI
for a directory listing.)
BRUNEI MO-I Fax (673)
(Intl) 02-332735
(673) 02-330142
(673) 02-330143

Eff 24 Nov
PB-10 METEOROLOGY 18 NOV 05
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS - PACIFIC BASIN

BROADCAST
CALL FREQS TIMES
STATION FORM BROADCAST
SIGN (kHz)
PERIOD H+
Honolulu Honolulu 2863 SSB H24 00-05 Aerodrome Honolulu, Hilo, Guam
Radio 6679 SSB 30-35 Forecasts
8828 SSB SIGMET Oakland FIR
13282 SSB
Honolulu, Hilo,
Hourly Reports
Kahului, Guam
05-10 San Francisco, Seattle

35-40 (-Tacoma Intl), Los
Hourly Reports Angeles, Portland,
Sacramento, Ontario,
Las Vegas
SIGMET Oakland FIR
San Francisco, Seattle

Aerodrome
(-Tacoma Intl), Los
Forecasts
Angeles
25-30 Anchorage, Elmendorf

55-60 AFB, Fairbanks, Cold
Hourly Reports
Bay, King Salmon,
Vancouver
SIGMET Oakland FIR
Aerodrome Anchorage, Fairbanks,

Forecasts Cold Bay, Vancouver
HongKong Hong 128.875 Continuous H24 MET Shenzhen

Kong MHz Report/Special3
MET Macau, Taipei (Intl),

Report/Special & Gaoxiong
TREND
Forecast3
2863 SSB4 H24 15-20 MET Taipei (Chiang Kai

6679 SSB & Report/Special & Shek Intl), Gaoxiong,
45-50 TREND Hong Kong (Intl)
8828 SSB Forecast3
13282 SSB
MET Manila (Intl), Mactan,
Report/Special3 Naha
Aerodrome Hong Kong (Intl)

Forecast2
1
SIGMET information is prepared by the Meteorological Watch Office whenever any of the following
phenomena are occurring or are expected to occur within the Hong Kong FIR: Active thunderstorms, severe
line squall, severe turbulence, marked mountain waves, tropical cyclone, heavy hail, severe icing, widespread
sandstorm/duststorm (unlikely to be used). Tropical cyclones will be mentioned whenever they are centered
within the area 10N to 30N, 105E to 125E even though this area extends beyond the Hong Kong FIR. The
requirement to issue SIGMET information regarding active thunderstorms refers to the occurrence or
expected occurrence of an area of widespread cumulonimbus clouds (Cb) or Cb along a line with little or no
space between individual clouds, or to Cb embedded in cloud layers or concealed by haze. It does not refer
to isolated or scattered Cb not embedded in cloud layers or concealed by haze.
2
In VHHH MET Reports and Forecasts, wind information refers to the SE anemometer and the visibility refers
to that observed from the Meteorological Office on the 4th floor of the Airport Terminal Building.
3 All reports are the latest available. However, if the latest available report would be more than two hours old
at broadcast time, it is not transmitted.
4
Broadcast on 2863 kHz is to be implemented when operationally required.
© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC. 1993, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Eff 24 Nov
18 NOV 05 METEOROLOGY PB-11

BROADCAST
CALL FREQS TIMES
SIGN (kHz)
PERIOD H+
Singapore Singapore 6676 SSB H24 20-25 SIGMET1 Singapore

(Changi) Radio (1230 - 2
METAR / SPECI Singapore
2230)
11387 SSB Kuala Lumpur3,
(2230 - Soekarno-Hatta3,
1230) Kuching3, Brunei3,
METAR4
Kota Kinabalu3, Den
Pasar3, Penang3,
Subang
Singapore5, Kuala
TAF4
Lumpur5
50-55 SIGMET1 Singapore
METAR / SPECI Singapore6
Kuala Lumpur7,
Soekarno-Hatta7,
Kuching7, Brunei 7,
METAR4
Kota Kinabalu7, Den
Pasar7, Penang7,
Subang
Singapore5,
TAF4
Soekarno-Hatta5
NOTE:
– 1 SIGMET message or ‘NIL’ is transmitted.
2
– Latest routine or special report between H+00 and H+15, including trend statement; repeated at end of
broadcast, time permitting.
3
– H+00 (or the previous H+30 report when the H+00 report is not available) including trend statement
when appended.
4
– As available.
5
– Valid for 9 hours.
– 6
Latest routine or special report between H+30 and H+45, including trend statement; repeated at end of
broadcast, time permitting.
7
– H+30 (or the H+00 report when the H+30 report is not available) including trend statement when
appended.
Taipei 124.4 MHz Continuous METAR

Chaing Kai Shek Intl
Repetitive SPECI
Kaohsiung Intl
TAF
ATC Radio When traffic permits SIGMET Taipei FIR

Channels
Taipei SITA’s METAR Chaing Kai Shek Intl

D-VOLMET Aircom SPECI Kaohsiung Intl
network TAF
SIGMET Taipei FIR

AIRMET

Eff 24 Nov

BROADCAST
CALL FREQS TIMES
SIGN (kHz)
PERIOD H+
Tokyo Tokyo 2863 SSB H24 10-15 MET Report & Tokyo (New Tokyo Intl),
6679 SSB & TREND* Osaka (Kansai Intl)
40-45 *Repeated if time
8828 SSB permits.
13282 SSB
MET Report Tokyo (Tokyo Intl),
Sapporo (New
Chitose), Nagoya,
Fukuoka,
Seoul/Incheon
(Incheon Intl)
Aerodrome Tokyo (New Tokyo Intl),

Forecast Osaka (Kansai Intl)

PB-2 METEOROLOGY 11 FEB 05
CAMBODIA HONG KONG
PHNOM PENH (855) 23-426647 HONG KONG (Office hours) 2910 6300
(Pochentong Intl) Fax (855) 23-366191 (Intl) (Duty Forecaster) 2910 6920
Fax 2910 0080
COOK IS
INDONESIA
RAROTONGA I MO-III (682) 20603 or
(Intl) (682) 25890 ext. BALIKPAPAN FIC/FSS 62-542-766886
211 ext. 2005/2035
Fax (682) 21603 Fax
62-542-766832
FIJI IS BANJARMASIN FSS 62-511-705277

