%C %Mn %Si %Cr %S %P %Mo %Ni

22.0/ 3.0/ 4.5/

≤0.03 ≤2.0 ≤1.00 ≤0.020 ≤0.030
23.0 3.5 6.5

%C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Nb

0.10/ 0.30/ 2.00/
≤0.50 ≤0.015 ≤0.010 ≤0.02
0.20 0.90 2.50
%Ni %V %Mo %Cu %Al %Sn %Ti
0.90/
≤0.50 ≤0.05 ≤0.35 ≤0.055 ≤0.02 ≤0.025
1.20

TYPE A TYPE B TYPE C TYPE D

THIN 0.5 - - 0.5
THICK - - - 0.5

Sr. Frequency of
Type of test Remarks
No. Sample
Chemical 1 Sample/heat Sample for heat analysis
1
analysis 2 Sample/lot Product: one each from top & bottom of ingot
2 Microstructure 6 Sample/lot Both longitudinal and transverse top, middle and bottom
3 sample/lot as
3 Macrostructure From billet representing top, middle, and bottom of the ingot.
per ASTM E 381
4 IGC Pr.-A 6 Sample/lot From billet representing top, middle, and bottom of the ingot.
5 Mechanical test 1 sample/lot Random sample.
As per ASTM E
6 Inclusion rating Form billet representing top, middle and bottom of the ingot.
45 (6 Sample)
FBH %C %Si %Mn %P %S %Cr %Mo %Ni
Thickness (T)
mm 0.26/ 0.10/ 0.50/ 1.30/ 0.30/ 0.50/
T ≤ 75 3 TYPE 1 ≤0.015 ≤0.010
0.31 0.35 0.80 1.70 0.50 1.00
75 ≤ T ≤ 200 6 0.28/ 0.10/ 0.40/ 3.10/ 0.40/
200 ≤ T ≤ 300 10 TYPE 2 ≤0.015 ≤0.010 ≤ 0.60
0.33 0.35 0.70 3.50 0.60
300 ≤ T 13

Comparison of Chemical composition

EN 31 (As per EN EN 41B (As per EN 19 (As per kabra
17350 100Cr6) Milacron spec.) extrusion spec.)
%C 0.95-1.10 0.35-0.45 0.36-0.44
%Mn 0.25-0.45 0.65 max 0.70-1.00
%Si 0.15-0.35 0.10-0.45 0.10-0.40
%P 0.030 max 0.050 max 0.015 max
%S 0.030 max 0.050 max 0.020 max
%Cr 1.35-1.65 1.40-1.80 0.90-1.20
%Ni - 0.40 max -
%Mo - 0.10-0.25 0.25-0.35
%Al - 0.90-1.30 -
%Nb -
 Comparison of mechanical properties
As per Draw. As per email.
UTS (MPa) 850-1000 650-880
0.2% YS (MPa) 680 min 350-550
% Elongation 18 min 8-25
Hardness (BHN) 250-295 HB -

Aluminum (Al)
Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus
(K/oC/oF ) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

934 / 661 / 1222 fcc 2,70 70,5

First of all aluminum is a strong deoxidizer and thus used to kill steel (in competition to silicon (Si) or calcium
(Ca)). It also strongly reacts with nitrogen, forming aluminum nitride (AlN). Aluminum, like phosphorous or
silicon, is a strong a-stabilizer, producing a "closed g-field". It thus opposes austenite formation and there is no
hardenability. The transition temperature A1 decreases by about 40 °C per 0.1% aluminum added. Alloying or
killing steel with aluminum also influences the yield strength because the aluminum combines with residual
nitrogen to form aluminum nitrides (AlN). The AlN particles formed interfere with grain growth even at high
temperatures and keep the grain size small. Removing dissolved nitrogen (N) from solid solution makes
dislocation movement easier and thus decreases hardness look at the old figure. But smaller grains increase
hardness, so the total effect is not immediately obvious.
In any case, additions of aluminum greater than that required to kill the steel and to tie up the nitrogen have
little effect. Aluminum also improves oxidation resistance, if added in substantial amounts. It is used in certain
heat resistant alloys because it contributes to corrosion resistance to some gases at high temperatures.

Boron (B)

Melting point Lattice type Density Young's Modulus

(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

2573 /
orthorhombic 2,46 440 MPa
2300 / 4172

First of all, it does not go well with the  -  -stabilizer philosophy because it brings it its own phases already at very
small concentrations. I will thus only give you a number of highlights here - without any guarantees that I got it right.
The major point about boron is that it "works" very well already for very small concentrations of 0.0003 % - 0.005 % or
about 3 ppm - 50 ppm.

It works because it increases the hardenability of already rather hard steel. It does so because with correct processing,
small (2 nm - 3 nm) iron boride (Fe2B) precipitates form that segregate predominantly at the primary austenite grain
boundaries. Even for the small boron amounts used, they retard the  transformation, thus enhancing the
hardenability of the steel.
Or maybe not - the issue is under debate. An alternative view is that boron needs to be atomically dissolved to be
beneficial.
Boron addition beyond the values given deteriorates hardenability because the excess of boron atoms precipitate as
cubic Fe23(CB)6 iron-borocarbides, which act as nucleation centers for  phase formation, reversing what was stated
above.

