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'tJICCode 772-2
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1st edition, 1. 7.1989

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Code for the use of rubber bearings

for rail bridges

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"nternational Union of Railways \

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Contents
- Introduction

- Notations and symbols

1 - Purpose of the code

1.1 - Non-reinforced bearings

.)

1.2 • Reinforced bearings

2 - Properties and use

...
r ­ 2.1 - Properties

2.2- Use
2.2.1 - Non-reinforced bearings
2.2.2 - Reinforced bearings

2.3 - Effect of the defonnation of bearings on the supported structure

2.4 - Effect of the deformation of bearings on themselves and on the I ;

supporting structure
2.4.1 - Vertical loading
2.4.2 - Horizontal loading

3 - Definition of materials

3.1 - Rubber

i-

3.1.1 - Type
3.1 .2 - Special properties
I 3.1.3 - Mechanical properties

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772- 2 -4­

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3.2 - Steels for plates
3.2.1 - Mechanical properties
3.2.2 - Thickness of steel·plates
3.2.3 - Machining of steel plates

3.3 - Adhesives

3.4 - Other materials'"

'"

4t - Dimensioning - Validation of calculations

4.1 - General

.,. 4.2 - Vafidation to be provided

4.2.1 - Plan dimensions

-
~' 4.2.2 - Thickness dimensioning

" 4.2.3 - Plates

4.2.4 - pmiting states to be considered

4.3 - Guidance to validation

4.3.1 - Notations and symbols /

4.3.2 - General calculation principles I

4.3.2.1 - Geometrica' considerations
4.3.2.2 - Compression
4.3.2.3 - Distortion
I,
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4.3.2.4 - Rotation I
4.3.3 - Regulations to be observed in the case of reinforced bearings
4.3.3.1 - Mean pr~ssure "
:.
4.3.3.2 - Non-slip
4.3.3.3 - Limitation of distortion
4.3.3.4 - No uplift conditions
~ 4.3.3.5 - No buckling conditions
4.3.3.6 - Shear

.4.3.3.7 - Strength of plates

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4.3.4 - Regufations to be observed for non-reinforced bearings

4.3.4.1 - Mean pressure
4.3.4.2 - Non-slip conditions
4.3.4.3 - Limitation of distortion
4.3.4.4 - No uplift conditions
4.3.4.5 - No buckling condilions

5 -Instalfation

5.1 - Positioning

5.2 -'Levelling
.. 5.3 - Limitation of lateral bridge deck movemenls
-I 5.4 - Anti-creep arrangement
- ~·I
5.5 - Adjustment

6 - Inspection, maintenance and replacement

6.1 - Inspection

6.2 - Maintenance

6.3 - Replacement

Appendix 1 - Tests, control, acceptance

Appendix 2 - Dimensional tolerances .

I
-,I Appendix 3 - Design eX,ample of a reinforced rubber bearing

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Introduction
This leaflet is based on studies carried out from 1961 to 1965 by the
060 Specialists' Committee of the Office for Research and Experiments
(ORE) at the request of the ule 7th Committee. These studies resulted
in the drawing up of "Recommendations" (Appendix 2 of the Final ORE
report 0 60/RF dated October 1965). The many tests carried out for this
report allowed fonnulae to be proposed for the deSign of the bearings,
which were prepared in relation to the test results and are dealt with more
specifically in section 3 below.

This leaflet was revised to bring it in line with limit state methods.

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772- 2
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F ~ Notations and symbols

1 - Material
"Static" shear modulus G
"Dynamic" shear modulus Gs

A = a -b h'
..
A' =.; (a - u) b j ~ E9

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- h s ...• " I \~
:I , ••-_-:.-:...,.:-.:.::.:... _-.:..: ====.:.: ::_-.:t_-_­
T = l: tj
a

2 - Geometrical characteristics

Number of elementary layers n

Dimension parallel to the beam

: ] (1)
Dimension perpendicular to the beam
Thickness of an elementary layer ti
- Total thickness of rubberwilhout casing T
Thickness of casing Eg
,Total height of bearing h

.;( 1) generally a < b.

.........

_"1; ;.
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Surface area of bearing A

Reduced surface area of bearing At = (a-u) b
Shape factor of the bearing S
Shape factor of an elementary layer Sj
Dimensions of plates:
Thickness ts

II 3· Forces
Normatload ­
,;.. I
I Normal load, slow application
p = Pc+ Ps
Pe
Normal load, rapid application Ps
Tangential force H = Hc+Hs
Tangential force, slow application He
Tangentiafforce, rapid application Hs
Coefficient of friction f
Coefficient of dynamic enhancement <1>­
~- .

