Abstract––Earth observation technique is an efficient different types of natural hazard includes direct cost,
way for flood damage mapping and assessment. This indirect cost, intangible effect and cost of mitigation [5].
paper describes a synergic use of high resolution optical
and radar image for retrieving information regarding Nowadays Earth Observation (EO) technique is being
flood inundation and resulting damage to the paddy widely used for disaster damage and loss assessment [6-
fields. To reach the goal, Ullapara Upazila of Sirajganj 9]. Flood monitoring, early warning, and rapid damage
District in Bangladesh has been selected as a test site and assessment have improved greatly because of the
2017 flood is the concerned event. In this research, the advancement in the geographic information system
cultivable area (paddy field) identification and the (GIS) and remote sensing (RS) [10]. Actual flood extent
corresponding yield calculation have been done for cannot be assessed fully from field visit because of the
estimating damage and loss. “Polarimetry” and “Spectral area vastness and the restriction of the mobility, thus EO
and spatial analysis” techniques have been applied to data is important [11]. EO gives advantages where data
extract the inundated area from Sentinel 1 radar and is limited, costly and hard to access and needs frequent
Sentinel 2 optical image respectively. In both cases, revisit times [12]. This situation has greatly improved
images for flood time have been used to estimate the because of availability of high-resolution satellite
damage. Sensitivity analysis has been performed for best images, cost-effective flood monitoring, large area
coverage and no risk to human lives [11,13].
parameter selection. The research outcomes have also
been validated by the field observation. A significant
Optical and radar data is common for flood monitoring
amount of area has been inundated and 4798 hectares
and damage assessment and proven to be efficient in
damaged croplands have been found from the radar
flood inundation mapping because of their distinct
image and 3937 hectares from the optical image and the
properties. [14-18]. Both these two sensors have
economic losses have been found 18.06 crores and 14.82
respective advantages and disadvantages. The optical
crores respectively. data is widely used to identify the water body form other
land covers because of its distinct water reflectance
Keywords––Damage and loss analysis, earth property as it absorbs most of the incident solar energy
observation technique, polarimetry, sensitivity analysis, [11]. Vegetation can be efficiently delineated from the
spatio-temporal analysis. other cover classes utilizing the information contained in
a near-infrared and red band of optical imagery [6]. On
INTRODUCTION the other hand, bad weather condition and presence of
Flood disaster is a major threat to the environment and is cloud is a major problem of optical images as flood
responsible for the economic loss worldwide. A single occur mainly rainy season [12,16,19,20]. Microwave
major flood event can affect several countries spectral bands of radar sensors are sensitive to the
simultaneously and can pressure on risk reduction and physical roughness of the surface and water is certainly
transfer [1]. Damage and loss assessment (DALA) is smothered than other land cover types [12,19]. Radar
important for flood risk & crisis management but it is imagery has the advantage over bad weather condition.
always challenging considering its complexity in dealing Radar microwave pulse can penetrate through the cloud
with big data, damage types, spatial and temporal scales and applicable for both day and night and detect water
i.e. depth of analysis [2,3]. Often due to the limitation under vegetation which makes radar extremely good for
and availability of data and information, simple flood water area extraction [12,20,21]. But it has some
approaches are used. Damage assessment depends on an problems. Presence of heavy rain and wind can cause
assumption like spatial and temporal boundary selection roughening of the water surface and backscatter to like
and economic evaluation like depreciated values or surrounding land. Multiple reflections can occur due to
replacement cost, classification of the element at risk, building and emergent vegetation, reduce the accuracy
quantification of the exposed asset values and [22]. Land cover classification may sometimes a bit of
approaches for describing susceptibility [4]. Cost of difficulty because of surface roughness, speckle,
topography, and dielectric properties which seem similar The area falls under a stable Precambrian platform.
sometimes for the forest, road etc. However, the Active channel, abandoned channel, natural levee,
reflection of a radar pulse is minimal for water to make it crevasse splay, floodplain and flood basin deposits are
easy to identify [11,19,23]. Therefore, both optical and the common features of the area. Flood usually occurs in
radar image are being used for agricultural damage and monsoon time especially from June to September
losses due to flood and the resulting damage assessment because of the geographic location [17]. The area is in
in the crop fields [24,25]. the active Jamuna-Brahmaputra floodplain delta region
with an elevation of only 10– 12 feet (3.0– 3.7 m) above
Agriculture damage and loss assessment using EO is mean sea level (MSL)(Figure 1).
