An Experimental Study on the Effect of Steel Fibre Reinforced

Concrete on the Behaviour of the Exterior Beam-Column Junctions

Subjected to Cyclic Loading
Anant Parghi1
C D Modhera2
Department of Applied Mechanics, S.V. National Institute of Technology, Surat-395007,
GUJARAT, INDIA

ABSTRACT: A total of ten full-scale RC exterior beam column joints were tested under cyclic loading and
their performance was examined in terms of lateral load capacity, joint strength, ductility, residual strength,
and established performance criteria. The first two specimens was made with normal concrete, two specimen
with 1.5 % dosage of fibre, third two specimen with 3.0 % fibre, fourth two specimen with 4.5 % fibre and
last two specimen with 6.0 % of fibre by weight of concrete respectively. It was increased energy absorption
capacity by 54 %, 86 %, 204 % and 133 % for various mixes of SFRC 1.5 %, 3.0 %, 4.5 % and 6.0 % dosage
of fibres respectively. The experimental results indicated that fibre reinforced concrete is an appealing
alternative to conventional confining reinforcement.
Key Words: beam-column joint; shear strength; ductile behavior.

1 INTRODUCTION closely spaced hoops as transverse reinforcement

The recent Gujarat earthquake in 2001 revealed once
more the importance of the design of reinforced
concrete (RC) structures with ductile behavior.
Ductility can be described as the ability of reinforced
concrete cross sections, elements and structures to
absorb the large energy released during earthquakes
without losing their strength under large amplitude
and reversible deformations (Hasg¨ur and G¨und¨uz,
1996). Generally, the beam-column joints of a RC
frame structure subjected to cyclic loads such as
earthquakes experience large internal forces.
Consequently, the ductile behavior of RC structures
dominantly depends on the reinforcement detailing
of the beam-column joints. Numerous investigations
have been reported about the behavior and
reinforcement detailing of beam-column joints under
reversed cyclic loading. Some of these include
Pessiki (1990), Kurose et al. (1988), Kitayama et al.
(1991), Aoyama (1985), Fuji and Morita (1991),
Paulay et al. (1989), and Paulay (1989). In these
papers, factors affecting the behavior of RC beam-
column joints were studied. In brief, the results of
these investigations showed that the shear strength
and ductility of RC beam-column joints increased as
the compressive strength of concrete and the amount
of transverse reinforcement increased. Moreover, for
adequate ductility of beam-column joints, the use of
was recommended in various earthquake codes for
RC structures. Confining the concrete closely spaced
hoop reinforcement increased not only the ductility
of the concrete section at beam-column joints but
also the strength of these sections. On the other
hand, the cross sections of beams and columns close
to the joints in RC structures under the effect of
strong earthquake motion were subjected to large
bending moments and shear forces. Consequently,
the large amount of longitudinal and transverse
reinforcements of beams and columns showed pass
through these joints. However, it is tedious to install
the transverse reinforcement and then cast concrete
into this section considering also the congestion
created by the longitudinal reinforcement passing
through beam-column joints.
Because of placement difficulties, the beam-column
joints of RC structures can not be fully controlled by
civil engineers and it is not easy to handle this
situation with care according to the design drawings.
Numerous researches have attempted to reduce the
workmanship difficulties by simplifying the
reinforcement lay-out in the joints. In several
experimental investigations (Recommendations
ACI-ASCE Committee 352, 1985; Jindal and Hasan,
1984; Craig et al., 1984; Katzensteiner et al., 1992;
Filiatrault et al., 1994; Filiatrault et al., 1995), the
use of steel fiber reinforced concrete (SFRC) was
proposed as additional reinforcement instead of
squeezing stirrups in the beam-column joints. In
many of these investigations, SFRC was used in
certain parts of the joints together with normally
spaced transverse reinforcement instead of squeezed
stirrups. The effects of various parameters on the
behavior of joints have been studied experimentally,
such as the type of loading, the amount of steel fiber
in concrete mix, the method of loading, and the
amount of transverse and longitudinal
reinforcements. These experiments showed that
beam-column joint specimens with normally spaced
stirrups and SFRC at the joints displayed higher
capacity for shear forces and bending moments,
dissipated more energy and showed more ductile
behavior than conventional ductile beam-column