Boron is most effective in lower carbon steels. The small quantities mentioned above can give the same effect for a
hardenability enhancement than other more expensive elements, which must be added in much bigger quantities, too.
For example, the addition of 30 ppm B in "SAE" steel replaces approximately 1%Ni, 0,5%C, 0,2%Mn, 0,12%V, 0,3%Mo or
0,4%Cr.
Another example: An addition of 30 ppm of boron in steel which contains approximately 0.15%C, 1%Mn and 0.9%Cr
shows a clear increase in hardness of almost 50% and to a larger hardness depth than in the case of a steel of identical
composition, but free of boron.

Boron may also be added as an intentional "nitrogen scavenger" in carbon steels instead of aluminum (see above).
Boron is easier to work with and has all the other benefits mentioned here.

Boron steels are used as wear-resistant and high-strength structural steel. Examples include punching tools, spades,
knives, saw blades, safety beams in vehicles, etc. Carbon-manganese-boron steels are generally specified as
replacements for alloy steels for reasons of cost: C-Mn-B steels are far less expensive than alloy steels of equivalent
hardenability. Applications for these steels include earth scraper segments, track links, rollers, drive sprockets, axle
components and crankshafts.

The boron steel used on Volvo cars has a yield point of about 1.350 MPa -1.400 MPa; an extremely large value, about
four times larger than average high-strength steel. Of course, workability suffers.

Chromium (Cr)
Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus
(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

1808 / 1535 bcc / fcc / bcc 910 / 1402 7,87 213

Chromium belongs to the elements causing closed -field systems promoting a ferritic structure, and the elements which
tend to form carbides, typically Cr4C but also mixed iron-chromium carbides (often and wrongly still called "cementite")
like CrFe3C2 (CrFe)7C3 or (CrFe)4C.

however, is that Chromium provides the full corrosion resistance of stainless steels. In this case a minimum
concentration of 11 % is needed. But concentrations as low as 1,1% already promote an inert passive oxide film on the
surface in low-carbon steels, which resists attack by oxidizing reagents and thus already provides some corrosion
resistance. It also increases the resistance to oxidation at high temperatures.
Moreover, chromium is usually used together with nickel (Ni) in austenitic steels because at high concentrations it helps
to stabilize the -phase, even so it is listed under the "closed  phase elements". Then nickel provides for strength,
ductility and toughness, while chromium prevents corrosion and adds hardness and resistance to wear - without causing
much problem. In "normal" Ni-Cr steels the depth of hardening increases substantially. A (just about "high alloy") steel
with 4,5 % nickel, 1,25 % chromium and 0,35 % carbon, for example, can be hardened without quenching simply by
cooling in air.

Cobalt (Co)

Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus

(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

fcc / hcp
1808 / 1495 / 2723 8.89 204
440

Cobalt has a high solubility in alpha- and gamma-iron but a weak carbide-forming tendency. It is a -stabilizer, but
decreases hardenability. It helps to sustain hardness during tempering, however.

Cobalt in relatively large concentrations is used in maraging steels or in martensitic steels where it increases the
hardness and tempering resistance, especially at higher temperatures. Cobalt is a shiny, brittle metal that is used to
produce strong, corrosion and heat-resistant alloys, permanent magnets and hard metals.

Cobalt is available in two modification variants, one of which is the hexagonal close sphere packing and is resistant
below 450 °C. The other, the cubic face-centered type, exists above this temperature. γ iron and cobalt are soluble
within each other under any conditions and in any ratios; solubility of cobalt in α iron is up to 75 %.

Addition of cobalt increases the solidus temperature of steel, lowers the A point and extends the region of the γ phase.
Cobalt increases the resistance of austenite in high-alloy steels during quenching from high temperatures. In contrast to
most other alloying elements, cobalt reduces the hardnesspenetration depth (s.a. Hardness penetration capacity) during
quenching. For this reason, steels with poor hardnesspenetration capacities contain up to 1 % Co.

Cobalt hardens ferrite and significantly adds to its hot hardness. It imparts corrosion and wear resistance to steel and
leads to increase of tensile strength and yield strength but reduces toughness.

Cobalt displays a tendency towards carbide formation, similar to iron (s. Carbide, Carbide former) and is predomiantly
present in steel in the form of non-resistant carbide Co3C. Cobalt-containing steel is often stabilized by addition of
chromium, which forms complex carbides. Stabilization prevents decarburization during hot forming and eliminates
problems during machining of steel with more than 5 % Co.

Cobalt is an important constituent in tungsten-containing tool steel since it imparts the required hot hardness to those
kinds of steels and thus increases their cutting performance at high temperatures. Two frequently used types of
tungsten-containing high-speed steels contain between 5 and 10 %, sometimes even 15 % Co. These kinds of steels are
used for production of tools for machining of hard materials. Since cobalt increases the melt temperature and therefore
allows for utilization of higher solution heat treatment temperatures, a large proportion of carbides is dissolved during
annealing and diffused during tempering.

