Cleaning Compounds

Chapter 5
1. Additive used in cleaning compounds that
prevents hardness constituents & salts of
calcium & magnesium from depositing on
equipment surfaces by binding these salts to
their molecular structure or the binding of
other ions

A. Chelating agent
B. Detergent
C. Soap
D. Surfactant
2. Complex action consisting of a physical
breakdown of fats & oils into smaller particles
that are dispersed throughout the medium.
The soil is still present but is reduced in
physical size

A. Saponification
B. Emulsification
C. Suspension
D. Sequestration
3. Ability of a cleaning compound to be removed
easily from a surface with minimal residue

A. Peptizing
B. Sequestering
C. Rinsibility
D. Wetting
4. Action of an alkaline material on an insoluble
soil (i.e., animal fat or vegetable oil) to
produce a soluble, crude soap

A. Saponification
B. Emulsification
C. Suspension
D. Sequestration
5. Amount of salts such as calcium chloride,
magnesium chloride, sulfates & bicarbonates
present in water

A. Water softening
B. Water hardness
C. Wetting
D. Sequestrant
6. Condition caused by the removal or
inactivation of the calcium & magnesium ions
in water

A. Water softening
B. Water hardness
C. Wetting
D. Sequestrant
7. Caused by the resultant action of a
surfactant that, due to its chemical structure,
is capable of penetrating the soil deposit to
start the loosening process from the surface

A. Water softening
B. Water hardness
C. Wetting
D. Sequestrant
8. Complex molecule that, when blended with a
cleaning compound, reduces the surface
tension of water to permit closer contact
between the soil deposit and cleaning
medium

A. Chelating agent
B. Detergent
C. Soap
D. Surfactant
9. Process by which a cleaning compound
loosens, lifts, and holds soil particles in
solution

A. Saponification
B. Emulsification
C. Suspension
D. Sequestration
10. Characteristic of a good cleaning compound
means it does not compact and harden after it
absorbs moisture in air

A. Dissolves well
B. Does not cake
C. Do not break down during storage
D. Do not leave dust
Cleaning Compounds
Chapter 5
Characteristics of Good Cleaning Compound

• Non-toxic
• Economical
• Non-corrosive
• Easy to measure
• Non-caking
• Easily and completely dissolved
• Non-dusting
• Stable during storage
 Soil Definition

Soil - material in an
incorrect location
-consists of dirt and
dust materials

Examples
• fat deposits on a cutting
board
• lubricant deposits on a
moving conveyor belt
• other organic deposits on
processing equipment
Soil Classification According to Method of Removal

1. Soils soluble in water (or other solvents) containing

no cleaner
-dissolve in tap water and in other solvents
that do not contain a cleaning compound
-many inorganic salts, sugars, starches, and
minerals
-removal is merely a dissolving action
Soil Classification According to Method of Removal

2. Soils soluble in a cleaning solution that contains

a solubilizer or detergent
a. Acid-soluble soils- e.g. rust, zinc carbonates
b. Alkali-soluble soils- e.g. fatty acids, blood, CHON
Soil Classification According to Method of Removal

3. Soils insoluble in the cleaning solution

-insoluble throughout the range of normal
cleaning solutions
 Soil Deposit Classification

Type of Soil Soil Subclass Deposit Examples

Inorganic soil Hard water deposits Calcium and magnesium
carbonates
Metallic deposits Common rust, other oxides
Alkaline deposits Films left by improper rinsing
after use an alkaline cleaner

Organic soil Food deposits Food residues

Petroleum deposits Lubrication oils, grease and
other lubrication products
Nonpetroleum Animal fats and vegetable
deposits oils
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
1) Wood
Characteristics
-pervious to moisture,
fats & oils
- difficult to maintain
-soften by alkali
- destroyed by caustics

Precautions
-should not be used because
of its unsanitary features
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
2) Black Metals
Characteristics
-rust may be promoted by
acidic acid chlorinated
detergents
Precautions
-prone to rust, they are
often tinned or galvanized
-neutral detergents
should be used
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
3) Tin
Characteristics
- may be corroded by
strong alkaline and acid
cleaners

Precautions
-surfaces should not
come in contact
with food
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
4) Concrete
Characteristics
-may be etched by acid
foods and cleaning
compounds

Precautions
-should be dense, acid-
resistant & non-dusting
- acid-brick may be used
in place of concrete
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
5) Glass
Characteristics
-smooth & impervious
-may be etched by strong
alkaline cleaning
compounds

Precautions
-should be cleaned with
moderately alkaline or
neutral detergents
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
6) Paint
Characteristics
-surface quality depends
on the method of
application
-etched by strong alkaline
cleaning compound

Precautions
-certain edible paints are
satisfactory for food
establishments
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
7) Rubber
Characteristics
-should be nonporous,
non-spongy; not affected
by alkaline detergents
-attacked by organic
solvents & strong acids