joints of plain concrete. All the test specimens are
made with steel fibre reinforced concrete due to its
higher shear strength than that of conventional
structural concrete. Even though it is rather well
known as the first research project on shear
properties of SFRC was started three decades ago
(Batson 400 to 800 et al. 1972), SFRC is only
occasionally used in structural elements of buildings.
In fact, steel fibre in concrete can significantly
increase the shear strength of structural concrete
(Lim et al. 1987, Casanova et al. 1994). It will be
shown here that adding even a small amount of steel
fibre can improve significantly fracture properties of
concrete, thus improving ductility, overall behaviour
in tension as well as element’s performance in shear.
2 RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
This paper reports experimental study carried out to
investigate the behavior of joint made of SFRC. In
previous experimental investigations, the amount of
the steel fiber, spacing of transverse reinforcement,
type and aspect ratio of fiber and loading,
application points of the cyclic loads, the scale of
specimens have been separately taken into
consideration as experimental parameters. In the
present study, ten specimens representing an exterior
beam column joint subjected to cyclic loading were
tested under displacement controlled loading (Figure
1). Specimen’s no.1 and no. 2 were completely
composed of plain concrete while the joint and the
confinement zones of the beam and the column of
Specimens no. 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 4 were cast with
Steel Fibre Reinforced Concrete. However, all of the
seismic code requirements at these zones related to
the spacing of transverse reinforcement were not
considered. In all Specimens the requirements of the
Indian Earthquake Code regarding the spacing of
stirrups were followed. The results obtained from
the tests of both SFRC and plain concrete specimens
were compared in terms of the amounts of
accumulated, dissipated and stored energy, as well
as damage during the tests.
2.1 Material Properties and Concrete Mixes
Concrete mixture designs were used as per Indian
Standard 10262-1982 and they are given in Table 2.
The laboratory test results of the concrete cylinders
revealed that the average compressive strength of the
plain concrete and SFRC varied between 22 MPa
and 31 MPa and between 25 MPa and 37 MPa,
respectively. In all the test specimens, longitudinal
and transverse bars used are high-yield steel and
mild steel, respectively.
The mechanical properties of the steel are noted
down in the table 1. The yield strength of the
transverse and longitudinal ribbed reinforcement
was found to be 530 MPa from the tension tests
performed in the laboratory. The crimped shape steel
fibers having a length of 30mm and a diameter of
0.5mm and thus an aspect ratio of 60 with yield
strength of 552MPa were added into the plain
concrete mix at a 1.5 % to 6.0 % by weight of
concrete. As is well known, the addition of steel
fibers of higher percentage into concrete mix makes
the workability of concrete difficult. Therefore,
superplasticizer was added to the concrete mix and
the maximum size of coarse aggregate was limited to
20 mm for maintaining the strength and workability
of the concrete.
2.2 Experimental Setup and Testing Procedure
To meet the objectives of this experiment, ten beam-
column joints were constructed to a full-scale. Test
fixtures, test specimens, and seismic loading are
described herewith.
2.3 Test Fixture
The Heavy Structure Laboratory of Applied
Mechanics Department at S.V. National Institute of
Technology has test fixtures, consisting of three 20-
ft (6.1-m) long steel I-beams embedded in the
concrete slab floor the geometry of the specimens is
given in Figure 2. Two of the I-beams were used to
anchor the half-scale models of beam-column joints,
as seen in laboratory layout depicted in Figure 1.
The steel formwork was horizontally placed on the
laboratory floor and the concrete was cast into this
formwork while trying to avoid the mixing of plain
concrete and steel fibre reinforced concrete.
However, through compaction was made by tamping
rod after casting so that the concrete was compacted
properly and no segregation took place. In the
experimental setup, the test assembly was placed at
the loading frame with the column horizontal and hydraulic jack was horizontally fixed and right hand
the beam vertical. Both ends of the column were side one hydraulic jack was fixed.
arranged to be simply supported to simulate
inflection points of the columns at the mid-storey.
Cyclic loading was applied to the tip of the beam by
hydraulic jack displacement control.

