Applications of ceramics for

tribological components
Sadao Asanabe

Fine ceramics are expected to be applied as new materials to many tribe-

logical components because of their superior heat resistance and corrosion
resistance and their high hardness. In this paper, wear and frictional test
results from applications of these components in machines are given and the
capabilities of fine ceramics are described.

Keywords: ceramics, tribology, wear, friction, scuffing

Introduction (1) Are the surfaces scuffed without being worn?

With fine ceramics emerging recently into the spotlight,
expectation is high that they will be used as quite new func-
tional parts when applied to many tribological components.
To live up to this expectation, it is necessary that we under-
stand the tribological characteristics of fine ceramics.
Ceramics have a history of applications as materials for
mechanical seals. On their application to rolling bearings,
Fujiwara 1 and Yoshioka e t al 2 have described the history
of research. Meanwhile, it was not until Parr's paper 3 on
the practical application o f S i 3 N 4 was published in 1971
that the author came to realize more acutely the possibilities
of ceramics. In the research fields of ceralnics, there have
been various national projects in Europe and the USA
principally aimed at their applications to gas turbines and
engines, accompanied by progress in materials and produc-
tion techniques, while various research projects have also
been being pmnroted primarily by the Mechanical Engineer-
ing Laboratory in Japan 4. There are also published reports
concerning stick slip as the frictional wear mechanism s ,
the acoustic emission (AE) measurement of friction sur-
faces 6 , the influences o f atmosphere and lubricating oil 7-9 ,
fretting wear as a damage behaviour m , erosion wear 11 , and
application to gears lz , the roller of a rolling lnil113 , cutting
tools 14, and guide surfaces 15 as mechanical components.
This paper reports the results o f tests carried out at Mitsu-
bishi Heavy Industries (MHI) on the scuffing, friction,
and wear of ceramics, as well as several examples of per-
formance improvements of mechanical devices achieved on
the basis of these test results.
Fundamental characteristics of ceramics as
materials for sliding surfaces
Types and features of ceramics
Although much researchhas been carried out on the
material strengths of ceramics, the fundamental charac-
teristics to determine the utilization o f ceramics as fric-
tional sliding surfaces still remain to be fully clarified.
Practical applications of ceramics to sliding surfaces require
the following uncertainties to be clarified.
Mitsubishi fh'avy Industries Ltd, Nagasaki Research & Development
Centre, 1-1, ,4kunoura-machi, Nagasaki 850- 91, Japan
(2) Are the surfaces excessively worn without being
scuffed?
(3) Although the surfaces can withstand plane contacts,
are they susceptible to destruction (chipping) in line
and point contacts?
(4) Are the surfaces brittle against impinged solid particles
although strong enough against sweeping particles?
(5) Is the porousness in the coated layer small enough for
corrosion resistance?
Table 1 lists the types and properties o f typical engineering
ceramics 16 . Also, typical examples o f powder used in the
thermal spraying o f ceramics are shown in Table 217.
Engineering ceramics seem to have been selected and con-
fined to the types listed in Table 1. Their features are as
follows. AI2 03 is cheap in cost. PSZ (Partially Stabilized
ZrOa) has low thermal conductivity and a coefficient of
linear thermal expansion near that of steel, as well as
excellent thermal shock resistance and toughness. Si3 N4
has superior high temperature strength and high fracture
toughness. SiC has good high temperature strength, thermal
conductivity greater than steel, good high temperature
creep characteristics, and high hardness.
Ceramics coatings are classified into the oxide group and
the carbide group as shown in Table 2. The latter is
superior to the former in toughness and adhesion because
metals occupy the matrix as binders in the latter case.
These features of ceramics are thought to be linked to
tribology as listed in Table 3. The author and coworkers
therefore experimented with fine ceramics in several dif-
ferent modes to secure applications o f ceramics to tribe-
logical components.
Test machines used
Two-annulus friction test machine a8 (Test machine A)
As shown in Fig l(a), one end face of an annular cylinder
with three sector-formed pads is rotated while pressed
against the other annular cylindrical end face. An environ-
ment of oil, sea water, or dry atmosphere, and high
temperatures, can be selected 19 . The specimens measure
40 mm inside diameter, 46 mm outside diameter, and the
contact area between them is 0.54 cm z .
Rider and ring type wear test machine (Test machine B)