ext. 232
NADI MO-I/ (679) 724888 ext. Fax
(Intl) MWO 4431/4433/4435 62-511-705251
Fax (679) 720190
BIAK FSS 62-981-22555 ext.
SUVA MO-III (679) 478482 202
(Nausori Intl) Fax 62-981-22106
Fax 62-981-25580
FRENCH PACIFIC TERRITORIES FIC 62-981-22555 ext.
209
FRENCH POLYNESIA (689) 80 33 00
Fax 62-981-22106
(Tahiti FIR) (689) 80 33 33
Fax 62-981-25580
Fax (689) 80 33 39
BIMA AFIS 62-374-42171
NEW CALEDONIA (687) 27 93 00 - 27 93
04 (Muhamad 62-374-646260
Salahudin) Fax 62-374-81471
Fax (687) 27 93 27
JAKARTA FIC 62-21-5506188
GUAM Fax
62-21-5506182
AGANA
(Guam Intl) JAYAPURA FSS 62-967-593079
Fax
62-967-591107
HAWAII
KUPANG FSS 62-380-881395
800-WX-BRIEF (992-7433) will contact FSS from Fax
many locations in the United States. (Cell phone 62-380-881263
users who are outside their cell phone area code
and want to call a FSS, call toll-free 800-555-1212 MANADO FSS 62-431-814320
for a directory listing.) ext 333/330/235
Dialing 1-800-757-4469 will reach Honolulu FSS Fax
from all locations. Additional phone numbers and 62-431-811595
services, with locations from which they can be
reached, are listed below. MANOKWARI AFIS 62-986-211892
(Rendani) Fax
HILO WSO (808) 933-6941
62-986-212585
(1000-0200Z)
MAUMERE AFIS 62-382-21444
HONOLULU FSS (808) 833-8440
(Waioti) 62-382-21736
FSS 1-800-757-4469
Fax 62-382-21920
WSO (808) 973-5286
MEDAN FSS 62-61-4565777
LIHUE WSO (808) 245-2420
ext 2147
(1000-0200Z)
Fax
62-61-4561800

23 SEP 05 METEOROLOGY PB-3
INDONESIA JAPAN
MERAUKE FSS 62-971-21764 IZUMO AWS (0853) 72-0508

62-971-23884
KAGOSHIMA AWS (0995) 58-2644
Fax 62-971-22633
KAMIGOTO AWS (0957) 52-2300
RENGAT AFIS 62-769-41020
(Japura) 62-769-41276 KANSAI AWS (0724) 55-9002
(Intl)
SINGKEP AFIS 62-776-21273
(Dabo) Fax 62-776-21273 KERAMA AWS (098) 858-8210
TERNATE AFIS 62-921-21797 KIKAI AWS (0997) 63-0244

(Baabulah) 62-921-25164 KITADAITO AWS (098) 858-9210
Fax 62-921-23508
KITAKYUSHU AWS (093) 471-7651
UJUNG FIC 62-411-550123
PANDANG ext 122 KOCHI AWS (088) 863-2768
Fax
KOMATSU JSDF (0761) 22-3962
62-411-553183
KOZUSHIMA AWS (0422) 31-0812
WAMENA AFIS 62-969-31281
Fax 62-969-31481 KUMAMOTO AWS (096) 232-2851
KUMEJIMA AWS (098) 985-3050

JAPAN
KUSHIRO AWS (0154) 57-8053
AGUNI AWS (098) 858-8210
MATSUMOTO AWS (0263) 58-2520
AKITA AWS (018) 886-3136
MATSUYAMA AWS (089) 973-7565
AMAKUSA AWS (0969) 57-6111
MEMANBETSU AWS (01527) 4-2353
AMAMI AWS (0997) 63-0244
MIHO JSDF (0859) 45-6115
AOMORI AWS (017) 739-2241
MINAMIDAITO AWS (098) 858-8210
ASAHIKAWA AWS (0166) 83-2222
MISAWA JSDF (0176) 53-9426
CHITOSE JSDF (0123) 23-3101
MIYAKE JIMA AWS (04994) 6-0436
CHOFU AWS (0422) 31-0812
MIYAKO AWS (0980) 72-3055
FUKUE AWS (0959) 72-3287
MIYAZAKI AWS (0985) 51-2985
FUKUI AWS (0776) 51-0300
MONBETSU AWS (01582) 4-1017
FUKUOKA AWS (092) 621-3588
NAGASAKI AWS (0957) 52-2300
FUKUSHIMA AWS (0247) 57-1122
NAGOYA AWS (0568) 29-1600
HACHIJOJIMA AWS (04996) 2-0449
NAHA AWS (098) 858-8210
HAKODATE AWS (0138) 57-4003
NAKASHIBETSU AWS (01537) 2-2662
HANAMAKI AWS (0198) 26-2018
NANKI- AWS (0739) 42-4326
HATERUMA AWS (0980) 82-2498 SHIRAHAMA
HIROSHIMA AWS (0848) 86-8231 NARITA AWS (0476) 32-6612
HIROSHIMANISHI AWS (082) 232-5161 (Intl)
IKI AWS (0920) 44-5165 NEW CHITOSE AWS (0123) 45-7711
ISHIGAKI AWS (0980) 82-2498 NIGATA AWS (025) 274-0564
IWAMI AWS (0856) 23-5448 NIIJIMA AWS (0422) 31-0812

PB-4 METEOROLOGY 23 SEP 05
JAPAN JAPAN
NOTO AWS (0768) 26-1372 YAMAGUCHI-UBE AWS (0836) 21-1818
OBIHIRO AWS (0155) 64-5280 YAO AWS (0729) 22-3915
ODATE-NOSHIRO AWS (0186) 63-2704 YONAGUNI AWS (0980) 87-2802
OITA AWS (0978) 67-1190 YORON AWS (0997) 63-0244
OJIKA AWS (0957) 52-2300

KIRIBATI
OKAYAMA AWS (086) 294-3030
TARAWA MO-III 26459
OKI AWS (06) 6852-7600
(Betio) Fax 26809
OKIERABU AWS (0997) 92-0239
OKUSHIRI AWS (0138) 54-4003 KOREA
OSAKA AWS (06) 6852-7600 BUSAN MWO 82-51-941-0365
(Intl) (Gimhae Intl) Fax

82-51-941-0366
OSHIMA AWS (04992) 2-1498
CHEONGJU MWO 82-43-213-0365
REBUN AWS (0162) 26-2638 (Intl) Fax
82-43-213-0376
RISHIRI AWS (0162) 26-2638
DAEGU MWO 82-53-983-0365
SADO AWS (025) 274-0564
(Intl) Fax
SAGA AWS (0952) 46-0500 82-53-985-0366
SAPPORO JSDF (011) 781-4595 GUNSAN MWO 82-63-470-4501

(USAF)
SENDAI AWS (022) 383-2821 470-4911 (ROKAF)
Fax
SHIMOJISHIMA AWS (0980) 78-4970
82-63-470-4975
SHONAI AWS (0234) 92-4134 (USAF)
TAJIMA AWS (0796) 26-1500 GWANGJU MWO 82-62-940-4776

ROKAF
TAKAMATSU AWS (087) 879-2230 (Republic of
Korea Air Force)
TANEGASHIMA AWS (0997) 27-0228
JEJU MWO 82-64-742-0365
TARAMA AWS (0980) 72-3055
(Intl) Fax
TOKUNOSHIMA AWS (0997) 63-0244 82-64-746-1046
TOKUSHIMA JSDF (088) 699-2680 MOKPO MWO 82-61-464-0365