Table 1. Mechanical Properties of Steel

Reinforcement Dia. of c/s Ultimate %

Type Reinforcing area tensile elonga
bars (mm2) stress tion
(kg/mm2)

Stirrups/ties 6 mm 28 56.58 34
Beam 8 mm 50 25.70 21 Figure 1. Plan of the Heavy Structure laboratory.
longitudinal
Column 12 mm 113 53.03 22 3 EXPERIMENTAL PROGRAMMES
longitudinal

Table 2. Characteristic of the Concrete Mixtures

All specimens have been tested in laboratory. Beam-
Column junction has been casted for the same mix
Material Unit Plain SFRC proportion of ingredients, obtained from first stage
Concrete of experimental work. Behavior of Beam-Column
Cement Kg/m3 344 344 junction has been studied after 28 days curing
Aggregate Kg/m3 1152 1152 period. A total 10 numbers of Beam-Column
Sand Kg/m3 739 739
Superplasticizer % By weight of 0.10 0.10
junction of size as shown in the Fig.4.27 were casted
cement for testing purpose. The size of specimen for column
Water litre/meter3 172 172 was 300mm by 300mm and size of beam was
Steel Fibre % By weight ---- 1.5 to 300mm by 230mm governed. The behavior of
of concrete 6.0 Beam-column junction was studied under cyclic
loading. Load versus deflection graph has been
2.4 Plan plotted for study.
To meet the objectives of this experiment, ten beam-
column joints were constructed to a half-scale. Test
fixtures, test specimens, and seismic loading are
described herewith.

