The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration

Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Memory Trick: SOHCAHTOA (Indian Tribe) n used when triangle has a 90º angle.
c (Rise) SIN RISE
Sin C = OPP or Rise or B n

HYP Slope a 90º triangle n COS RUN

n TAN SLOPE
Run b (Run) a n SIN and COS of any angle are between (+/-) 1
Cos C = ADJ or or c
Slope
Trigonometry/Math

a n 0º < angle < 45º COS > SIN

HYP
n 45º < angle < 90º SIN > COS
Run C
OPP c
Tan C = or or (Slope) A b
ADJ Rise b
Law of Sines n Law of Sines and Cosines are used when triangle has no
a = b = c B Non- 90º Triangle right angles.
Sin A Sin B Sin C n Law of Sines is used when you are given more angles
a than sides.
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc (Cos A) c
Law of Cosines 2 2 2
b = a + c - 2ac (Cos B) n Law of Cosines is used when you are given more sides
2 2 2 A than angles
c = a + b - 2ab (Cos C) b C

Variations in L.O.A. P Properties of a Force: n A Force is defined by four properties:

Py 1. Point of Application (P.O.A.)

P 4 2. Magnitude ( #,kips )
Ø Py Ø 3 3. Sense (Arrowhead, Push or Pull, C or T)
Px 2 4. Line of Action (L.O.A.) , (Angle with horizontal)
PX 1000# = 1k
1 nThe Resultant of several forces is a single force that
nShallower angles (<45º) n Steeper angles (>45º) have Ø
has
have larger horizontal larger vertical components the same effect on a body as all the other forces

Components of a Force: n The Resultant is also a force and is thus defined by

P
P PX Px n The Equilibrant is also defined as a force that has the
Py
Py Py Py same P.O.A., Magnitude and L.O.A. as the
P Py
PX P Py
PX P
n Algebraic Method for finding the Resultant of several
forces is used when force magnitudes and lines of
PX PX
Forces

action for each force are known

Variations in
Transmissibility: n Algebraic Method of Force Addition
Sense: 1. Resolve each force into vertical and horizontal
P P
components
Py P Py P 2. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all horizontal components
= gives the horizontal component of the Resultant.
PX PX 3. The algebraic (+/-) sum of all vertical components
P gives the vertical component of the Resultant
Force Addition: n Graphic Method is used when a system is in equilibrium
Algebraic Method: Graphic Method for Force Addition: and we need to calculate one or more unknown forces
n For finding the resultant of several forces n For finding the Resultant of several forces. that contribute to equlibrium

Force Horizontal Vertical 2 3 2 Graphic Method for Force Addition

n
2 1 3 1. Arrange all forces Head to Tail then add (independent
1 +/- +/- 2 1 R of order)
1 1 2. Resultant begins with its Tail at the Tail of the 1 st
2 +/- +/-
Force
3 3 +/- +/- and Head at the Head of the last
3
R +/- R X = SX +/- R y = SY n Resultant begins at 1 s Tail
n Tail of 2 on Head of 1
3. Resultant can be determined through calculation
nTail of 3 on Head of 2
n Tails at same P.O.A.
and ends at last Head (All angles are typically known)

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 1 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE nAND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Tails at same P.O.A. nTail of 3 on Head of 2

Moment n A & B are called Centers of Moment, or Centers of

Rotation
Moment = Force X Distance P
n The perpendicular distance (d) is called the Moment Arm,
A B or Lever
Force P creates a Force P creates a n Summing Moments (∑M = 0) to establish equilibrium
Moments and Couples

Positive Moment Negative Moment n To find Beam / Truss reactions

about point A
_ about point B
CCW + _ CW
+ n To maintain equilbrium of members
d d n Overturning Moments due to Wind Loads or Hydrostatic

Pressure
Couple n Unlike a Moment, a Couple is NOT about a certain point,

P but rather it is about ANY and ALL points.

Moment of a n A Couple depends on Force (P), and perpendicular distance (d)

Couple= P x d between two Forces that make up the couple.

d

d
(clockwise, CW) P ( CCW ) n Couple between top Chord (C) and bottom

P chord (T) in a simply supported truss

n Couple between compression in concrete ( top ) and

tension in rebar ( bottom ) of reinforced beam

Formulas Units 1. ELASTIC RANGE: straight line relationship, slope = E

1 2 3 4
P 2. PLASTIC RANGE: increase in strain, no increase in Load / Stress
F: Direct Stress PSI Fu
A 5 3. STRAIN HARDENING: material deforming in section (necking),
Stress / Strain

Fy 6
7 and in length
DL 4. FAILURE: Material is gone!
e:
8
in / in

Stress (F=P/A)
Unit Strain
Lo 5. YIELD POINT/ YIELD STRENGTH: material is no longer elastic,
Modulus of deformation is permanent
Modulus of Elasticity: E
F 6. ULTIMATE STRENGTH: material is about to fail
E:
e Elasticity=
Stress / Strain
PSI (slope)
Unit Strain ( DL/ L0 ) 7. RUPTURE: Kiss it Good-Bye
e 8. E: Modulus of Elasticity.Measures material's resistance to deformation