Fax
TOKYO AWS (03) 3521-5954 82-61-464-1179
HELIPORT
POHANG MWO 82-54-290-6691
TOKYO AWS (03) 5757-9680 Republic of Korea
(Intl) Navy (ROKN)
TOTTORI AWS (0857) 28-0455 SACHEON MWO ROKAF

82-55-851-4773
TOYAMA AWS (076) 495-3075
SEOUL MWO 82-2-664-0365
TSUSHIMA AWS (0920) 54-3392 (Gimpo Intl) Fax 82-2-664-0366
WAKKANAI AWS (0162) 26-2638 (Incheon Intl) MWO 82-32-740-2812
YAKUSHIMA AWS (0997) 43-5320 Fax

82-32-740-2827
YAMAGATA AWS (0237) 48-1115

11 FEB 05 METEOROLOGY PB-5
KOREA MALAYSIA
ULSAN MWO 82-52-289-0365 MALACCA MWO 06-3175455

Fax
MIRI MWO 085-421104
82-52-288-2392
PENANG MWO 04-6438301,
YANGYANG MWO 82-33-671-0365
(Intl) 6438302
(Intl) Fax
Fax 04-6446804
82-33-673-0366
SANDAKAN MWO 089-667726
YECHEON MWO 82-54-650-5772
SIBU MWO 084-307730
MARSHALL IS Fax 084-307705
From all locations within the Marshall Is, contact SUBANG MWO 603-78461441
Honolulu IFSS 1 800 WX BRIEF (992-7433). (Sultan Abdul Fax 603-78464982
Aziz Shah)
MALAYSIA TAWAU MWO 089-950660
ALOR SETAR MWO 04-7144212

(Sultan Abdul MICRONESIA, FEDERATED STATES OF
Halim)
From all locations within the Federated States of
BINTULU MWO 086-334148 / Micronesia, contact Honolulu IFSS 1 800 WX
332095 BRIEF (922-7433).
Fax 086-314386
MYANMAR
BUTTERWORTH MWO 04-3314633
(intl) Fax 04-3319897 YANGON
IPOH MWO 05-3125148 (Intl) MWO 951665669

(Sultan Azlan Fax 951665944 or
Shah) 951665704
JOHOR BAHRU MWO 07-5994739

(Sultan Ismail) NEW ZEALAND
KOTA BHARU MWO 09-7737490 Airways (03) 358-1550

(Gong Kedak) & Fax 09-7737490 Fax (03) 358-6856
(Sultan Ismail
Petra) MetService (04) 472-9379
Fax (04) 473-5321
KOTA KINABALU MWO 088-256054,
(Intl) 219186, 219188
Fax 088-211019, NORTHERN MARIANA IS
210741
From all locations within The Northern Mariana Is,
KUALA MWO 09-6664743 contact Honolulu IFSS 1 800 WX BRIEF
TERENGGANU (992-7433).
(Sultan Mahmud)
PALAU
KUANTAN MWO 09-5381216,
5382917 From all locations within Palau, contact Honolulu
Fax 09-5381273 IFSS 1 800 WX-BRIEF (992-7433).
KUCHING MWO 082-452454

(Intl) Fax 082-453527
LABUAN MWO 087-412109
LANGKAWI MWO 04-9551277

(Intl) Fax 04-9554852

PB-6 METEOROLOGY 11 FEB 05
PAPAU NEW GUINEA THAILAND
PHUKET
PORT FIS 325-6787 or
MORESBY (Intl)
324-4542
RAYONG
NWS 325-5544
(U-Taphao Intl)
325-8877 or
324-4725 SONGKHLA
(Hat Yai Intl)
MADANG FIS 852-2501
NADZAB FIS 472-2253

TONGA
WEWAK FIS 856-2360
FUA’AMOTU MO-III 676-32-001/002/00
(Intl) 3 (1200-0600) 6 hrs
PHILIPPINES PNR
MANILA MWO (632) 832-2596

VANUATU
877-1109 / Local
3523 PORT VILA (678) 22-932
Fax (632) (Bauerfield)
832-2927/
832-3023
VIETNAM
SINGAPORE DANANG (84-511)
(Intl) 823-391/97
SINGAPORE MWO (65) 65425059
Fax (84-511)
(Changi) Fax (65) 65425026 823-393
(Paya Lebar) MWO 63813156 HANOI (84-4) 8-8271513
(Noibai Intl) ext 334
(Seletar) MWO 64815978
HOCHIMINH (84-8) 8-443-179

SOLOMON IS (Tan Son Nhat ext 2241
Intl) (84-8) 443-705
HONIARA MWO 21757 or 21758
(Henderson)
WAKE I
TAIWAN Wake I AAF IFSS Honolulu

1 800 WX BRIEF
TAIPEI MO-I (886) 2-8770-2167 (992-7433)
(Sungshan Fax (886)
ANWS) 2-8770-2234
WESTERN SAMOA
THAILAND APIA MO-III (685) 20855

(685) 20856
BANGKOK 662-3994-566-75
(Intl) Fax 662-3991613 /
3994011
CHIANG MAI
(Intl)
CHIANG RAI
(Intl)

Eff 24 Nov

RADIOTELEPHONY AVAILABLE FROM
WEATHER FOR
Identify location for which weather is desired and STATIONS
find station(s) disseminating broadcast. Contents of
Mactan Hong Kong
broadcast of each Station is shown following the list-
ing below. Manila Hong Kong
(Intl)
AVAILABLE FROM
WEATHER FOR
STATIONS Melbourne Brisbane
Adelaide Brisbane Nagoya Tokyo
Anchorage Honolulu Naha Hong Kong
Auckland Auckland Nadi Auckland
Bangkok Bangkok Noumea Auckland
Brisbane Brisbane Ontario Honolulu
Brunei Singapore Osaka Tokyo
Cairns Brisbane (Kansai Intl)
Chiang Mai Bangkok Pago Pago Auckland
Christchurch Auckland Penang Singapore
Cold Bay Honolulu Perth Brisbane
Darwin Brisbane Phnom Penh Bangkok
Den Pasar Singapore Phuket Bangkok
Elmendorf AFB Honolulu Portland Honolulu
Fairbanks Honolulu Rayong Bangkok

(U-Taphao)
Faleolo Auckland
Sacramento Honolulu
Fukuoka Tokyo
San Francisco Honolulu
Guam Honolulu
Sapporo Tokyo
Guangzhou/Baiyun Hong Kong
(New Chitose)
Hanoi Bangkok
Seattle Honolulu
Hilo Honolulu
Seoul/Incheon Tokyo
HoChiMinh Hong Kong (Incheon Intl)
Hong Kong Hong Kong Singapore Singapore
Honolulu Honolulu Soekarno-Hatta Singapore
Kahului Honolulu Songkhla/Hat Yai Bangkok
King Salmon Honolulu Subang Singapore
Kota Kinabalu Singapore Sydney Brisbane
Kuala Lumpur Singapore Tahiti Auckland
Kuching Singapore Taiwan Taipei