2.5 Test Fixture

The Heavy Structure Laboratory of Applied
Mechanics Department at S.V. National Institute of
Technology has test fixtures, consisting of three 20-
ft (6.1-m) long steel I-beams embedded in the
concrete slab floor as shown in Figure 4.26 Two of
the I-beams were used to anchor the half-scale
models of beam-column joints, as seen in laboratory
layout depicted in Figure 4.26..
In this project fabricated a small loading frame size
of five meter by five meter with channel section and
I- section size of 110 x 10 mm x 8 mm. the joint
design of steel loading frame the welded connection
was used. The joint frame should not deflect proper
rigidity was provided by the help of welding. The
cross steel channel bracing was provided and bottom
side on hydraulic jack was fixed. Left hand side one
Figure 2. Definition of the Elements Comprising a Test
Specimen for a Bam-Column Joint.
The general arrangement of the experimental setup
and the locations of the displacement transducers are
shown in Figure 2. An axial compressive load of 150
kN was applied to the column to represent normal
force. The mechanical dial gauge were placed at 5
different points on each specimen and on the loading
frame to measure the deformations and
displacements of the beam-column joint under the
cyclic load shown in Figure 3.
At each displacement level, the first three-cyclic
load was applied once at the tip of the beam until the
occurrence of the first residual displacement. After
that residual displacement level, at each
displacement level, the load was cycled three times
at each loading step up to the failure of the
specimen. The loading steps for the test specimens
and the number of loading cycles on the specimens
are given in Figure 3.
Figure 3 Simulated quasi-static earthquake loading.
1.00
Displacement
0.75 at 6th Cycle
Displacement
Height (m) at 5th Cycle
0.50 Displacement
at 4th Cycle
Beam
0.25
Column
0 fibre is more ductile as compared to specimen casted
0
0.25 0.50 0.75 1.0 1.2
Length along Column (m)
Figure 4 Beam Displacements during Simulated Earthquake.
3.1 Experimental Results, General behavior and
failure mechanism
Experimental results are evaluated in relation to the
behavior of joints. Although numerous quantities
were measured, only the main parameters of the
results are given and discussed below.
The cracks were seen usually near the joints in all
type of SFRC specimens during the application of
load. As the loading is increase, the additional crack
formed propagated with widening. The specimen of
joint (No fibre) have been seen more crack width
near joint during testing, while it was less for SFRC
specimen than that of the plain one. It seen that a
brittle shear failure occurred in the joint region of
specimen casted with plain concrete. It is also noted
that the core and cover of concrete were in intact.
The load displacement results are observed for all
specimens. The graphs are obtained as in Fig. 5-8.
The details are given below: Hysteresis loops of load
versus beam deflection, for plain concrete joints #1,
with 150-mm spacing are shown in Figure 5
Hysteresis loops of load versus beam deflection, for
SFRC joints #2 with 1.5 % steel fibre and 150-mm,
spacing, are shown in Figures 6 Hysteresis loops for
SFRC joints #3, with 3.0 % steel fibre and 150-mm
spacing, are shown in Figures 7 Hysteresis loops for
SFRC joints #4, with 4.5 % steel fibre and 150-mm
spacing, are shown in Figures 8 Hysteresis loops for
SFRC joints #5, with 6.0 % steel fibre and 150-mm
spacing, are shown in Figures 9.
According to these evaluations, it is seen that
SFRC used in the critical regions of beam-column
joints increased the strength capacity for bending
moment and shear forces.
The behavior of reinforced concrete specimen of
plain concrete (P0) is shown brittle than that of
SFRC one during first two cycles. Load-
displacement hysteresis is showing elastic nature up
to certain extent. Strain hardening was observed in
third cycle.
The trend of specimen of SFRC with 1.5 % steel
fibres (P1) behaviour is more ductile than that of no
fibres. Addition of fibres increases ductility as well
as load-displacement hysteresis showing elastic
nature even in third cycle.
The behavior of specimen of SFRC with 3.0 % fibre
(P3) is likely to be similar to specimen of SFRC with
1.5 % fibre content. For first two cycles, but large
strain hardening was observed in third cycle.
The behavior of specimen casted with 4.5 % Steel
with 1.5 % and 3.0 % steel fibre. The residual
deflection remained after both first and second
cycles are less, strain hardening effect observed for
third, fourth, fifth and sixth cycle with maximum
deflection.
The behavior of specimen casted with 6.0 % Steel
fibre is less ductile as compared to specimen casted
with 1.5 %, 3.0 % and 4.5 %steel fibre. The
observed deflection of first and second cycle was
maximum and its taken less load compare to other
1.5 %, 3.0 % and 4.5 % steel fibre and third, fourth,
fifth and sixth cycle maximum deflection was
observed.
Consequently, SFRC can be used partly in place of
transverse reinforcements. In other words, the use of
SFRC together with only one prevents the
occurrence of shear cracks. Therefore, it can be
proposed that SFRC be used together with normally
spaced stirrups so that no _ type shear cracks occur
in beam-column joints under reversed cyclic
loading. The widths and locations of cracks in the
specimens at different displacement levels are given
in Table 2.
Tip Displacement without Steel Fibre
Without Steel Fibre
2.5
L o a d in T o n n e

2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22
Displacement in mm

Figure 5. Hysteresis loop for beam-column joint # 1 without

SFRC.

Tip Displacement 1.5 % Steel Fibre

1.5 % Steel Fibre
4.5
4
L o ad in T o n n e

3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8
Displacement in mm

Figure 6. Hysteresis loop for beam-column joint # 2 with

SFRC 1.5 %.