Precautions
-rubber cutting boards
can warp & their surface
dulls knife blades
 Characteristics of Various Surfaces
8) Stainless steel
Characteristics
-generally resistant to corrosion
- smooth-surfaced & impervious
(unless corrosion occurs)
- resistant to oxidation at high
temp.
-easily cleaned, nonmagnetic

Precautions
-expensive
-certain varieties are attacked by
halogens
The Role of Cleaning Media
Water - cleaning medium most frequently used for soil
removal
-must be free from pathogenic microorganisms,
toxic metal ions &objectionable odors & taste
 The Role of Cleaning Media
Other cleaning media may include:
-air for removal of packaging
material, dust & other
debris
-solvents, w/c are incorporated
in the removal of lubricants &
other similar petroleum
products
The Role of Cleaning Media
1. Pre-rinse for the removal of
large soil particles

2. Wetting (or softening) of

soils on the surface where
removal is essential

3. Transport of the cleaning

compound to the area to
be cleaned
The Role of Cleaning Media
4. Suspension of soil to be
removed
5. Transport of suspended soil
from the surface being
cleaned
6. Rinsing of the cleaning
compound from the area
being cleaned
7. Transport of a sanitizer to the
cleaned area
 Soil Attachment Characteristics
3 sub-processes of soil removal from a surface:
1)Separation of the soil from the surface, material, or
equipment to be cleaned
 Soil Attachment Characteristics
2) Soil dispersion in the cleaning solution
 Soil Attachment Characteristics

3) Prevention of re-deposition of dispersed soil

 How Cleaning Compounds Function

1) To lower the surface tension of water

so that soils may be dislodged and
loosened

2) To suspend soil particles for subsequent

flushing away
How Cleaning Compounds Function

Cleaning Compound Molecule

 Factors Affecting Cleaning Performance

1. Time-contact time on the surface being cleaned

2. Action- physical force exerted onto the surface
(velocity or flow)
3. Concentration-amount of cleaner used
4. Temperature-amount of energy (as heat) used in the
cleaning solution
5. Water-used to prepare cleaning solution
6. Individual-worker performing clean-up operation
7. Nature-composition of the soil
8. Surface-what material is being cleaned
 Cleaning Compound Terminology

Chelating agent (sequestering agent or sequestrant)

-additive used in cleaning compounds
that prevents hardness constituents & salts of calcium
& magnesium from depositing on equipment surfaces
by binding these salts to their molecular structure or
the binding of other ions
 Cleaning Compound Terminology

Detergent- compound that cleans or purges

Emulsification- complex action consisting of a physical

breakdown of fats & oils into smaller
particles that are dispersed throughout
the medium. The soil is still present but is
reduced in physical size.
 Cleaning Compound Terminology

Peptizing- process that involves the formation of a

colloidal solution from a material that is
partially soluble, by the action of alkaline
materials on protein soils.

Rinsibility- ability of a cleaning compound to be

removed easily from a surface with
minimal residue.
 Cleaning Compound Terminology

Saponification - action of an alkaline material on

an insoluble soil (i.e., animal fat or vegetable oil)
to produce a soluble, crude soap

Sequestrant (sometimes called chelating agent)

-inorganic ingredient that is blended with
cleaning compounds to prevent the
precipitation of unstable salts that contribute
to water hardness.
 Cleaning Compound Terminology

Soap- a detergent, since it cleans or purges

Surfactant- complex molecule that, when blended with

a cleaning compound, reduces the surface
tension of water to permit closer contact
between the soil deposit and cleaning
medium

Suspension- process by which a cleaning compound

loosens, lifts, and holds soil particles in
solution
 Cleaning Compound Terminology

Water hardness- amount of salts such as calcium chloride,

magnesium chloride, sulfates & bicarbonates
present in water

Water softening- condition caused by the removal or

inactivation of the calcium & magnesium ions in
water

Wetting (penetration)-caused by the resultant action of

a surfactant that, due to its chemical structure, is
capable of wetting or penetrating the soil deposit
to start the loosening process from the surface
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
A. Alkaline Cleaning Compound
- pH above 7
-generally fats, oils, greases &
proteins
1. Strongly Alkaline Cleaners
-have strong dissolving powers
- very corrosive
- can burn, ulcerate & scar skin
-prolonged contact may
permanently damage tissue
- inhalation of the fumes or mist
can cause respiratory damage
-e.g. caustic soda & silicates
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
2. Heavy-Duty Alkaline Cleaners
-have moderate dissolving powers
- generally slightly corrosive or noncorrosive
-prolonged contact with body parts may remove
necessary oils from the skin
- active ingredients may be sodium metasilicate
(good buffering agent), sodium hexametaphosphate,
sodium pyrophosphate, sodium carbonate & trisodium
phosphate (known for its good soil-emulsification
activity)
-used with high pressure or other mechanized systems
-e.g. sodium carbonate
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
3. Mild Alkaline Cleaners
-frequently exist in solution
-used for hand cleaning of lightly soiled areas
-e.g. sodium bicarbonate, sodium sesquicarbonate,
tetrasodium pyrophosphate, phosphate water
conditioners & alkyl aryl sulfonates
- have good water-softening abilities but exhibit
no value for mineral deposit control
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
4. Chlorinated Alkaline Cleaners
-hypochlorite is added to these cleaners to peptize the
proteins for easier removal
- well-adapted to cleaning-in-place (CIP) of pipes, tanks
& vats
- remove effectively fats, oils, grease & proteins
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
B. Acid Cleaning Compound
-specialized type of cleaner not recognized as effective
all purpose cleaning compound
-remove encrusted surface materials
-dissolve mineral scale deposits
- activity is expressed through chemical
action with minerals found in deposits
Organic acids (citric, tartaric, sulfamic & gluconic )
- excellent water softeners, rinse easily, not
corrosive or irritating to the skin
Inorganic acids- excellent for removing & controlling mineral deposits
- can be extremely corrosive & irritating to the
skin
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
1. Strongly Acid Cleaners
-corrosive to concrete, most metals & fabrics
- some when heated produce corrosive, toxic gases w/c
can ulcerate lungs
- used to remove the encrusted surface matter &
mineral scale frequently found on steam- producing
equipment
- e. g. hydrochloric, hydrofluoric, sulfamic, sulfuric &
phosphoric acid