(Chiang Kai Shek)
Las Vegas Honolulu (Kaohsiung Intl)
Los Angeles Honolulu
Macau Hong Kong

Eff 24 Nov

AVAILABLE FROM
WEATHER FOR
STATIONS
Tokyo Tokyo
(Intl)
(New Tokyo Intl)
Townsville Brisbane
Vancouver Honolulu
Vientiane Bangkok
Wellington Auckland
Yangon Bangkok
BROADCAST
CALL FREQS TIMES
SIGN (kHz)
PERIOD H+
Auckland Auckland 6679 SSB H24 20-25 MET Reports Auckland,

VOLMET 8828 SSB (including Christchurch,
TREND-type Wellington, Nadi,
13282 SSB landing Faleolo, Noumea,
forecasts) Pago Pago, Tahiti
Aerodrome Nadi, Noumea

forecasts
50-55 MET Reports Auckland,

(including Christchurch,
TREND-type Wellington, Nadi,
landing Faleolo, Noumea,
forecasts) Pago Pago, Tahiti
Aerodrome Auckland,
Forecasts Christchurch

Eff 24 Nov

BROADCAST
CALL FREQS TIMES
SIGN (kHz)
PERIOD H+
Bangkok Bangkok 11387 SSB 2310-1145 10-15 SIGMET3 Bangkok Intl

Radio 6676 SSB H24 MET
2965 SSB 1210-2245 Report/Special1
MET Report2, 3 Yangon (Intl), Hanoi

(Noibai), Chiang Mai,
Rayong (U-Taphao),
Phuket, Songkhla (Hat
Yai), Ho Chi Minh,
Phnom Penh,
Vientiane
Aerodrome Bangkok Intl

Forecast4
40-45 SIGMET3 Bangkok Intl

MET
Report/Special5
MET Report3, 6 Yangon (Intl), Hanoi

(Noibai), Chiang Mai,
Rayong (U-Taphao),
Phuket, Songkhla (Hat
Yai), Ho Chi Minh,
Phnom Penh,
Vientiane
Aerodrome Bangkok Intl

Forecast4
NOTE:
– 1 Latest routine or special report between H+00 and H+10, including trend statement, repeat at end of
broadcast if time permits.
2
– H+00 (or the previous H+30 report when the H+00 report is not available), including trend statement
when appended.
– 3
As available.
4
– Valid for 9 hours.
5
– Latest routine or special report between H+30 and H+35, including trend statement, repeated at end of
broadcast if time permits.
6 H+30 (or the H+00 report when the H+30 report is not available), including trend statement when
–
appended.
Brisbane Australian 6676 SSB H24 00-05 TREND Melbourne, Sydney,

11387 SSB & Forecasts Brisbane, Perth,
30-35 Darwin
TREND Cairns
Forecast/Aerodr
ome Forecast
TREND Forecast Townsville, Adelaide

METEOROLOGY 24 FEB 06 WH-I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Below is a complete list of the standard contents of Airway Manual. Limited or special coverages may not con-
tain all items, but that material which is included should be arranged in the order outlined.
TABLE OF CONTENTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WH-I
METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION – ANNEX 3
CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Terms Used With a Limited Meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
CHAPTER 2 – GENERAL PROVISIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2.1 Objective, Determination and Provision of Meteorological Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.2 Supply, Quality Assurance and Use of Meteorological Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.3 Notifications Required from Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
CHAPTER 3 – WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

3.1 Objectives of the World Area Forecast System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.2 World Area Forecast Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3 Meteorological Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.4 Meteorological Watch Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.5 Volcanic Ash Advisory Centers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.6 State Volcano Observatories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3.7 Tropical Cyclone Advisory Centres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
CHAPTER 4 – METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4.1 Aeronautical Meteorological Stations and Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.2 Agreement between Air Traffic Services Authorities and Meteorological Authorities. . . . . . . . . . . 7
4.3 Routine Observations and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.4 Special Observations and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.5 Contents of Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
4.6 Observing and Reporting Meteorological Elements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.7 Reporting of Information from Automatic Observing Systems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
4.8 Observation and Reports of Volcanic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
CHAPTER 5 – AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5.1 Obligations of States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.2 Types of Aircraft Observations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.3 Routine Aircraft Observations - Designation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
5.4 Routine Aircraft Observations - Exemptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.5 Special Aircraft Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.6 Other Non-Routine Aircraft Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.7 Reporting of Aircraft Observations During Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.8 Relay of Air-Reports by ATS Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.9 Recording and Post-Flight Reporting of Aircraft Observations of Volcanic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . 11
CHAPTER 6 – FORECASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.1 Interpretation and Use of Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.2 Aerodrome Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.3 Landing Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.4 Forecasts for Take-Off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.5 Area and Route Forecasts, Other Than Forecasts Issued within the
Framework of the World Area Forecast System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
6.6 Area Forecasts for Low-Level Flights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

WH-II 24 FEB 06 METEOROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 7 – SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION, AERODROME

WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.1 SIGMET Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.2 AIRMET Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
7.3 Aerodrome Warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
7.4 Wind Shear Warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER 8 – AERONAUTICAL CLIMATOLOGICAL INFORMATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

8.1 General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.2 Aerodrome Climatological Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.3 Aerodrome Climatological Summaries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
8.4 Copies of Meteorological Observational Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
CHAPTER 9 – SERVICE FOR OPERATORS AND FLIGHT CREW MEMBERS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

9.1 General Provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
9.2 Information for Operators for Pre-Flight Planning and for
In-Flight Re-Planning Under Centralized Operational Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.3 Briefing, Consultation and Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
9.4 Flight Documentation – General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.5 Automated Pre-Flight Information Systems for Briefing, Consultation, Flight Planning
and Flight Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
9.6 Information for Aircraft in Flight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CHAPTER 10 – INFORMATION FOR AIR TRAFFIC SERVICES, SEARCH AND RESCUE SERVICES
AND AERONAUTICAL INFORMATION SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10.1 Information for Air Traffic Services Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10.2 Information for Search and Rescue Services Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
10.3 Information for Aeronautical Information Services Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
CHAPTER 11 – REQUIREMENTS FOR AND USE OF COMMUNICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

11.1 Requirements for Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
11.2 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications – Meteorological Bulletins
in Alphanumeric Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.3 Use of Aeronautical Fixed Service Communications – World Area Forecast
System Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.4 Use of Aeronautical Mobile Service Communication. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.5 Use of Aeronautical Data Link Service – Contents of D-VOLMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
11.6 Use of Aeronautical Broadcast Service – Contents of VOLMET Broadcasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
APPENDIX 1 – FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION – MODEL CHARTS AND FORMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