Tip Displacement 3 % Steel Fibre

3 % Steel Fibre Figure 9. Crack Propagation of The Specimens In The
4.5 Confinement Regions Of The Beam And Column Beam
L o a d in T o n n e

4 Cracking
3.5
3
2.5 The beams for all test specimens showing minor
2
1.5 cracking starting at the 2nd cycle and ending with the
1 last cycle of the test.
0.5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 3.2 Column Cracking
Displacement in mm
Visible Cracking in the column was best resisted by
Figure 7. Hysteresis loop for beam-column joint # 3 with the SFRC specimens with 3.0 % steel fibre, although
SFRC 3.0 %. the 1.5 % of SFRC joint exhibited superior behavior.
For SFRC specimens, minor beam cracks began
Tip Displacement 4.5 % Steel Fibre
4.5 % Steel Fibre
forming during the 2nd cycle and continued to grow
4.5 until the end of testing. The SFRC specimen #3 with
4 3.0 % developed minor beam cracks during the 3rd
L o ad in T o n n e

3.5
3 cycle, however some of those cracks began opening
2.5 up during the 5th cycle and continued to open up
2
1.5 during the 6th cycle. The plain concrete specimens
1
0.5 did not fare as well as the SFRC specimens. Minor
0 beam cracks started forming during the 3rd cycle.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 However, spalling of concrete began during the 4th
Displacement in mm cycle. Major spalling of beam concrete occurred
during the 5th and 6th cycles.
Figure 8. Hysteresis loop for beam-column joint # 4 with
SFRC 4.5 %.
 3.3 Joint Cracking 4 CONCLUSIONS
Joint cracking was best resisted by the SFRC This paper describes the experimental study
specimens with 1.5 % and 3.0 % steel fibre. Minor conducted on beam-column joints to determine
cracking of the joint began during the 1st cycle. The potential increase in joint hoop spacing in
joint cracks became more extensive during the 3rd conventional concrete joints that might be achieved
cycle and increased in density during the 4th cycle. A using steel fibre concrete in place of conventional
crack across the top of the joint opened during the concrete joint region. During the study the following
5th cycle and continued to open up during the 6th observation were made.
cycle. Minor cracks began forming during the 1st The result indicates that the ductility and strength
cycle and became more extensive during the 3rd capacity is increased by adding fibres. This is
cycle. A crack across the top of the joint opened allowed to reduce the stirrups requirement in the
during the 4th cycle and continued to open up until joint. Furthermore, the usage of SFRC can reduce
the end of testing. The plain concrete specimens the cost of steel reinforcement and its installation,
exhibited inferior performance. Minor cracks began and the difficulties in placing and consolidating the
forming during the 1st cycle. Some of these cracks concrete in the regions of the beam-column joints.
opened during the 3rd cycle and led to spalling of Moreover, the use of SFRC and transverse
joint concrete during the 4th cycle. The spalling reinforcement in the critical regions can be
became more extensive during the 5th and 6th cycles. recommended, in view of the total dissipated and
Fig. 9 illustrates the above-mentioned discussion. stored energy. Thus, SFRC can be seen as an
Spalling and cracking in the SFRC joints was appealing alternative to conventional confining
confining by the steel fibres, as shown in figure 9, reinforcement. However, it is well known that
which allowed for a better bond between steel and ductile behavior and the strength capacity of beam-
concrete. It preserves a good portion of its strength. column connections depend on the percentage of