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 Asanabe - ceramics for tribological components

Table 1 Properties of typical engineering ceramics

Materials AI203 AI203-SIO2 PSZ PSZ Si 3 N 4 SiC SUS

Sintering S S S S S RB HP HP S RB HP 304
process a

Density,
g/cm 3 3.8 3.26 5.91 6.05 3.1 2.75 3.26 3.10 3.10 3.2 7.93

Specific heat,
kcal/kgf °C 0.19 0.15 0.12 - - 0.19 0.17 0.16 - 0.20 0.12

Thermal
conductivity,
kcal/(m hr °C) 21.6 5.8 2.5 1.6 16.6 17.3 25.2 108 72 72 14.0

Coefficient
of thermal
expansion, b 2.6--
10-6/ ° C 7.9 5.1 10.5 9.2 3.4 2.8 3.2 3.0 4.0 4.3 4.3 18.7

Elastic
modulus,
104 kgf/mm 2 3.5 1.5 2.1 2.1 3.0 1.6 3.2 4.2 4.2 4.45 1.97

Bending
strength, 154 RT
kgf/mm 2 31 17 104 120 65 30 95 126 56 53 85 60
12oo°c

Fracture
toughness,
MN/m 3/2 4.5 - 8.5 - 5.3 3.6 5.6 4.6 4.6 4.4

Thermal
shock
resistance, 750- 600--
AT°C 195 230 350 360 800 600 - -- 700 --

Melting point, 1400-

°C 2030 1810 2600 - 1900 (vaporize) 2700 (vaporize) 1455

Makers Kyoto NGK NGK AGK NGK Toshiba Toshiba Carbo Refel Norton
ceramics N600 SN16 Y203 (particle a-SiC
A479 AI203 size
add. 0.1 #m)

a S = pressurelesssintering;b RT -~ 800°C; RB = reaction sintering; HP = hot press

As shown in Fig l(b), a small rider specimen 5 mm in radius particles of a given concentration from the tank, and the
of curvature is pressed against the rotating cylinder surface. impinging angle can be changed by inclining the outer
The shaft diameter is 100 mm and the contact alength surface of the specimen 21 .
20 ram. The atmosphere is of drip-feed lubrication or dry.

Point contacts test machine in high temperature

atmosphere 19,2o (Test machine C)
As shown in Fig 1(c), micro-sliding or percussive impact
wear of the point contact can be tested within a chamber
capable of controlling such impurities as 02 and H2 in the
order of 10 ppm in an atmosphere of helium at 1000 °C.
Solid particie erosion wear test machine (Test machine D)
As shown in Fig l(d), specimens attached to the rotating
disc are subjected to impingement at a high speed by solid
Tribolooical characteristics of ceramics
Scuffing resistance
First, scuffing of ceramics in an oil lubricating condition
was tested to understand scuffing resistance under boun-
dary lubrication (Test machine A, 50°C turbine oil).
Fig 2 shows the scuffing limits (sharp rises in the friction
coefficient or in the specimen temperature) of steel, cast
iron, copper alloy, and A12 03 used as counterparts of
A1203 of ordinary finish (Rmax = 1 ~m) under oil lubri-
cation. The excessive wear and the lower scuffing limit