MODEL A – Aerodrome Forecasts – Example 1 – Tabular Form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
MODEL A – Aerodrome Forecasts – Example 2 – TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
MODEL TA – Tabular Forecast of Enroute Conditions – Example 1 – Low Level. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
MODEL TA – Tabular Forecast of Enroute Conditions – Example 2 – Medium Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
MODEL TB – Tabular Forecast of Upper Winds and Upper Air Temperatures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
MODEL IS – Upper Wind and Temperature Chart for Isobaric Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
MODEL IS – Upper Wind and Temperature Chart for Standard Isobaric Surface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
MODEL SWH – Significant Weather Chart (High Level) – Example – Mercator Projection . . . . . . . . . . . 28
MODEL SWH – Significant Weather Chart (High Level) – Polar Stereographic Projection . . . . . . . . . . . 29
MODEL SWM – Significant Weather Chart (Medium Level). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
MODEL SWL – Significant Weather Chart (Low Level) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
MODEL VAG – Volcanic Ash Advisory Information in Graphic Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
APPENDIX 1– MODEL SN – NOTATIONS USED IN FLIGHT DOCUMENTATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

1 Symbols for Significant Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2 Fronts and Convergence Zones and Other Symbols Used . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3 Abbreviations Used to Describe Clouds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
4 Depicting of Lines and Systems on Specific Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

METEOROLOGY 24 FEB 06 WH-III
TABLE OF CONTENTS
APPENDIX 2 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM

AND METEOROLOGICAL OFFICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Table A2-1 – Template for advisory message for volcanic ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Example A2-1 – Advisory message for volcanic ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Table A2-2 – Template for advisory message for tropical cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Example A2-2 – Advisory message for tropical cyclones . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
APPENDIX 3 – TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO METEOROLOGICAL OBSERVATIONS

AND REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table A3-1 – Template for local routine (MET REPORT) and local (SPECIAL) reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
Table A3-2 – Template for METAR and SPECI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Table A3-3 – Use of change indicators in trend forecast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Table A3-4 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in local forecasts . . . . . . . . . 54
Table A3-5 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in METAR and SPECI . . . . . 55
Example A3-1 – Routine report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Example A3-2 – Special report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Example A3-3 – Volcanic activity report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
APPENDIX 4. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRCRAFT OBSERVATIONS

AND REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1 CONTENTS OF AIR-REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.1 Routine air-reports by air-ground data link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.2 Special air-reports by air-ground data link . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.3 Routine air-reports by voice communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
1.4 Special air-reports by voice communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2 CRITERIA FOR REPORTING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

2.2 Wind direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3 Wind speed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.4 Wind quality flag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.3 Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Table A4-1 – Turbulence index to be reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table A4-2 – Time of occurrence of the peak value to be reported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table A4-3 – Template for the special air-report (downlink) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Table A4-4 – Ranges and resolutions for the meteorological elements included in air-reports . . . . . . . . 62
APPENDIX 5. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO FORECASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1 CRITERIA RELATED TO TAF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

1.1 TAF format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1.3 Use of change groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
1.4 Use of probability groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
1.5 Numbers of change and probability groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
1.6 Dissemination of TAF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2 CRITERIA RELATED TO TREND FORECASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

2.1 Format of trend forecasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.2 Inclusion of meteorological elements in trend forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3 Use of change indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.4 Use of the probability indicator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3 CRITERIA RELATED TO FORECASTS FOR TAKEOFF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

3.1 Format of forecasts for takeoff . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2 Amendments to forecasts for take-off . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4 CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA AND ROUTE FORECASTS, OTHER THAN
FORECASTS ISSUED WITHIN THE FRAMEWORK OF THE WORLD AREA

FORECAST SYSTEM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

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4.1 Format of area and route forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

4.2 Amendments to area and route forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
5 CRITERIA RELATED TO AREA FORECASTS FOR LOW-LEVEL FLIGHTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

5.1 Format and content of GAMET area forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.2 Amendments to GAMET area forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
5.3 Exchange of area forecasts for low-level flights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
Table A5-1 – Template for TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Table A5-2 – Use of change and time indicators in TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Table A5-3 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
Example A5-1 – TAF. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Example A5-2 – Cancellation of TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
Example A5-3 – GAMET area forecast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
APPENDIX 6. TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET INFORMATION,

AERODROME WARNINGS AND WIND SHEAR WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SIGMET INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

1.1 Format of SIGMET messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
1.2 Dissemination of SIGMET messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AIRMET INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

2.1 Format of AIRMET messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
2.2 Dissemination of AIRMET messages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4 DETAILED CRITERIA RELATED TO SIGMET AND AIRMET MESSAGES

AND SPECIAL AIR-REPORTS (UPLINK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.1 Identification of the flight information region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
4.2 Criteria related to phenomena included in SIGMET and AIRMET
messages and special air-report (uplink). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
5 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO AERODROME WARNINGS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

5.1 Format and dissemination of aerodrome warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
5.2 Quantitative criteria for aerodrome warnings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6 SPECIFICATIONS RELATED TO WIND SHEAR WARNINGS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

6.1 Detection of wind shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
6.2 Format and dissemination of wind shear warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
Table A6-1 – Template for SIGMET and AIRMET messages and special air-reports (uplink) . . . . . . . . . 85
Table A6-2 – Template for aerodrome warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Table A6-3 – Template for wind shear warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Table A6-4 – Ranges and resolutions for the numerical elements included in
volcanic ash and tropical cyclone advisory messages, SIGMET/AIRMET messages
and aerodrome and wind shear warnings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Example A6-1 – SIGMET and AIRMET message and the corresponding cancellations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Example A6-2 –SIGMET message for tropical cyclone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Example A6-3 – SIGMET message for volcanic ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Example A6-4 – SIGMET message for severe turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
Example A6-5 – AIRMET message for moderate mountain wave . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
DECODE OF EIGHT FIGURE GROUP APPENDED TO MOTNE/OPMET BROADCASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

METEOROLOGICAL OPERATIONAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS NETWORK - EUROPE
(MOTNE) BROADCAST. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101

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METEOROLOGICAL DATA – FAR EAST
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – FAR EAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FE-1
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – FAR EAST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . FE-7
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – HAWAII
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HW-1
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HW-3
VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – HAWAII . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HW-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – LATIN AMERICA
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA-1
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA-5
VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – LATIN AMERICA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA-7
MEXICO DOMESTIC WEATHER REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . LA-11
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – MEXICO
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – MEXICO. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MX-1
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – PACIFIC BASIN
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – PACIFIC BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PB-1
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – PACIFIC BASIN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PB-7
VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – PACIFIC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . PB-13
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – SOUTH AMERICA
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – SOUTH AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-1
AVAILABILITY OF VOLMET BROADCASTS – SOUTH AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-3
VOLMET BROADCAST IN PLAIN LANGUAGE – SOUTH AMERICA. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SA-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – UNITED STATES
SECTION 1. METEOROLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-1