This can increase the effectiveness of joint fibre content, aspect ratio of the fibers, fiber type,
reinforcement. and the regions of SFRC used in joints, the strength
of the concrete, and fiber orientation in the concrete
3.4 Seismic Strength mix. It is recommended that for exterior beam-
The work done from Table 3 it can be observed that column joints, in which ease of construction is
it was increased by 54%, 86%, 204% and 133% for desired, steel fibers can be used up to 3.0 % by
various mixes of SFRC 1.5 %, 3.0 %, 4.5 % and 6.0 weight concrete. Using fibre the joint give better
% dosage of fibres respectively. It reflects that the performance during earthquake, it can reduce the
energy absorption capacity is achieved at certain requirements for closely spaced ties. Hence spacing
extent. Needless to say that the over all seismic of stirrups can be increased, which allow to good
strength is increased of SFRC specimens. placement of concrete and reduces the chances of
honeycombing in the joint. Capacity design
Table 3. Cumulative Work Done guidelines are needed to make safe and efficient use
of this technology in earthquake-resistant design.
Spe. Work Done (N.m) in Cycle Work %
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th Done increase
Id (N.m) in work
done 5 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
P0 1.25 5.8 22.5 15 - - 44.55 -
P1.5 2.8 5.25 7.8 12 15.9 24.8 68.55 54
The authors acknowledge to the Departmental
P3.0 1.05 2.25 8.75 16.3 21.7 32.8 82.9 86 Operating Cost Committee at S.V. National Institute
P4.5 3.25 9.33 9.4 25.5 40.07 48 135.55 204 of Technology, Surat for providing grants for this
P6.0 4.82 11.05 18 28.4 41.75 - 104.02 133 research. The support of SHAKTIMAN STEWOLS
& CO., NAGPUR (INDIA) which supplied the steel
The stored energy absorbed through the elastic fibers, is also appreciated. Thanks are also due Mr.
behavior of the specimens during loading was given Momahbhai Patel, Mr. Babubhai Gamit and
back to the system in the course of unloading of the Mr.Bharat More for his help during
beam-column joint specimens. This energy reserved experimentations. Authors are also thankful to the
by elastic behavior was defined as stored energy. Dr. H S Patili and Dr. J A Desai (Prof. & Head) for
The amounts of stored energy of the specimens were valuable comments and assistance during
separately obtained by subtracting the amount of experimental works.
total dissipated energy from the amount of total
energy for each specimen. The stored energy
capacities of the specimens are shown in table 3.
6 REFERENCES
1. ACI Committee 408, Opportunities in bond research,
American Concrete Institute Journal, Proceedings,
Vol.67, No.11, Nov. 1970, pp.857-867.
2. Balaguru, P.N., and Shah S.P.,-1992, “Fibre
Reinforced cement composites”, Mc-Graw Hill New
York.
3. Bayasi, Z., R. Bhattacharya, and M. Posey. "Fiber
Reinforced Concrete: Basics andAdvancements,"
Proceedings, Symposium on Advancements in
Concrete Materials, Bradley University, 1989, pp. 1-1
to 1-27.
4. Bayasi, Z., and H. Kaiser. "Steel Fibers as Crack
Arrestors in Concrete." The Indian Concrete Journal,
to be published April 2001.
5. Chalisgaonkar Rajendra, Computer Aided Concrete
Mix Design, Allied Publishers Pvt. Ltd.
6. Englekirk Robert E., Seismic Design of reinforced
concrete and Precast Concrete Buildings, John Wiley
& Sons, Inc.
7. Ehsani M Rand Wight J.K., “Exterior Reinforced
Concrete Beam-To-Column Connections Subjected
To Earthquake Type Loading”, ACI Journal, July-
August 1985, pg. no. 492-499.
8. Ehsani R. Mohammad and Alameddine Fadel,
“Design Recommendations for Type 2 High-Strength
Reinforced Concrete Connections”, ACI Structural