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Load Strain gauge

g for measuring rFlexible plate
Rotating specimen~ ~ ~ _ e~wa friction force-, / Supportplate
I~ \ ~_.~°3 Fixed specimen
ter tank I~" ........k......"~7"~L//-Heating coil
Seawaterexit~- ii
r~ )~] \ / /~" /-Vibration testpiece
Fipeidme II ~ ' 1 , I ;j-- Seawaterintake oo
n' t~ ~ _ ~ _ ~ ; ~_J L_ ~
,rict,on,or
ue
detecting lever
Thermocouple~z~l I ~ - d n ~
',, I 4
i [ = Arrow view
LA-
Load cell for measuring ~ E x c i t e r \\
/ /friction f o r c e - ~ ~--Bellows \ \
/ ] ~ Exc~ i t--/"
er k\
Test machineA TestmachineC

~_~cell
~ Ash tank
( ~r~ASh feeder
I -~-; I f ~ To dust yard
I1 o
Driving motor
~ IF~ed specimen
; ! ,r_J~L-~ ~Rotatingspecimen
Testpi~es-~ . . . . . . . . . . . ? . . . . . . . . . . .

Motor
Test machine B TestmachineD
Fig i Test machines used V = 10 m/s
2000 V = 1m/s 40-

~z Wear I ~
O

HH
i~-~-E° 1000 ~ H
Wear~ S!2 == 2o-
3
03
o
RotatingI AI2031I SUJ2 AI203 I A,2o31 !A,2o3
speclmenl
Fixed I C h'lgh
0
specimenlS45!( freq. FC30lhighfreq.) PBC3 AI203
Fixed specimen ZrO2 Si3N4 SKH9
Fig 2 Scuffing limits for steel, cast iron, copper alloy, and (Roughness,/~m) (0.2) (O.2) (O.3)
alumina against alumina {surface roughness I Dim Rmax)
or SUJ2 bearing steel Rotating
specimen ZrO2 FC25
(Roughness,/lm) (0.2) (0.71
lOOO V = 3rn/s Fig 4 Scuffing limits in line contact
compared with bearing steel (SUJ2) used as the rotating
specimen eliminate the usefulness of ceramics. It is thought
~o ~ 500
that the ceramics were hard and rough enough to cause
cutting wear and that the use of copper alloy caused the

H
metal to be transplanted over the surface of the ceramics,
resulting in scuffing between copper alloys.
Fixed
o
J
_ n n SIC171
Si3N4 The surface roughness of ceramics was therefore experi-
specimen I SUJ2
(Roughness, tarn)l (0.21 (0.21 (0.21 mentally reduced as it was considered that a rougher sur-
Rotating I face on the harder part would roughen the counterpart
i specimen I Si3N4 I SiC Si3N4I SiC FC25
( Roughness,p m)l (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.2) (0.5) surface and worsen the sliding characteristic. Fig 3 com-
pares the scuffing limits for the combination of super-
Fig 3 Scuffing limits for various combinations o f materials finished SiC and Si3N4, using the counterpart of cast

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Table 2 Ceramics coating materials V = 1.3 m/s

% Wear
Materials Content Size,/~m
_~IO0
Grey alumina AI2 O3-2.5%TiO2 53-10
White alumina A I 2 0 3 99.6% 44-10
e~
Chrome oxide Cr20 3 99% 63-10 '5
50
Titanium oxide TiOa 99% 44-10
8
Alumina titania AI2 O 3 - 4 0 % T i O 2 25-5
Spinel MgO 28%.AI203 71% 44-10 ,+-
a
Zirconia yttria Z r O 2 - 1 2 % Y 2 O3 44-10 0
Cylinder a
Chrome carbide Cr3 C2 44-10
material
Chrome carbide Cr3C 2 - 2 0 % N i C r 44-10
Plunger b
Titanium carbide TiC-25%Co 44-10 material WC TiO2 I WC AI203
Tungsten carbide WC-12%Co 44-10 -lardness,
HV / 1300/ I 1160/ 1160/, 840/
:ylinder/
31unger 870 700 870 1080
Table 3 Features and tribological utilization of ceramics
a Sintered, except copper alloy;
Features of ceramics Tribological utilization b Sprayed
Fig 6 Scuffing limits in seawater
Adhesion resistance Material requiring high
scuffing resistance V = 1 m/s; Contact pressure = 400 kgf/cm 2