7-1-1 National Weather Service Aviation Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-1
7-1-2 FAA Weather Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-1
Jeppesen Weather Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-3
7-1-3 Use of Aviation Weather Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-3
7-1-4 Preflight Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-4
7-1-5 En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-6
7-1-6 Inflight Aviation Weather Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-7
7-1-7 Categorical Outlooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-15
7-1-8 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-15

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METEOROLOGICAL DATA – ALASKA
Flight Service Stations and National Weather Service – Legend . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AK-1

Services and Telephone Numbers – Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AK-3
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – AUSTRALASIA
Services and Telephone Numbers – Australasia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS-1

Availability of VOLMET Broadcasts – Australasia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS-5
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – AUSTRALIA
DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS
1 DEFINITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-1
2 ABBREVIATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-1
METEOROLOGY SERVICES
1 METEOROLOGICAL AUTHORITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-5
2 CLIMATOLOGICAL SUMMARIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-5
3 AREA OF RESPONSIBILITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-5
4 METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-5

4.4 ATS Meteorological Information Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
5 WORLD AREA FORECAST SYSTEM (WAFS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
6 METEOROLOGICAL BRIEFING . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
7 AVAILABILITY OF METEOROLOGICAL DOCUMENTATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
8 NOTIFICATION REQUIRED FROM OPERATORS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6

8.1 International Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
8.2 Domestic Operations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
8.3 Forecasts for Flights – Valid Area Forecasts Not Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-6
AVIATION FORECASTS
1 AREA FORECAST (ARFOR) AND AREA QNH ZONE (AQZ) BOUNDARIES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-11
2 AREA FORECASTS FOR OPERATIONS AT OR BELOW FL 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-11
3 AREA FORECASTS FOR OPERATIONS ABOVE FL 200. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-12

3.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-12
3.2 Documentation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-12
3.3 Significant Weather Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-12
3.4 Significant Weather Charts – Symbols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-13
3.5 Example — Significant Weather Prognosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-14
3.6 Wind and Temperature Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-15
3.7 Grid Point Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-17
3.8 Route Sector Winds and Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-19
4 AERODROME FORECASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-20

4.3 Aerodromes and Categories for which TAF will be Available. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-20
5 TREND-TYPE FORECAST (TTF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-24
6 PROVISIONAL FORECASTS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-24

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7 SIGNIFICANT FORECAST ABBREVIATIONS AND TERMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-25
8 CLOUD HEIGHT DATUM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-25
9 FORECAST AMENDMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-25
10 WIND SHEAR FORECAST SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-25

10.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-25
10.2 Wind Shear – Pilot Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-25
11 AERODROME WEATHER AND FORECAST DECODE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26

11.1 Identifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.2 Location . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.3 Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.4 Validity Period . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.5 Auto . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.6 Wind. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.7 Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.8 Automatic Visibility Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.9 Present Weather . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-26
11.10 Automatic Present Weather Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-27
11.11 Cloud . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-27
11.12 CAVOK. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-27
11.13 Automatic Weather Stations with Cloud Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-27
11.14 Significant Variation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-27
11.15 Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
11.16 QNH. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
11.17 Supplementary Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
11.18 Remarks Section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
11.19 Elements Not Available . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
11.20 Trend Type Forecast (TTF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
11.21 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-28
12.1 Weather Code and Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-29
METEOROLOGY REPORTS AND ADVISORIES
1 METEOROLOGICAL REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-31

1.1 Aerodrome Weather Reports. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-31
1.2 Approved Observers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-31
1.3 Observing Point . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-31
1.4 Aircraft Weather Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-31
2 METEOROLOGICAL ADVICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-32

2.1 SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-32
2.2 SIGMET Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-33
2.3 AIRMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-34
2.4 Volcanic Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-35
3 HAZARDOUS WEATHER. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-35

3.1 Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-35
3.2 Pilot Action. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-35
4 AUTOMATIC METEOROLOGICAL BROADCASTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-36

4.1 Automatic Enroute Information Service (AERIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-36
4.2 VOLMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-37
4.3 Aerodrome Weather Information Service (AWIS) and
Weather and Terminal Information Reciter (WATIR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-37
4.4 Hazard Alerts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-38

METEOROLOGY 24 FEB 06 WH-VII
TABLE OF CONTENTS
5 POSITION REPORTS — AIREPS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-38

5.1 AIREPs Section 3 Required from Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-38
5.2 AIREP Special . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-38
5.3 Short AIREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-38
5.4 AIREP Format . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-39
6 VOLCANIC ACTIVITY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-41

6.1 Special Air Reports Containing Information on Volcanic Activity (ICAO Model VAR) . . . . . . AU-41
6.2 Airways Clearances – Volcanic Ash. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-42
6.3 ICAO Model VAR Format. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-43
AUTOMATED BRIEFING SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-53
1 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-53
1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-53
1.2 Help Desk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-53
2 AVFAX / DECTALK PLACENAME CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-53
3 DECTALK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-61
3.1 System Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-61
3.2 How to use Dectalk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-61
3.3 DECTALK TTF Selection Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-61
3.4 DECTALK Group Selection Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-62
4 AVFAX ........................................................................ AU-66

4.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-66
4.2 System Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-66
4.3 Product Selection. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-66
4.4 Product Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-67
5 AVFAX NOTAM AND SIGMET PRODUCT CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-68

5.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-68
5.2 FIR NOTAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-69
5.3 FIR NOTAM Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-69
5.4 Head Office NOTAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-69
5.5 Prohibited / Restricted / Danger (PRD) Area NOTAM – Single Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-69
5.6 Military Airspace Group NOTAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-69
5.7 Low Jet Route . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
5.8 GPS NOTAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
5.9 GPS RAIM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
5.10 First and Last Light . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
5.11 Domestic SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
5.12 International SIGMET and Volcanic Ash Advice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
6 AVFAX GROUP PRODUCT CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-70
7 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS – DOMESTIC AND

INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
7.1 Special Information – Requests for ROFORS/SIGWX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
7.2 Satellite Images . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
7.3 Mean Sea Level Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
7.4 Significant Weather Prognosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
8 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS – DOMESTIC PRODUCT CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78

8.1 Upper Chart Analysis (Wind Strength and Distribution) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
8.2 Prognosis (Forecast) Upper Chart (Wind Strength and Distribution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
8.3 Forecast Route Sector Winds and Temperatures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
8.4 Grid Point Wind and Temperatures Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78
9 METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS – INTERNATIONAL PRODUCT CODES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78