Copper (Cu)
 Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus
(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

1357 / 1084 / 1982 fcc 8.92 123

Copper is a -stabilizer and thus promotes an austenitic structure. It dissolves in the ferrite to a limited extent - 3,5% at
high temperatures and 0,35% at room temperature. However, copper enhances the corrosion resistance to atmospheric
corrosion and in certain acids like sulfuric acid when present in amounts exceeding 0.20%. That is the outstanding
feature that makes it an integral part of "weathering steels" in concentrations of 0.25 % - 0.55 % and some stainless
steel variants.

Manganese (Mn)
Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus
(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)
1517 / 1244 / 2271 cubic /cubic /fcc/bcc 7.43 198
727 /1095 /1133

Manganese is arguably the most important alloy element for making steel. First of all it neutralizes sulfur (S) by forming
MnS precipitates, preventing sulfur from sitting in the grain boundaries (as iron sulfide), causing deadly "hot shortness"

Because manganese is a -stabilizer, it gives finer grained ferrite and more finely divided pearlite. This not only increases
strength but reduces the ductile/brittle transition temperature.
On top of that, it is also a de-oxidizer, neutralizing oxygen that might still be around from producing steel in the first
place.

However, if the carbon content is relatively high (greater than 0.15%), a high manganese content may have a
detrimental effect on the impact properties of normalized steels because the high hardenability of this steel causes the
austenite to transform to the rather brittle upper bainite structure rather than to ferrite / pearlite

Cerium (Ce)
Cerium is one of the rare earth metals. It is used for special heat- resistant steels because it increases the resistance to
oxidation and high temperature corrosion. It does so because it improves properties of the protecting oxides and the
metal-oxide interface.

Arsenic (As)
I have not come across arsenic as an alloying element conscientiously used for modern steel, (it's not all that healthy to
work with it) but old steel (as in old swords) do contain it. We may assume that its effects on properties are similar to
that of phosphorous.

Lead
Lead is virtually insoluble in liquid or solid steel. However, sometimes it is added to carbon and alloy steels by means of
mechanical dispersion during pouring to improve the machinability of steel.

Molybdenum (Mo)
 Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus
(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

2896 / 2623 / 4753 °F bcc 10.28 329

it opposes austenite formation. It is a strong carbide former producing, e.g., Mo2C or more complex stuff like (FeMo)6C
or Fe21Mo2C6.

Molybdenum is mainly used in combination with other alloying elements. It substantially increases the resistance to
both general and localized corrosion, strongly promotes a ferritic structure, and increases the mechanical strength
somewhat. It promotes the formation of secondary phases in ferritic, ferritic-austenitic and austenitic steels, i.e. helps
nucleation. It also enhances the creep strength of low-alloy steels at elevated temperatures.

Nickel (Ni)

Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus

(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

1728 /1455 / 2651 fcc 8.91 200

Nickel is the paradigmatic -stabilizer, it promotes an open - field to the point where austenite is (meta) stable at
ambient temperatures. Austenitic steels thus usually rely on high Ni concentrations. Nickel does not form carbides but
remains in solution. The transformation temperature A1 comes down from its pure iron value of 914 o C at 0 % Ni to 720
o
C for 8% Ni to 600 o C for 15 % Ni. That is already low enough to keep austenite (Meta) stable at lower temperatures,
too.
Nickel (in small amounts) thus increases hardenability. But the principal beneficial effect of nickel additions to
commercial steels containing about 0.1% carbon results from the substantial grain-size refinement and a reduction of
free nitrogen content. It is not much better than manganese in this respect but far more expensive. High nickel contents
also have a beneficial effect on the oxidation resistance.

Niobium

Melting point Lattice type Density Youngs Modulus

(K / oC / oF) (Trans. T in oC) (g/cm3) (GPa)

2750 / 2477 / 4491 °F bcc 8.57 105

Niobium, formerly also known as Columbium, is -stabilizer and a strong carbide / nitride former. It thus provides for
precipitation hardening but its main contributions to increase strength is the retardation of austenite recrystallization
thus promoting a fine-grain microstructure.

In austenitic steels it is added to improve the resistance to Intergranular corrosion but it also enhances mechanical
properties at high temperatures.
Niobium as effective element for increasing the recrystallization temperature means that you can "coil" your
continuously cast sheet already at relatively high temperatures (e.g. 600°C), saving much space in your plant. Cooling
down than will be slow and that allows precipitations and thus precipitation hardening
Keep in mind that with -stabilizers you pretty much loose hardenability by quenching / fast cooling.
Therefore discrimination between these type should be aided by metallographic techniques, such as viewing the
questionable inclusions with darkfield illumination where properly polished sulfide inclusion are dark and silicate
inclusion appear luminescent. A second technique is to note silicates are very dark or sometimes glassy in appearance.

Bainite start temperature Bs and martensite start temperature Ms are functions of the chemical composition of
the austenite:

Bs=a20−425[C]−42.5[Mn]−31.5[Ni]
Ms=a26−a27cγ

Teeming process should be controlled for avoiding longitudinal cracks and ensuring minimum shrink holes.