Journal, Vol.-88, May-June 1991, pg. no. 277-291
9. Filiatrault Andre, Pineau Sylvain, and Houde Jules,
“Seismic Performance of Code- Designed Fiber
Reinforced Concrete Joints”, ACI Structural Journal,
Vol.-92, September-October 1985, pg. no. 543-551
10. Fillatrault Andre, ladicani karim and Massicotte
Bruno, “ Seismic Performance of Code-Designed
Fiber Reinforced Concrete Joints”, ACI Structural
Journal, Vol.-91, September-October 1994, pg. no.
564-571
11. Ganesan.N and Indira P.V. “Latex Modified Steel
Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beam- Column Joints
Subjected To Cyclic Loading”, ICJ Structural Journal,
Vol.-74, July- 2000, pg. no. 416-420
12. Gregor S. S., Fscher and. Victor C .Li, “Deformation
Behavior of Fiber Reinforced Polymer Reinforced
Engineered Cementations Composite (ECC) Flexural
Members Under Reversed Cyclic Loading
Conditions”,ACI Structural Journal, January-February
2003, pg. no.520-532
13. Guimaraes Gilson, Kreger Michael E. and Jirsa James
O., “Evaluation of Joint-Shear Provisions for
Interior Beam-Column-Slab Connections Using High-
Strength materials”, ACI Structural Journal, Vol.-89,
January-February 1992, pg. no.89-98.
14. Hannant D.J., 1978 “Fibre cements and fibres
concretes”, John Wiley & Sons, New York 219 pp.
15. I.S:456-2000, Plain and Reinforced Concrete Code of
Practice (Fourth Revision) Fourth Reprint October
2001, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
16. I.S:4031-1988, “Method of Physical Test for
hydraulic cement”, Bureau of Indian Standards, New
Delhi.
17. I.S: 1893 (Part 1): 2002, Criteria for Earthquake
Resistant Design of Structures Part 1 General
Provisions and Buildings. (Fifth Revision), Bureau of
Indian Standards, New Delhi.
18. I.S: 13920: 1993, Ductile Detailing of Reinforced
Concrete Structures Subjected to Seismic Forces –
Code of Practice 2002-03, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
19. I.S:10262-1982 Recommended Guidelines for
Concrete Mix Design Fifth Reprint March-1998,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
20. I.S: 2386-1963, Methods of tests for aggregate for
concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
21. I.S: 383-1979, Specification for coarse and fine
aggregate from natural sources for concrete, Bureau
of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
22. I.S. 516-1959 Methods of tests for strength of
concrete, Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi.
23. I.S 5816-1970 Methods of tests for split tensile
strength of concrete cylinder, Bureau of Indian
Standards, New Delhi.
24. Johnston, C."Fiber Reinforced Concrete."
Significance of Tests and Properties of Concrete and
Concrete-Making Material, ASTM STP 169C, 1994,
pp. 547-561.
25. Krishna Raju N., Basavarajaiah B. S., “Compressive
Strength and Bearing Strength of Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete”, ICJ, June-1977, pg. no. 183-
188.
26. Kukreja C. B., Kaushik S. K., kanchi M.B. and Jain
O.P., ICJ, July-1980, pg. no.184-189.
27. LEON, R.T., Shear Strength and Hysteretic Behaviour
of Beam-Column Joints, ACI Structural Journal, V.87,
No.1, Jan-Feb, 1990, pp. 3-11. (Chap1)
28. Mahajan M.A., 2004, “Study Of Beam-Column
Junction Using High Performance Concrete Under
Cyclic Loading” M.E. Dissertation, Applied
Mechanics Department, S.V.N.I.T. Surat.
29. MACGREGOR, J.G., Reinforced Concrete Mechanics
and Design, Prentice Hall Inc., 1988.
30. MAYFIELD, B., KONG, K.F. and BENNISON, A.
Corner joint details in structural lightweight concrete,
Journal of American Concrete Institute, May 1971,
Vol. 65, No.5, pp. 366-372.
31. Michael G., 2001, “Application of Steel Fiber
Reinforced Concrete in Seismic Beam-Column