Thermal resistance Sliding material used in high 4-" 0.2

High hardness

Corrosion resistance
temperature atmosphere
Material requiring high wear
resistance
Sliding material used in
°° 0.1
g
,,, ,, ,,,
"r"
corrosive atmosphere u_

Rotating
40- V = 10 m/s 0ec,menlA'203 SUJ2 A' O3 SUJ '203 L SUJ AI203
Fixed
.specimenlS45C(hlgh freq.) FC30(high freq.) PBC3 AI203

O
Fig 7 Friction coefficient of ceramics (surface roughness
1 pm Rmax)
20
g 0.08 r SiC/SiC V = 3 m/s
q~

0
I
0.2
l
0.4
Surface roughness of fixed specimen, um
1
0.6
I
0.8
E
006l .,
Fig 5 Effect of surface roughness on scuffing limits
{J 0.04
iron with the case for the combination of SUJ2 and cast g
".~
iron. Although the scuffing limits between the super- 'r"

finished ceramics surfaces did not show a marked improve-

ment compared with the combination of steel and cast E ~SUJ2/FC25
iron, it was known that the scuffing resistance could be
drastically improved using cast iron as the counterpart.
The suggested reasons are that the cutting action of 1 I I I 1
0 200 400 600 800 1000
ceramics is smaller and that the self-lubricating ability and
lubricant oil-holding ability of the cast iron structure Contact pressure, kgf/cm 2
(graphite) can maintain the oil supply to the contact area Fig 8 Friction coefficients in line contact
under boundary lubrication.
Fig 4 shows the results of investigations of similar effects ceramics. This is thought to be attributable to the fact that
using test machine B and 75 °C refrigerating machine oil as the contact area is small in line contact, rough surfaces
under the line contact condition. Similarly, it was con- would increase interferences between surface asperities,
cluded that the use o f cast iron as the counterpart of whereas excessively smooth surfaces would diminish the
ceramics surfaces can improve the scuffing limit. oil-holding ability within the surfaces.
The results of investigation of the effects of surface rough- The results of investigation (Test machine A) of various
ness under the same conditions are given in Fig 5, indicat- materials in seawater are shown in Fig 6. The surface rough-
ing that the effect was smaller in the contact between ness of specimens was set to approximately 1.0/am Rmax,

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,30pm . 100/~m ~m
I i
a b C d

Fig 9 Optical micrographs showing worn surface o f oscillating specimens in I O00 ° C helium: (a) Hastelloy X fixed and moved;
( b) ZrO 2 coating fixed, Hastelloy X moved," (c) ZrO 2 coating fixed and moved,. (d) graphite fixed, Hastelloy X moved
Table 4 Test materials for seawater soak test
100 -- Hastelloy X/Hastelloy X
Material Matrix Thermal Under- Sealing
spraying coating
method

A no no
Q. Aluminum Explosive
B AI2 03 no yes
bronze spraying
t-
O 50-
C yes no
o
0~
ZrO 2 coating/ZrO 2 coating D AI2 03 Stainless no no
2 TiO= Steel
E no yes
¢-

< F Plasma no no
spraying
G no yes
i I
0 5 10 H yes no
Cr2 Oz Aluminum
Surface pressure, MPa
I bronze yes yes
Fig l 0 Self-welaing (adhesive) characteristics o] alloy,
ceramic, and alloy/ceramic combinations J no no

and loads at which the friction coefficient sharply rises Oxygen

K acetylene yes no
were used as limits. In the seawater, the cases of no differ-
spraying
ence in hardness, such as contacts between AI2 Oa and be-
L yes yes
tween WC, showed better results. This is supposed to have
been due to the balanced hardness in both mating materials,
- WC Sintered - - -
which would not damage the counterpart. As for the WC
material
material, the combination of the sintered materials was
better than the combination with the sprayed material.
- AI203 Sintered - - -
This is estimated to have been due to a greater hardness in
material
the sintered material.