4· Stresses
Compressive stress '$~ •
O'm

Mean compressive stress due to the action of slow loads O'rne

Mean compressive stress due to the action of rapid loads O'ms
Shear stress 't
Mean shear stress due to a tangential force H 'tH
Shear stress due to a normal force P lp
r Shear stress due to a rotation 'tn
 ...

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Yield strength of the steel

(Ja
Partial safety factor ot the steel arUmit state
1s

5· Deformations

Total deformation in compression under the simultaneous

action of slow and rapid loads
"
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reinforced bearing .
ej

I
.non·reinforced ~aring
e

·Total deformation in COlnpression under the action

of a slow load ;; i..
reinforCed bearing
~on-re;nforced bearing eic

ec

Shear strain (distortion)

tarry
Shear strain due to Simultaneous application of sJow I

and rapid forces larryc,s I

Tange~~jal shear strain

u = Uc + Us /

Tangential shear strain due to the apP';calio1!J?' slow uc

",,·tangential forces I,

,Iangential shear strain ck.te to the application of rapid

tangential forces
Us

Rotation

a= Clc+ as
Rotation due to the applCation of slow loads

Clc
J
Installation tolerances
I

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Cl{)
Rotation due 10 the aPPlbltion of rapid loads
as
'. Breaking strength of the rubber
A
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1 - Purpose of the leaflet

The purpose ofthe leaflet is to define the scope of use of rubber bearings,
the types to be used, the design of the bearings, their installation and
also the precautions to be taken with regard to inspection, maintenance
and replacement.

The only bearings to which the code is intended to apply the two :kinds
desoribed below, to the exclusion of any other different fonns and
arrangements, which will have to be made the subject of special provi­
sions (see also Leaflet 172-1).

1.1 - Non-reinforced bearings

-, Non-reinforced bearings ,consist of one rubber layer only in the form of

a rectangular parallelepided, usuarly 'elongated.

"
1.2 .. Reinforced bearings
.
Reinforced bearings consist of a certain numberof rubber layers, usually
rectangular, separated by sheet steel plates, also rectangular, ~ith or'
without perforations, which during manufadure are strongly bonded .(1)
to the rubber layers to reduce deformation. The sidesof the steel plates
may be visible or encased in rubber during manufacture. The same
applies to the external faces of the end plates. When· the bearing is
completely enclosed, it has the appearance
, . of a unitonn block.
In the case of skew bridges bearings wHha circular form can be adopted.
Their calculation will be governed by the regulations below.
..
•

(1) This bond is usually obtained by applying adhesive during wicanisalion.

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772-2
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2 • Properties and use

2.1 - propenles ,

These "bearings can withstand heavy normal loads, while permitting

considerable tangential movement and rotation.
... '"

.2.2· Use
"
" They are used as mpvablEhor fixed bearings. In the first case the
defolTTlation of rubber absoibs both the rotation and tangential move­
; ~; m~nt of the supported structure within the limits specified below. In the
.~ se~ond
.. case it is necessary to install special equipment preventing any
"

'..possibility of tangential movement (in either one or both directions)

Without however hindering rotation and corq>ressibility of the bearing.
'"

Correct functioning, however, requires a sufficient load to prevent creep

and a sufficiently high deformation under normal loading to ensure that
the rotation of the supported structure does not bring about total unloa­
ding of a section of the bearing surface. However, this deformation must
not be too high in order to prevent secondary forces being created in the
supported structure.

Use of rubber bearings is a priori not advisable, if they are required to

undergo simultaneously light loading and considerable longitudinal mer
vement. This would apply, for example, to bearings intended for metal
rail bridges with a short span or in certain cases of end spans of
continuous girder bridges.

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2.2.1 .. Non-reinforced bearings

Due to their deformation they are used for distributed iOads of moderate
Intensity (usually tn the form of a strip).

2.2.2 .. Reinforced bearings

They are used for heavy concentrated loads.

2.3 • Enact of defonnatlon of bearings on the supponed structure

The defonnation of rubber bearings has little effect on the eccentricity of

normal loads, even when rotation occurs.