9.1 Wind and Temperature Charts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-78

WH-VIII 24 FEB 06 METEOROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
10 INTERNATIONAL TAF BULLETINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-79
11 INTERNATIONAL AREA FORECAST BULLETINS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-82

11.1 AVFAX Code and Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-82
12 ROUTINE ROUTE FORECASTS (ROFOR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-82

12.1 Routine Route Forecasts – Domestic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-82
12.2 Routine Route Forecasts – International . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AU-82
METEOROLOGICAL DATA – CANADA
SECTION 1: GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 1-1
1.2 Meteorological Observation and Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 1-5
1.3 Meteorological Forecasts and Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 1-6
1.4 VOLMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 1-8
SECTION 2: PILOT REPORTS

2.1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 2-1
2.2 Clear Air Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 2-1
2.3 Wind Shear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 2-1
2.4 Airframe Icing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 2-1
2.5 Volcanic Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 2-2
2.6 Pilot Estimation of Surface Wind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 2-2
SECTION 3: APPENDICES
3.1 Location of Canadian Weather Offices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-1
3.2 Canadian Weather Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-2
3.3 Graphic Area Forecast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-4
3.4 AIRMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-10
3.5 Meteorological Reference Points Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-12
3.6 Abbreviations – Aviation Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-14
3.7 Turbulence Reporting Criteria Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-18
3.8 Aerodrome Forecast Locations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-19
3.9 Aerodrome Forecasts – TAF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-19
3.10 Canadian Forecast Winds and Temperatures Aloft Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-23
3.11 Upper Level Wind and Temperature Forecasts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-23
3.12 Upper Level Charts – PROG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-25
3.13 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts – RAFC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-25
3.14 Significant Weather Prognostic Charts – CMC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-27
3.15 Aviation Routine Weather Report – METAR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-30
3.16 EC/DND Weather Radar Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-39
3.17 PIREP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-40
3.18 SIGMET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-40
3.19 Surface Weather Maps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-41
3.20 Upper Level Charts – ANAL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-42
3.21 Volcanic Ash Prognostic Charts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .CA 3-43
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – CANADA
LEGEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA-101
WEATHER SERVICE LEVELS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA-102
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS BY PROVINCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CA-103

(Listed Alphabetically by Location)

WH-X 24 MAR 06 METEOROLOGY
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7-1-9 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-16

7-1-10 Inflight Weather Broadcasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-16
7-1-11 Flight Information Services (FIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-17
7-1-12 Weather Observing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-19
7-1-13 Weather Radar Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-26
7-1-14 National Convective Weather Forecast (NCWF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-29
7-1-15 ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-32
7-1-16 Runway Visual Range (RVR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-34
7-1-17 Reporting of Cloud Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-35
7-1-18 Reporting Prevailing Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-35
7-1-19 Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-35
7-1-20 Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-36
7-1-21 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-36
7-1-22 PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-37
7-1-23 Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-38
7-1-24 PIREPs Relating to Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-39
7-1-25 Wind Shear PIREPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-41
7-1-26 Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-41
7-1-27 Microbursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-41
7-1-28 PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-49
7-1-29 Thunderstorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-49
7-1-30 Thunderstorm Flying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-50
7-1-31 Key to Aerodrome Forecast (TAF)
and Aviation Routine Weather Report (METAR) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-51
7-1-32 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-52
CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-91
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS FLIGHT SERVICE STATIONS AND NATIONAL

WEATHER SERVICE LEGEND . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-101
SERVICES AND TELEPHONE NUMBERS – UNITED STATES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-103
SAFETY OF FLIGHT
SECTION 1. METEOROLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-1

7-1-1 National Weather Service Aviation Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-1
7-1-2 FAA Weather Services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-1
Jeppesen Weather Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-3
7-1-3 Use of Aviation Weather Products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-3
7-1-4 Preflight Briefing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-4
7-1-5 En Route Flight Advisory Service (EFAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-6
7-1-6 Inflight Weather Advisories . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-7
7-1-7 Categorical Outlooks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-15
7-1-8 Telephone Information Briefing Service (TIBS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-15
7-1-9 Transcribed Weather Broadcast (TWEB) (Alaska only) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-16
7-1-10 Inflight Weather Broadcasts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-16
7-1-11 Flight Information Services (FIS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-17
7-1-12 Weather Observing Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-19
7-1-13 Weather Radar Services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-26
7-1-14 National Convective Weather Forecast (NCWF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-29
7-1-15 ATC Inflight Weather Avoidance Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-32
7-1-16 Runway Visual Range (RVR). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-34
7-1-17 Reporting of Cloud Heights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-35
7-1-18 Reporting Prevailing Visibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-35
7-1-19 Estimating Intensity of Rain and Ice Pellets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-35
7-1-20 Estimating Intensity of Snow or Drizzle (Based on Visibility) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-36
7-1-21 Pilot Weather Reports (PIREPs) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-36
7-1-22 PIREPs Relating to Airframe Icing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-37
7-1-23 Definitions of Inflight Icing Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-38

METEOROLOGY 24 MAR 06 WH-XI
TABLE OF CONTENTS
7-1-24 PIREPs Relating to Turbulence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-39

7-1-25 Wind Shear PIREPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-41
7-1-26 Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) PIREPs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-41
7-1-27 Microbursts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-41
7-1-28 PIREPs Relating to Volcanic Ash Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-49
7-1-29 Thunderstorms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-49
7-1-30 Thunderstorm Flying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-50
7-1-31 Key to Aviation Weather Reports (METAR)
and Aerodrome Forecasts (TAF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-51
7-1-32 International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Weather Formats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-1-52
SECTION 2. ALTIMETER SETTING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-2-1

7-2-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-2-1
7-2-2 Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-2-1
7-2-3 Altimeter Errors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-2-3
7-2-4 High Barometric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-2-4
7-2-5 Low Barometric Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-2-4
SECTION 3. WAKE TURBULENCE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-1

7-3-1 General . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-1
7-3-2 Vortex Generation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-1
7-3-3 Vortex Strength . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-1
7-3-4 Vortex Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-2
7-3-5 Operations Problem Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-3
7-3-6 Vortex Avoidance Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-3
7-3-7 Helicopters. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-4
7-3-8 Pilot Responsibility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-4
7-3-9 Air Traffic Wake Turbulence Separations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-3-5
SECTION 4. BIRD HAZARDS, AND FLIGHT OVER NATIONAL

REFUGES, PARKS AND FORESTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
7-4-1 Migratory Bird Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
7-4-2 Reducing Bird Strike Risks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
7-4-3 Reporting Bird Strikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
7-4-4 Reporting Bird and Other Wildlife Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
7-4-5 Pilot Advisories on Bird and Other Wildlife Hazards . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
7-4-6 Flights Over Charted U.S. Wildlife Refuges, Parks, and Forest Service Areas . . . . . . . . . US 7-4-1
SECTION 5. POTENTIAL FLIGHT HAZARDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-1