relatively a new concept. Several methods have been
used so far. Different crop index (NDVI, VCI, MVCI) Data
for crop condition and their effect in flood condition is SAR Data
found suitable for damage estimation [26]. Three crop Sentinel 1 synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data is used for
prediction methods have been developed using satellite its imaging capabilities in different resolution and
image and auxiliary data, applied and validated at the coverage with four exclusive modes. Its dual polarization
Havel River in Germany [27]. MODIS and SAR data has and very short revisit time can offer reliable, wide area
been used for rapid assessment of crop affected by monitoring. Sentinel 1 carries instruments to provide
Typhoon Haiyan in Philippines [28]. NDVI and field imagery for all weather at all time with a revisit time of
12 days for one satellite and 6 days for two satellites at
observation has been used using GIS analysis for
the equator (ESA, 2013). Both normal time (08/01/2017)
agriculture damage assessment [29].
and flood time (17/07/2017) image is used for flooded
area identification and for cropland identification before
The objective of this study is to assess the damage and the flood occurs (11/06/2017)(Table 1).
losses occurred in the paddy fields due to recent 2017
flood disaster using optical and radar image. Moreover, Optical Data
the crop field (paddy) has been delineated utilizing a Sentinel 2 carries multispectral, high-resolution image of
radar image from other cover classes. Finally, the 13 different spectral bands. It has high innovative swath
damage and loss occurred in the paddy fields is range of land and vegetation perspective. Sentinel 2
estimated integrating field observation with the results comprises two polar-orbiting satellite with frequent revisit
derived from earth observation technique. time (10 days for one satellite and 5 days for 2 satellites at
the equator [30]. Both normal time (15/01/2017) and flood
MATERIALS AND METHODS time (14/07/2017) image is used (Table 1).
Location
The study area Ullapara is situated in Sirajganj District Field Data
of Rajshahi Division, Bangladesh, with a zone of 414 sq. Field data is collected from the field visit. FGD, KII, and
kilometers (160 sq. mi). The area is located in between personal interview are performed to collect the field
24°12' and 24°26' N and in between 89°24' and 89°38' E. data.
distortions using a digital elevation model (1 Arc Sec objects. This helps for land use classification [57].
SRTM DEM) and produce a map projected product. Accuracy is assessed by creating an error matrix [10].
Range doppler terrain correction using WGS84 was used
to reproject the data. Damage and Loss Assessment
Damage in agricultural sector due to flood includes
Spectral and Spatial Analysis damage and loss of crops, infrastructure, and farm [58].
The multispectral image uses a specific wavelength of Also, sometimes damage to the soil might be taken into
EM spectrum for image data. Filters or other instruments account [59]. Price of the damaged crop can be
may separate the wavelengths including visible light determined from the market price which could be
range to beyond range like IR, UV etc. Spectral analysis obtained if there were no flood [18,4].
deals with the DN value of the image. Spectral
transformation is used to identify feature [43]. The After the extraction of flooded area with radar and
spatial analysis uses the topographic, geometric or optical images, damage croplands have been identified
geographic properties. Spatial analysis performed mainly by overlaying with crop classification. Then the
semi-automated and rapid advancement has been made damaged area has been calculated. Economic loss for
recently [44]. Spectral and spatial information shows the cropland is estimated in the following manner:
promising result in flood monitoring [45,46]. Economic loss = Affected area * Average yield (M. ton/
hectare) * Price per hectare (Taka)
Layer-stack and mosaic is performed to composite the
image using different bands of Sentinel 2 image. In this
The affected area is the inundated or damaged cropland
study, spectral band 2 (Blue), 3 (Green) and 8 (NIR) has
area. Average yield has been estimated from the field data.
been selected for analysis because Blue (band 2)
Price of the paddy has been determined from the
represents clear water, Green (band 3) represents clear
information of several local markets of that time.
vegetation and NIR (band 8) is absorbed in water
strongly [47]. Stretching is used for enhancing contrast,
good for qualitative analysis but not for quantitative RESULT AND DISCUSSION
analysis [43]. Stretching is done by different types of Result
stretch function [48]. Percent clip stretch is used in this Extraction of flood inundated areas
study which applies a linear stretch between the EO images showed a significant amount of inundated
maximum and minimum pixel value. area. Figure 3 shows the flood inundated area of
Ullapara Upazila of sentinel 1 SAR and sentinel 2
Thresholding is a process which manipulates contrast by optical data. Some differences can be identified because
converting an image into two categories using an optical of the presence of cloud in optical image in several
threshold [43,49]. Otsu’s thresholding method is applied areas. Also, there is a time difference of three days
in this study [50]. Mean and variance of the pixel value between optical and SAR data acquisition.