In certain cases, however, it Is advisable to check the satisfactory

""
transmission ofthe horizontalforces Inducedbythe presence of bearings
on the remainder of the structure. espedally when these forces lead tel
the creation of a couple in the bearing ~one.

These bearings do not distribute the vertical loads uniformly over the
contact surface: pressure at the edge is always less than the pressure
at the centre. which can reach 1.5 to 2 times the average pressure; the·
reinforcement of the bedstone and the bearing plate-reinforcement sys­
tem of the structure carried shouJdtake this into account.

The superstructure can, as a general rule, be carculated disregarcting the

forces caused by the vertical differential deformations of bearings.
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2.4 .. Effect of the deformation of bearings on the supponlng

structure

2.4.1 • Vertical loading

Strictly speaking, ·the calwlation of supporting structures (abutments,

piers, piling ...) does not require the eccentricity of loading due to the
deformation of the llearings to be taken into account.

2.4.2 • Horizontal loading

....

Unlike n;1etal bearings, the 11orizontal reactions of rubber bearings are

proportional to movement.

Consequently:
- the tangential movement imposed produces considerable horizontal
forces,
- an)S horizontal forces applied are translated into movement (distortion)
at bearing level (except when prevented: fixed bearings for example).

.-~. It.is advisable that Ihese factors are taken into account in the design of
".oearings, pjers and abutments, including foundations. As regards the
... overall structure this should take into account their presence by a
distribution of the horizontal forces at the top of the supporting structure
. (bearing" + abutment or pier + fQundation) in relation to their relative
stiffnesses.

ot
As regards the calculation the bearings and foundations it is advisable
to consider the increase of rigidity of the bearing with age'ng, on the one
hand, and its functioning at low temperature, on the other hand~ Where I,
these affect safety. it is recommended to increase the stiffness of the
bearing by 50 % (G modulus) to make aJlowance for these two points.

 772- 2
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3 - Definition of materials

3.1 • Rubber

3.1.1 - Type
The rubber may be of a natural or synthetic type. It must satisfy the
regulations and any standards in force in each country.

3.1.2 - Special properties

In particufar, the" rubber must. have adequate resistance to the action of

oils, weather, atmospheric ozone and extreme temperatures to which
the bearing is subjected.
Naturaf rubbers are usuaJly able to withstand variations in temperature,
particularly low and very low temperatures (- 30 OCr - 40 °e).
The compositJon of synthetic rubbers roost be designed in accordanc&
wnh their use. The behaviour of the rubber at low temperatures neads
to be checked both on the rubber itself as well as on the type of bearing
envisaged.
The behaviour of the rubbers at high temperatures (+ 50°C) calls for no
special remarks. In the case of structures situated in certain areas,
resistance 10 certain biological agenls (insects, fungi, etc.) may be the
subject of speciaJ specifications.

3.1.3 • Mechanical properties

The rubber is characterised in mechanical terms by its shear modulus

measured in accordance with the conditions laid down in Appendix 1
below.
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772- 2
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ModuJusG and Shore hardness A of the rubber. often used for accep­
tance tests, usually increase correspondingly.

The foflowingcomparison (at a temperature of 20 °C) is given as a guide.

Shore hardness A 50 - 60 70
~

Modulus G 0.5 0.8 1.1 (MPa)

<"

In the case of bearings' for railway bridges the Shore hardness A ;,s
i' generally 60 ± 5 (1).

....\
3.2 • Steels for plates

3.2.1 • Mechanical properties

The sleel used for the plates must have:

- a yield strel)gth of not less than 240 MPa,
- a'tensile strength of not less than 42-0 MPa.

3.2.2 • Thickness of the plates

,The steel plates used as reinforcements must be at least one millimetre

thick.

3.2.3 • Machining of plates

The edges of the plates and any holes provided in them shan be carefully
machined to prevent any notch effect.

(1) It may be accepted that the reacings given by the Shore durometer A are approximatefy
the same as the readings in international rubber hardness degrees (I A H D) to which
~ certain standards rafer.

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3.3 - Adhesives

Any adhesives used to bond together the steel plates and rubber pads
or, where applicable, two steel plates during vulcanisation must have at
least the same shear strength as the rubber used. They must also be
fully resistant to the action of oils, weather, atmospheric ozone, biological
agents and extreme temperatures to which the bearing may be
subjected.