DL: deformation, changes in Length (in) n EA36,A-50= 29,000 KSI DL = a (DT) L0 n Shortening or Elongation of members along their axis
Axial Loads

caused by Axial Load (P) DL: Deformation, change in length (in), n Change (Expansion & Contraction) of shape
DL= PL0 P : Axial Load (#,k) n kP k DL caused by change in temperature due to Temperature
L0 : Original, undeformed Length (in. not ft.)
AE A : Cross Sectional Area (in 2) n k L0 k DL (ºF)
n Examples include Columns, Trusses, Cables, Cross
n kA m DL DT: Change in temperature
E : Modulus of Elasticity (PSI, KSI) Bracing
n kE m DL
b = width Y Radius of = r = I n If a Member is inadequate in Shear, increasing the Area
A = bd Area (In2) Shear d = depth Gyration A (either Width (b) or Depth (d)) is effective.
Geometry

d/2
c
n If a Member is inadequate in Deflection, increasing the
3 Moment c = location of
Ixx = bd Deflection Moment of Inertia (Width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
d

12 of Inertia (In4) Neutral Axis x x cubed and) is much more effective in reducing Deflection.
Ixx bd2 Section Bending CG ; Center of n If a Member is inadequate in Bending, increasing the
Sxx = C = 6 Modulus (In3) Y Gravity section modulus (width (b) is OK; but Depth (d) is
Moment b squared and) is much more effective in reducing Bending.
Roller: 1 Reaction ( V ) Pin / Hinge: 2 Reactions ( V , H ) Simply Supported:(Determinate) n Statically Determinate (Simply Supported) loading = three
Support Conditions

1 2 H unknown reactions, and can be solved using the

2 1 equation of Static equilibrium.
V V 2 1 n Statically Indeterminate loading > 3 unknown Reactions
3
Call your engineer.
Fixed / Moment: 3 Reactions (V , H , M)
Continuous: Multiple Reactions Indeterminate Loading: n Pin/Hinged connections iclude most wood to wood, bolted
steel, and precast concrete connections.
3 H 2 2 n fixed connections include most welded steel / steel
connections and cast-in-place concrete.
V 3 3
M 3 1

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 2 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

Example 1:
12k P
n L< R n M = Moment
n L = 5' x 12k = 4k n V =Shear
L R w,W
10' 5' n Equilibruim = ∑ Fx = 0; ∑ Fy = 0; ∑ MAny = 0
15' Load/
n R = 10' x12k = 8k 15' FBD n Sum of Areas in Shear Diagram = Moment

n Magnitude of drop = Concentrated Load

15' n Between concentrated loads, Moment Diagram Slopes
Shear and Bending Moment Diagrams

n Uniform loads create gradual drop in Shear ( straight line )

Example 2: + n Uniform loads create curve (downward cup) in Moment

V=0 Diagram
12k 18k 12k 12k 6k - n Overhangs and cantilevers will always have a negative
w = 1k/ft. Moment in Moment Diagram. Simply supported beams
W = 18k = + always have positive Moments
6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 6' 12' 6'
18' 18' n VMAX always occurs at support Moment is minimum
18'
L = 23k R = 25k L = 21k R = 21k L = 2k R = 4k n MMAX occurs where V = 0
M=0
L= 21k
+ 2k R= 21k + 4k L = 6'/18' x = 2k6k n Uniform load coefficient, w, = slope in Shear Diagram
L = 23 k R = 25 k R = 12'/18' x 6k = 4k n Point of Inflection (P.O.I.) is a point on the

Moment Diagram where M = 0

n Point of Inflection only happens when a beam has an

overhang
n If Loading Diagram (FBD) is symmetrical, then the Shear

Diagram and the Moment Diagram are also symmetrical.

n Maximum Shear dictates how much Beam area is needed

n Maximum Moment dictates how much Bema Depth is needed

n If a hole must be punched out of a Beam to allow for passage

of pipe or similar reduction, this must happen at a location of

low Shear and low Bending Moment

n A Truss is inherently stable due to triangulation

Possible n Truss is stable in its own plane but needs bridging or
Zero Members cross-bracing perpendicular to its own plane
n All joints in an honest Truss are Pinned Joints
n Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in less Deflection
Method of Method of than
C C C C C Sections: Joints: Pinned Joints (Advantage)
n Rigid Joints in a Truss will result in larger size
C C C
T T T T T members
than Pinned Joint Trusses since members will have
T T T T T
to
C C C C C resist V and M in addition to C or T (Disadvantage)
n Members carrying Tension can be much smaller than
Trusses

C C C C C C
members carrying Compresion
n Method of Joints is used to analyze Force / Stress in
T T T T T every
Top and Bottom Chord Stress Web Stresses member of a Truss
n Method of Joints is also used to analyze Force / Stress in
a
member that is close to a support (not in middle of
truss)
n Method of Sections is used to analyze only a few (3 max)
members of a truss
n After cutting a truss in 2 segments, each segment is
in Equilibrium SF X = 0 ; SF Y = 0 ; SM ANY = 0
n Concentrated Loads in a Truss must be applied at panel
points; otherwise we have combined stresses
( T or C + V and M )
n Joints that have three or less members framing into
June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 3 OF 4
 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Knowledge Necessary for the Structural Divisions of the Architect Registration Exam- ARE

CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

( T or C + V and M )
n Joints that have three or less members framing into
them,
may potentially have Zero Members

June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4

 The Non-User's Pocket Guide to the Transient Information Needed to Successfully Pass the General Structures Division of the Architect Registration Exam - ARE
CONCEPT FORMULAE AND DIAGRAMS COMMENTS

MATERIAL: Fv , F b , E LOAD: L, w, W, P, FBD GEOMETRY: A = bd Shear n Beam design must satisfy Shear, Bending Moment and
I = bd3/ 12 Deflection Deflection requirements
FC , FT , F P VMAX, M MAX S = (bd2) /6 Bending n The Allowable Stress (F) of a species of wood or a Grade
MMAX of steel depends on the material itself and is tabulated
Dactual = CONST.x (W or P) (Lx12"/ft.)
3
DESIGN FOR f v < F v ; Fv a V MAX DESIGN FOR f b < F b ; F b =SMIN DEFLECTION: in Manuals and Building Codes
SHEAR: A MIN BENDING: Dactual < Dallow EI n The Actual Stress ( f ) is an outcome of the application of
a load ( W , P ) on a member
w P w w w
n When a Load is applied perpendicular to the axis of a
W = wL W = wL member ( Normal Loading), Shear and Bending
L W/2 L/2 L/2 stresses develop
P/2 W/2 W/2 W/2 W/2
W/2 n The Strain associated with Bending is called Deflection

W/2 and the deflected shape of a Beam is the inverse

P/2 (upside/down) of the Moment Diagram
VMAX = W/2 VMAX = P/2 VMAX = W/2 n When a load is applied along the axis of a member,
Axial Compression and Tension Stresses develop
General Beam Design

n The strain associated with Tension is Elongation and the

WL/8 strain associated with Compression is Shortening

PL/4 WL/8 n For the same Magnitude and span, a Uniform Load will
MMAX = WL / 8 cause less Deflection than a Concentrated Load
MMAX = PL/4 MMAX = WL/8 for the same material and geometry
3 = wL2/ 8 = wL2/8 n The the same Load and Span, a Cantilever will deflect
DMAX = 5 WL = 5 wL
4
DMAX = 1 PL3
more than a simply supported beam
384 EI 384 EI 48 EI n For the same Load, Material and Geometry a slight
P P P P P w increase in Span will create a huge increase in
W=wL Deflection
n For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
P P L L L Modulus of Elasticity, E, ( a stronger material), will result
L/3 L/3 L/3 L/4 L/4 L/4 L/4
0.4W 1.1W 1.1W 0.4W in less Deflection
n For the same Load and Span, an increase in the
3P/2 0.5W 0.6W Moment of Inertia, I , (a deeper member) will result in
P 0.4W
less deflection
VMAX = P VMAX = 3P/2 VMAX = 0.6 W n The Points of Inflection on the Moment Diagram of the
Continuous beam (Left) indicate the locations of curve
0.4W reversal, and are the locations where reinforcing steel
PL/3 PL/2 0.6W 0.5W would be flipped from bottom to top of the beam.
0.08WL 0.08WL
MMAX = PL/3 MMAX = PL/2

DMAX =
23
648 EI
PL3
DMAX =
19
348 EI
PL3 +
.- . . - .
0.025WL
+
P.O.I.
+
MMAX (+) = 0.08 W L

MMAX (-) = - 0.1 W L

- 0.1WL - 0.1WL

WOOD BEAMS: STEEL BEAMS: CONCRETE BEAMS: n For all beams; Dactual = CONST.(W or P)(Lx12"/ft.)3
Shear: FV = 3 VMAX Shear: F V = VMAX bf Shear: Concrete: f 'c EI
b b
2 A MIN b, d, f 'c n Allowable Deflecion is specified by model codes as
AWEB AV
Stirrups: f y a fraction of the span Dallow = L / 240, L / 360,...
AS
Beams

f y, f, A v, spacing
d

h
d
d

AW
Bending: Fb = MMAX Bending: F b = MMAX Bending Concrete: f'c
SMIN b, d, f 'c
SMIN
Fb= 24 KSI Fb< 24 KSI Rebars: f y
A=bxd
(full lateral support) (partial lateral support) f y, (f, # rebars), A s
Sxx tables LUNB , M-Charts

WOOD COLUMNS: STEEL COLUMNS: n FC = P/A

Slenderness: Slenderness: n Long and thin ( slender ) columns tend to
slenderness be
ratio kLUNB.
Columns

LUNB./ dLeast governed by buckling

r n Short and fat ( chunky ) columns tend to be
k=0.5 k=1 k=2 governed by crushing
kwood= 0.671 E
wood 11 k 50 L/d
Fc steel 200 KL/r
June 2004 © 2004 David J. Thaddeus, AIA PAGE : 4 OF 4