is calculated for determining threshold and pixel
intensities are kept in an array. The pixel values are set Sentinel 1 SAR data shows 118.18 sq. km (11818
either 0 or 1. So the change can take place only one in an hectares) area inundated by the flood which is 28.40% of
image [49]. Ullapara Upazila. Sentinel 2 optical data shows 101.73
sq. km (10173 hectares) of the inundated area which is
Sensitivity Analysis 24.45% of total area. Some parts of Sentinel 2 image
To identify the best parameter and filtering for flood were covered with the cloud (indicated by red circles)
mapping and DALA in this research, sensitivity analysis for which some information is missing (Figure 2).
of SAR is performed. Generally, cross-polarized data
(VH/HV) shows less accuracy than co-polarized data Identification of cropland areas and classification
(HH/VV) because of overlapping [51,52]. VV accuracy
polarization accuracy decreases because of roughening Unsupervised classification of radar image is performed
of water surface because of rain or wind, resulting in for cropland identification before the flood occurred (11
inundation not being identified [51]. Every polarization July 2017) because optical images are covered with
needs knowledge about the environment for limitations cloud (Figure 3).
[12]. Four speckle filter is used in this research for the
best filter: Frost filter [53], Gamma filter [54], Lee filter Cropland area was calculated 156.9 sq. km (15690
[55], Refined Lee filter [56]. Speckle filtering should hectares) which were 37.71% of the total area. This
possess some characteristics and for achieving better information shows that agriculture is the main source of
result, some factors are considered for non-referenced income for this area. Accuracy assessment of
image used in this research according to [37]. classification is performed by generating error matrix
(Table 3 and 4).
Cropland Classification and accuracy assessment
The unsupervised classification has performed for
cropland classification using Radar image before the
flood occurs. Objects can be identified from the scatter
from the ground and the texture differs with different
Inundated and damaged croplands hectares of cropland inundated due to flood which is
Many croplands are inundated due to flood. Figure 5 30.58% of total cropland and Sentinel 2 data shows 3937
shows the cropland inundation and damaged areas due to hectares of cropland were inundated which is 25.09% of
flood (Figure 4). Sentinel 1 SAR data shows 4798 total cropland.
(a) (b)
Fig. 2: Flood inundated area on 17 July 2017 of SAR sentinel 1 image (a) and 14 July 2017 of optical sentinel 2
images (b) of Ullapara Upazila.
(a) (b)
Fig. 4: Inundated and damaged area of agriculture croplands. Image (a) shows inundated croplands of sentinel 1 data
and the image (b) shows inundated croplands of sentinel 2 data.
Damage and loss estimation proves the validity of this technique. For cloud coverage,
The economic damage and loss have been estimated optical image shows a bit lower amount of damage and
from EO data and field visit. EO technique is showing loss. Also, land use classification accuracy proves the
the damaged area of 4798 hectares for sentinel 1 data validity of the cropland classification. User and producer
and 3937 hectares for sentinel 2 data. The earth accuracy show some differences but still it can be
observation based economic loss is 18.06 crore for radar considered good for the validation (Table 4). Total
image and 14.82 crore taka for the optical image. Field- amount of croplands is also considerable for both EO
level damage and loss assessment data have been and field data. Sensitivity analysis proves the selection
collected from FGD, KII (e.g. Upazila agricultural of the best parameters.
officer). Based on the collected data, only transplant and
broadcast Aman rice have been damaged during the Discussion
2017 flood. The average price of rice is determined This research compared the damage and loss of EO
26250 takas per hectare using the average wholesale technique with the information collected from the field
price of Aman rice at the current market price of the (Figure 5). From Figure 5, it’s transparent that, the
flood time. Field data shows that the total economic loss analysis based on optical imagery underestimate the
is approximately 18.24 crore taka. damage and loss a bit, due to cloud presence and in
contrast, radar image-based analysis shows almost
Sensitivity analysis result similar to the field data. Overall accuracy is 85.83% and
Statistical analysis of parameters is given in table 5. the kappa coefficient k is 80.39% for this research. K
From the table 5, it can be concluded that Lee filter with value greater than 80% means the strong relation
VH polarization is the most suitable for this research between the land cover classification and the ground
purpose as mentioned earlier, thus used to assess the truthing and the unsupervised classification shows strong
agriculture damage and loss. accuracy [10].
unavailability of damage database [60]. Flood depth, extent. Another uncertainty is that the study focuses only
duration, flow velocity can be vital factors for damage on direct damage and loss. Indirect losses are not
and loss assessment [61], which are missing in this considered as labor cost, fertilizer, irrigation cost etc.
research. Accuracy assessment shows some uncertainties There may be a possibility of other factors causing
in cropland identification, misclassification to some damage and loss which is also ignored.
Fig. 5: Damaged paddy field in hectares and the corresponding estimated loss.
CONCLUSION [2] Menoni, S., Molinari, D., Ballio, F., Minucci, G.,
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Acknowledgment
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