Joints”, M.S. theses, Faculty of San Diego State
University- California.
32. Modhera C.D., 2001, “Some Studies on Partially Set
Fibre Reinforced Concrete Under Sustained
Temperature Cycle Using Selfing Concept, Ph.D.
Theses, Department of Civil Engineering, I.I.T.
Bombay.
33. Neville A. M., Properties of Concrete, Pearson
Education Asia Pvt. Ltd., England.
34. Nataraja M.C., Dhag N.and Gupta A.P., “ICJ, July
1998, pg. no.353-356
35. NILSON, I.H.E., LOSBERG, R. Reinforced concrete
corners and joints subjected to bending moment,
Journal of Structural Division, ASCE, June 1976,
Vol.102, No.ST6, pp.1229-1253.
36. Parra-Montesions Gustavo J.,Peterfreund Sean W.and
Ho Chao Shih, “Highly Damage-Tolerant Beam-
Column Joints through Use of High-Performance
Fiber- Reinforced Cement Composites”, ACI
Structural Journal, May-June 2005, pg. no. 487-496.
37. Parghi A M, 2006, “An Experimental Study on
Behaviour of An Exterior Beam-Colum Junction
Subjected to cyclic Loading, M.Tech, Theses,
Department of Applied Mechanics, S.V.N.I.T.Surat.
38. Paulay Thomas, “Equilibrium Criteria for Reinforced
Concrete Beam-Column Joints”, ACI structural
journal, November-December 1989, pg. no. 635-643.
39. Park, R., and Paulay, T., Reinforced Concrete
Structures, John Wiley and Sons, 1975, 786p.
40. PAULAY, T. and PRIESTLEY, M.J.N., Seismic
Design of Reinforced Concrete and Masonry
Buildings, John Wiley and Sons, 1992, 767p.
41. Raffaelle Gregory S. and Wight James K,“Reinforced
Concrete Eccentric Beam-Column Connection
Subjected to Earthquake Type Loading”, ACI
Structural Journal, January-February 1985, pg. no.
45-55.
42. Recommendations for design of beam-column-joints
in monolithic reinforced concrete structures,
American Concrete Institute, ACI 352R-02, ACI
ASCE, Committee 352, Detroit, 2002.
43. S.P., 22:1982, Explanatory Hand Book on Code for
Earthquake Engineering, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi.
44. S.P. 23-1982, “Hand book on concrete mixes (based
on Indian standards)”, Bureau of Indian standards,
New Delhi, 144 pp.
45. S.P., (S&T), 34-1987, “Hand book on Concrete
Reinforcement and Detailing”, Bureau of Indian
standards, New Delhi, 204 pp.
46. Shah S.P. and Shah Ahmed, High Performance
Concrete: Properties and Applications, McGraw-
Hill, Inc., New York
47. Shetty M.S., Concrete Technology Theory and
Practice, S. Chand & Company Ltd, New Delhi.
48. SHIOHARA, H., New model for shear failure of RC
interior beam-column connections, Journal
of Structural Engineering Division, ASCE, V. 127,
2001, pp. 152-160.
49. Soao Wen Bin, “Reinforced Concrete Column
Strength at Beam/Slab and Column Intersection”, ACI
Structural Journal, January-February 1994, pg. no.3-
10.
50. Soni D.G., 2004, An Experimental Study on Shear
Strength test Method for SFRC, M.E. Dissertation,
Applied Mechanics Department S.V.N.I.T. Surat.
51. SUBRAMANIAN, N., and PRAKASH RAO, D.S.
Seismic Design of Joints in RC Structures, The Indian
Concrete Journal, February 2003, Vol.77, No.2, pp.
883- 892.
52. Soroushian, P., Z. Bayasi, Narayanan and Darwish,
"Strength and Ductility of Steel Fibre Reinforced
Concrete under Bearing Pressure."Magazine of
Concrete Research, Dec. 1991, pp. 243-248.
53. Stewols and Company, Steel fibre Reinforced
Concrete Leaf left, Nagpur-India.
54. Tan Kiang Hwee and Saha Mitun Kumar, “Ten Year
study on Steel fiber-Reinforced Concrete Beams
under Sustained Loads”, ACI Structural Journal, May-
June 2005, pg. No. 472-480.
55. Tsonsos A.G., Tegos I.A. and G. Gr. Penelis, “ACI
Structural Journal, January February 1992, pg. no.3-
12.
56. Wahab-Abdul- Hasim M. S, “ACI Structural Journal,
July-August 1992, pg. no.367-374.