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A B C D E ~F

G H I J K ilL
1
20 mm
. . . . . . . |

Fig 11 Surfaces o f thermally sprayed test pieces soaked in seawater for 300 h. (See Table 4 for key to materials)

Friction characteristics
Friction coefficients at the contact pressure of 400 kgf/cm 2
Tuftride treatment in the experiment of Fig 2 are shown in Fig 7. If ceramics
are used for all the fixed materials, the friction coefficient
is raised above that of steel and should be expected to
reach around 0.1. Meanwhile, the results corresponding to
10-2 k the scuffing test in line contact (Fig 4) are given in Fig 8,
\ and friction coefficients less than 0.05 could be obtained
\ even in the high contact pressure for the combination of
k super-finished ceramics and cast iron. However, as the
friction surface temperature (1 mm under the sliding
k surface) at the contact pressure of 800 kgf/c,n 2 (SiC/FC25)
E reached a high point of 300°C, the heat resistance of the
o lubricant and the metal side must be cautiously evaluated.
8 Nitriding/~~
Fretting wear resistance
The results of the oscillating wear test (load I kgf,
D
frequency 50 Hz) in 1000°C He gas for 5 h, using test
machine C, are given in Fig 9. It is seen that the wear
\ dalnge te ZrO2 is much smaller than that to
or graphite. The percussive impact wear test
Hastelloy X
using the same
test nrachine also showed similar results.
10-3 -- The reason for the above results is thought to be that, as
TiN PVD ) ~ ) shown in Fig 10, the use of ceramics can reduce self-welding
\ (adhesion) compared with the use of bare metals, and this
is estimated to be a factor which indicates the excellent
l I 1 i 1ILl I sliding characteristics of ceramics.
200 500 1000 2000
Corrosion resistance o f thermally sprayed materials
Vickers hardness of rotor, kgf/mm 2
To provide for the use of ceramics in seawater, the corro-
Fig 12 Effect o f ceramics coatings on abrasive wear o f sion resistance of sprayed materials must be pre-evaluated.
rotor in printing ink slurry Fig 11 shows the results of surface changes after the test

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%
4t Originaldlametralclearance15-- 18/lm
1.0
SS41~

10-1

"5.

Chromite cast i r o n / i
cO " I

0
0
\ 4

0
I I
200
I I
400
2 10-2-- I Testtime,h
Fig 15 Wear depth o f sintered WC piston and cylinder
after 400 h endurance test in seawater
AI203 k l
\
10-3 - -
SiC I

I I 1 I i ilil I I I I
0.1 1.0 5.0

Material hardness coal fly ash hardness

Fig 13 Erosive wear o f metals and ceramics subjected to
a spray o f coal fly ash
a b
Fig 14 Surface roughness o f sintered WC piston after
400 h operation in seawater." (a) before endurance test,
(b) after endurance test
materials listed in Table 4 were soaked in seawater for
300 h. Specks which indicated progress of corrosion were
seen in the sprayed materials other than material L. These
phenomena are thought to have resulted from continuous
open pores interposing on spray deposits, which evolved
into corrosion or swelling of the base metals. Therefore,
such treatments as undercoating, a thermal spraying method
providing low porosity and sealing, become important.
Meanwhile, the sintered materials remained intact. There-
fore, the use o f sintered materials is preferable in regard
to corrosion resistance.
Fig 16 Seawater pump with ceramic components
Wear resistance to solid particles
To give an example of abrasive wear by slurry, Fig 12 shows
the results of a wear test of ceramics in printing ink con-
taining a hard pigment. The wear is drastically reduced for
values o f the hardness ratio of the material to the solid
particles greater than 1, and, therefore, it is known that
ceramics exhibit very high resistance to abrasive wear.
1 mm
Such is also the case with erosion wear by impingement of
solid particles. Fig 13 shows the case of spraying coal-fired
fly ash using test machine D. When the material hardness
exceeds the particle hardness, the wear becomes very small.
It is understood that the high wear resistance of ceramics
makes them strong candidates for effective wear protection.
Examples of application of ceramics to
tribological components
Seawater pump (corrosion resistance, seawater resistance)
A ceramic featuring good corrosion resistance and sliding
characteristics in seawater was applied to the piston
cylinder of seawater pump for a 6000 m class surveying
submarine. Ceramics are superior particularly in the aspect
of prevention of wear due to m u d d y sand floating near the
sea bottom.