Note: Sulfuric & nitric acids are not used in manual cleaners
because of their corrosive properties
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
2. Mildly Acid Cleaners
-mildly corrosive & may cause allergenic reactions
- some attack skin & eyes
- e.g. levulinic, hydroxyacetic, acetic & gluconic acids
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
B. Acid Cleaning Compound
-specialized type of cleaner not recognized as effective
all purpose cleaning compound
-remove encrusted surface materials
-dissolve mineral scale deposits
- activity is expressed through chemical
action with minerals found in deposits
Organic acids (citric, tartaric, sulfamic & gluconic )
- excellent water softeners, rinse easily, not
corrosive or irritating to the skin
Inorganic acids- excellent for removing & controlling mineral deposits
- can be extremely corrosive & irritating to the
skin
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
C. Cleaners with Active Chlorine
-especially valuable when cleaning a surface in which
the soil is derived from a food source comprised of
some form of starch or protein
-effective in removing molds from surfaces
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
D. Synthetic Detergent
-serve essentially the same function as soap
(emulsification of fats, oils & greases) except that there
is no reaction to cause a curd formation
- does not have hydrophilic end
- effective because their addition lowers the surface
tension of the solution, promotes wetting of particles
-deflocculates and suspends soil particles
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
E. Alkaline Soaps
-not popular in industrial cleaning because they are less
effective in hard water
-generally inactivated by acid solutions
Classification of Cleaning Compounds
F. Solvent Cleaners
- normally used on petroleum-based soils and
greases in the maintenance area
- are ether- or alcohol type materials capable of
dissolving soil deposits
- may contain a foaming agent to aid in the
application and cleaning
 Cleaning Auxiliaries
1. Sequestrants
- also called chelating agents & sequestering agents
- chelate by complexing with magnesium & calcium
ions to produce compounds

2. Surfactants
- function to facilitate the transport of cleaning &
sanitizing compounds over the surface to be cleaned
- known to ‘’make the water wetter’’
 Scouring Compounds
- also known as chemical abrasives
- normally manufactured from inert or mildly alkaline
materials
- generally compounded with various soaps & are
provided for scouring with brushes or metal sponges
 Scouring Compounds
1. Slightly Alkaline Scouring Compounds
- made from mildly alkaline materials
- used for light deposits of soil
- have limited detergency & emulsifying
capabilities
- borax & sodium bicarbonate
 Scouring Compounds
2. Neutral Scouring Compounds
- made from earth, including volcanic ash,
seismonites, pumice, silica flours & feldspar
-may be found in cleaning poweders or
pastes used in manual scrubbing & scouring
operations
 Cleaning Compound Selection

1) Nature of the soil

2)Temperature & Concentration

3) Application method

4) Area to be cleaned

5) Kind of equipment
 HANDLING AND STORAGE PRECAUTIONS

1. Containers must be kept sealed to prevent

contamination and to keep the materials from
caking.

2. Cleaning compounds should be stored away from

normal traffic (pallets, skids or storage racks to keep
the container).

3. The floor and air should be dry and the temperature

should be moderate so that liquid products do not
freeze.
 HANDLING AND STORAGE PRECAUTIONS

4. Person-in-charge should be assigned for controlling

and supplying cleaning materials to make sure that
products are not wasted and that cleaning supplies
do not run out.

5. Employees should always be extremely careful

when they are using cleaning compounds.
 To really know what success means, earn it. Don’t
rely on some elevator to get you there. The easiest
lessons to remember are the ones you learn the hard
way. The higher the floor you want to reach, the
more important it is to take the stairs.
 QUIZ

1. __________ is a material in an incorrect

location
2. A material for cutting board that can make
the knife blade dull
3. True or False. The amount of cleaner used is
one of the factor affecting cleaning
performance
4. The most ideal surface for food
industrial/service use
 QUIZ

5-7. examples of cleaning media

8-10. Draw and label a soap molecule