7-5-1 Accident Cause Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-1
7-5-2 VFR in Congested Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-1
7-5-3 Obstructions to Flight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-1
7-5-4 Avoid Flight Beneath Unmanned Balloons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-2
7-5-5 Unmanned Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-2
7-5-6 Mountain Flying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-2
7-5-7 Use of Runway Half-way Signs at Unimproved Airports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-4
7-5-8 Seaplane Safety . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-4
7-5-9 Flight Operations in Volcanic Ash . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-6
7-5-10 Emergency Airborne Inspection of Other Aircraft . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-6
7-5-11 Precipitation Static . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-7
7-5-12 Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (LASER) Operations . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-7
7-5-13 Flying in Flat Light and White Out Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-5-8
SECTION 6. SAFETY, ACCIDENT AND HAZARD REPORTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-6-1

7-6-1 Aviation Safety Reporting Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-6-1
7-6-2 Aircraft Accident and Incident Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-6-1
7-6-3 Near Midair Collision Reporting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US 7-6-2
7-6-4 Unidentified Flying Object (UFO) Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-7-6-3
CONTINUOUS AUTOMATIC TRANSCRIBED WEATHER BROADCAST SERVICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . US-91


4.6.5.4 Recommendation – Where observa- rence of an eruption and its date and time and
tions of cloud amount and/or height of cloud base the existence of a volcanic ash cloud in the area
are made using automatic observation systems, pro- together with direction of ash cloud movement
vision should be made for manual insertion of cloud and height.
amounts and, where appropriate, cloud type, togeth-
er with the heights of those layers or masses not di- NOTE: Pre-eruption volcanic activity in this context
rectly measurable by that equipment. means unusual and/or increasing volcanic activity
which could presage a volcanic eruption.
4.6.6 Air Temperature and dew-point
temperature
CHAPTER 5 – AIRCRAFT
4.6.6.1 The air temperature and the dew-point OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS
temperature shall be measured and reported in de-
grees Celsius. NOTE: Technical specifications and detailed criteria
4.6.6.2 Recommendation – Observation of air related to this chapter are given in Annex 4.
temperature and dew-point temperature for local
routine and special reports and METAR and SPECI
5.1 OBLIGATIONS OF STATES
should be representative for the whole runway com- Each Contracting State shall arrange, according to
plex. the provisions of this chapter, for observations to be
4.6.7 Atmospheric Pressure made by aircraft of its registry operating on interna-
tional air routes and for the recording and reporting
The atmospheric pressure shall be measured, and of these observations.
QNH and QFE values shall be computed and report-
ed in hectopascals. 5.2 TYPES OF AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS
4.6.8 Supplementary information
The following aircraft observations shall be made:
4.6.8.1 Recommendation – Observations made
at aerodromes should include the available supple- a. routine aircraft observations during en route and
mentary information concerning significant meteoro- climb-out phases of the flight and;
logical conditions, particularly those in the approach b. special and other non-routine aircraft observa-
and climb-out areas. Where practicable, the informa- tions during any phase of the flight.
tion should identify the location of the meteorological
condition. 5.3 ROUTINE AIRCRAFT
OBSERVATIONS - DESIGNATION
4.6.8.2 Recommendation – Where observa-
tions are made using automatic observing systems, 5.3.1 Recommendation – When air-ground
provision should be made for manual insertion of in- data link is used and automatic dependent surveil-
formation concerning significant meteorological con- lance (ADS) is being applied, automated routine ob-
ditions which cannot be determined adequately by servations should be made every 15 minutes during
that equipment. the en-route phase and every 30 seconds during
climb-out for the first 10 minutes of the flight.
4.7 REPORTING OF INFORMATION
FROM AUTOMATIC OBSERVING 5.3.2 When voice communications are used,
routine observations shall be made during en-route
SYSTEMS
phase in relation to those air traffic services report-
Recommendation – METAR and SPECI from auto- ing points or intervals:
matic observing systems should only be used during a. at which the applicable air traffic services proce-
non-operational hours of the aerodrome. These dures require routine reports; and
METAR and SPECI should be identified with the
b. which are those separated by distances corre-
word ‘AUTO’.
sponding most closely to intervals of one hour of
4.8 OBSERVATION AND REPORTS OF flying time.
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY 5.3.3 Recommendation – For helicopter oper-
ations to and from aerodromes on offshore struc-
Recommendation – The occurrence of pre-eruption tures, routine observations should be made from he-
volcanic activity, volcanic eruptions and volcanic ash licopters at points and times as agreed between the
cloud should be reported without delay to the asso- meteorological authorities and the helicopter opera-
ciated air traffic services unit, aeronautical informa- tors concerned.
tion services unit and meteorological watch office.
The report should be made in the form of a volcanic 5.3.4 In the case of air routes with high density
activity report comprising the following information: traffic (e.g. organized tracks), an aircraft from among
a. message type, VOLCANIC ACTIVITY REPORT; the aircraft operating at each flight level shall be des-
ignated, at approximately hourly intervals, to make
b. station identifier, location indicator or name of routine observations in accordance with 5.3.1 or
station; 5.3.2, as appropriate. The designation procedures
c. date/time of message; shall be subject to regional air navigation agree-
d. location of volcano and name, if known; and ment.
e. concise description of event including, as appro-
priate, level of intensity of volcanic activity, occur-

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25 FEB 05 METEOROLOGY 1

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

CHAPTER 1 – DEFINITIONS BRIEFING — Oral commentary on existing and/or

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AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

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AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

w’w’ SIGNIFICANT PRESENT, FORECAST AND RECENT WEATHER

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AERODROME WEATHER REPORT

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

FORECAST SURFACE WIND

FORECAST PREVAILING VISIBILITY

w’w’ FORECAST SIGNIFICANT WEATHER

QUALIFIER WEATHER PHENOMENA

– Light MI Shallow DZ Drizzle BR Mist PO Dust/sand

+ Heavy or PR Partial SN Snow FU Smoke SQ Squalls

VC In the DR Low drifting PL Ice pellets SA Sand SS Sandstorm

SH Shower(s) GS Small hail

Replaced when significant weather phenomenon forecast to end by:

NSW Nil Significant Weather

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METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

2. A precipitation combination has dominant type first.

6. VC – within 8 km of the aerodrome perimeter, but not at the aerodrome.

FORECAST CLOUD AMOUNT AND HEIGHT*

SIGNIFICANT CHANGES IN FORECAST CONDITIONS INDICATED BY:

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

AERODROME WEATHER FORECAST

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 2006. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

9.1.3 Meteorological information supplied to NOTE: Appropriate special air-reports will be

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

METEOROLOGICAL SERVICE FOR INTERNATIONAL AIR NAVIGATION - ANNEX 3

© JEPPESEN SANDERSON, INC., 1999, 2005. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.

Volcanic eruption * Freezing precipitation **