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Rul"
bea

Fig 17 Water pump with vertical axis and bearing." (a) conventional vertical shaft pump; ( b ) new vertical shaft pump without
lubricant water system

125 3 ~m, and the increase in diameter clearance was approxi-

70 //
mately 5 #m, indicating that the wear effect on the per-
5O formance can be neglected.
30
//
//
//,
E]Dry
/./ [~ln contaminated The appearance of the seawater pump experimentally
/./ water made is shown in Fig 16. The component study results at
//
4 // //
MHI were applied to the plunger and the cylinder, and high
E 10 //
//
E 7 // //
//
efficiency could be obtained for this pump: flow rate of
o? 51 // 4 ~/min at discharge pressure of 630 kgf/cm 2 , and total
//
C3 //
3 //
//
Wear of bearing efficiency of 79%.
/./ //
/./ //
,/.,
//
//
// River water pump with vertical shaft (river water
// //
0.7 // //
resistance, abrasion resistance)
//
co 0.5 // An application to improve underwater use is described in
//
//
0.3 //
//
//
the following. As shown on the left side of Fig 17, the con-
// ,// ventional pump used hardened rubber for its bearing, and
// //
// ,// clean water was often used as its lubricant to combat the
//
0.1 /,/ shortening of the pump's life by the dry condition at
I Bearing Rubber Be6 ] SiC 1 Si3N4 start-up and the inflow of water contaminated with sand
material
grains during operation, which required the use of a lubri-
Fig 18 Wear o f bearing materials fbr river water pump in cant water system. As the elimination of the lubricant
d o ' and contaminated water environments water system was desirable to improve the reliability,
compactness, and operating cost of the pump system,
a new method using ceramics for the bearing was
Sintered WC was selected for the piston cylinder, using as
investigated.
reference data the results of the scuffing test in seawater
(Fig 6) and of the seawater soak test (Fig 11). Fig 14 shows Ceramics for the bearing sleeve material were selected,
the appearance and surface roughness of the piston after and the wear of the ceramics was tested under dry and
an endurance test for 400 h. The surface shows good contaminated (equivalent to JIS Dust Class 4, 5000
running-in without scuffing scratches. As shown in Fig 15, 7000 ppm) conditions as given in Fig l 8. The test results
the wear depths in both the piston and the cylinder were con'fhmed the superiority of ceramics. In comparison of

362 December 87 V o l 20 No 6

Trough
X X
Fig 19 Submerged ash scraper-conveyor
Fig 20 Heat exchanger for high temperature helium
SiC and SiaN4, the SiC bearing showed slightly lower
wear as it was harder, but as the wear of its sleeve material
was larger, it can be said that they have the same wear level
overall.
The bearing used an elastic support structure to compen.
sate for the low impacl resistance of ceramics; the bearing
was shrinkage-fitted to its retainer, and rubber O-rings were
provided as elastic materials around the retainer and over
its end surface.
Based on the above investigation, ceramic bearings of
105 mm diameter were made and applied to actual pumps
(vertical pump of discharge diameter 700 ram, horizontal
pump of discharge diameter 1000 ram) to test the ceramic
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Asanabe - ceramics f o r t r i b o l o g i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
I-] Furnace ~, .
Flight
Submerged roller
X
Fig 21 Ink pump with ceramics coating
bearing under the various operating conditions predicted
during the running of pumps. The test showed good results
without developing problems such as wear, etc. MHI has
already realized highly reliable pumps by utilizing this
bearing.
Ash scraper--conveyor for coal-fired boilers (corrosion
resistance, abrasion resistance)
The ash scraper is a device to continuously scrape out
coal-tired ash deposited on the furnace b o t t o m of a boiler.
As shown in Fig 19, the chain and the chain rollers must
work in turbid water (fresh water or seawater containing
coal ash). When the sliding part of the bearing which sup-
ports the chain roller is in contact with the boiler ash,
which contains hard particles composed of c~-quartz or
mullite, the shaft and the bearing may be worn; also, the
turbi! water containing coal ash is strongly alkaline or
acidic, which poses a corrosion problem.
To develop a nraintenance-free (no seal provided) bearing
of a simplified structure, the sliding bearing method similar
363
Asanabe - ceramics f o r t r i b o l o g i c a l c o m p o n e n t s
to the bearing for the vertical shaft pump was studied.
A sintered WC sleeve was selected for the shaft material,
and AIz 03 for the bearing material, to carry out an endu-
rance test using the actual contact pressures and sliding
speed conditions in highly turbid water. Neither the shaft
nor the bearing developed any significant wear, giving
assurance of sufficient endurance in practical application.
They have been applied in actual service, showing good
operating results.
Tube plate support for heat exchanger for high temperature
helium (resistance to high temperature and dryness)
Fig 20 shows tube plate supports and a tube bundle which
were coated with Zr02 to withstand micro-slip due to the
vibration, thermal expansion and contraction of a high
temperature gas. This is t/sed for a high temperature gas
furnace facility.
Ink pump for printing (resistance to abrasive slurry)
Using the PVD of TiN to prevent abrasive wear by pig-
ments in ink, a pump life approximately 10 times that
with the use of Tuftride was realized. The developed ink
pump is shown in Fig 21.
Conclusion
In this paper are presented fundamental test results of
various sliding behaviours and several applications of
ceramics to mechanical components in order to extend
applications of ceramics for tribological components.
Although ceramics have many advantageous features,
a number of problems still remain to be solved in their
364
full utilization for tribological components, and MHI will
advance the research and development toward the achieve-
ment of higher efficiency and performance of fine ceramics.
References
1. Fujiwara Nainenkikan, 1982, 21 (260) (in Japanese)
2. Yoshioka Nainenkikan, 1982, 21 (260) (in Japanese)
3. ParrN.L. IME Tribology Convention, 1971, C69/71
4. JSMEFriction and wear, l,:ducation Text 581, 1985
(in Japanese)
5. SadaN. et al. JSLE Preprin t, 1984 (in Japanese)
6. Miyamoto et al. JSLE Preprint, 1983 {in Japanese)
7. Tsuya Y. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1982 (in Japanese)
8. Tsuya Y. et al. JSLE Preprin t, 1983 (in Japanese)
9. Tsuya Y. et al. JSLE Preprin t, 1984 (in Japanese)
10. Sato J. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1984 {in Japanese)
1l. Fujiyama H. et al.JSLE Preprint, 1982 (in Japanese)
12. Tald T. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1983 (in Japanese)
13. KasaiS. et al. JSLE Preprint, 1983 (in Japanese)
14. Fujiwara et al. JSLE Preprint, 1982 (in Japanese)
15. Tatsue et aI.JSLE Preprint, 1984 (in Japanese)
16. Kamo R.Proc. Int. Symp. on Ceramic Components for
Engines, 1983-(10), p. 57
17. SagawaKinzoku, 1983, (7), 23 (in Japanese)
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