3.4 - Other materials

"~ The use of materials with characteristics different from those specified
above rnust be subject to prior agreement by the railway concerned.
~

4 - Dimensioning - Validation of calculations

4.1 - General

Validation and dimensioning of rubber bearings is carried out using the

limit state method.

In principle, this requires consideration of the two limit states defined in

UIe Leaflet n6-1 (loads to be considered in the design of raifway
bridges):
- serviceability state: state where the performance of the bearing under
service conditions is only just ensured, .
- ultimate state: state where any further increase of stresses would lead
;' I to the fracture, or irreversible deformation, of the bearing.

"
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To carry out the calculations the nominal loads and partial safety factors
of UIC Leaflet nS-1 are used.

The vertical loads of the UIC load diagram should be increased in

accordance with the dynamic shear coefficient of the element supported.

Furthermore, tests have shown that rapidly applied normal loads should
be catered for b.,y an enhancing coefficient to make allowance for their. '. ~ J

hostile effect as fa"r as the shear stresses are concerned (under normal
and rotational forces).
- .
Checking and validation -~hould be carded out generally with load case
II as.described in ule Leaflet 776-1.

·In certain special cases load scheme V could be envisaged. The partial j
. I
s.afety coefficients must then be fixed in relation to the construction
stages and to the forces liable to develop. However, these coefficients
must not faU below those of load schemes I and II combined.

4.2 • Validation to be provided ~ {

Dimensioning requires the checking of a number of conditions.

The order given below makes it possible to limit trial and error and obtain
the various dimensions quickly.

The following checks should be made:

4.2.1 - Plan dimensions

- compressive stresses
- non-slip conditions of the bearings in relation to the supported struc­
ture and to th~ bearing structure.
,.

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772-2
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In the case of fixed bearings where special arrangements are made for
preventing any ITIOvernenl, by transmitting forces directly, this check
need not be made.

4.2.2 - Thickness dimensioning

- limitation of distortion

- no uplift of the most lightly loaded edge of the bearing

- no buckling of the
, bearing

- limitation of the rubber shear stress.

4.2.3 - Plates
- strength of the plates
..
4.2.4 .. Limit stales to be considered

The following limit states must be examined:

Reinforced bearing Non-reinforced bearing

Serviceability Ultimate Servicemlily Ultimate
stale state state state
Average pressure X X
Non-slip X X
Distortion .X X
No uplift X X
No buckling Independe.nt: geometrical condition
Shear X
Not applicable
Strength of plates X
. .
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772- 2
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4.3 - Guidance on validation

4.3.1 • Notations and symbols

The meaning of the various notations and symbols is described at the

beginning of the leaflet.

Jmportant remark:.

;' It is necessary to distinguish between ~ml:R~rm~J1~ntJ2!,c!~c and those

sUbJect to ('P-!tc.baoge$, .the latter having a fTlJch more severe effect on
rubber because of their repetitive nature.

4~3.2 • General calculation principles

4.3.2.1 - Geometrical considerations

The dimensions a and b, respective'v parallel and perpendicular to the

beam, are related to those of the beams and the bedstones. Generally,
b in particular, must be near the plan width of the beam and a must be
less than b.

In addition, the area A =ab must be such that the mean pressure remains
within the two limits corresponding respectively to the maximum permis­
sible pressure both on the bearing and on the bedstone, and a minimum
pressure corresponding to the no-slip condition.

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772-2
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GeneraJly, His advantageous to use a rubber with a fairly high shear.­

~obtain the lowest possible values of A and 8 . ....-::;::.

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." J h ' : h -Eg

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\ The thickness
"
Eg of the bearing
.~:- u . is measured
... _a_.. _.__
without any
Possible
parts~t into.0,

casing the bedstone

or support.

-
4.3.2.2 • Compression:
..
The mean pressure is defined by:
'., p depending on the checks made to
or O'm= A find the most adverse value

with At = (it - u) b and A = a. b.

u is the tangential shear strain.

Depending on their dimensions rubber bearings can becOme deformed

by elastic instability, which imposes a limit on the mean compressive
stress.

The critical stress is determined by

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772-2
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The value of k depends on the conditions of use of the bearing all( J IIti
dimensions. 81 is the shape coefficient (see 1) below'and 4.3.3.5).

Special case of a reinforced bearing:

1) Under a normal force shear stresses occur at reinforcement levul·

The maximum value of this stress is

~.

t =.1& (, Pc+1.5 PI)

P Si l ab

The shape coefficient;'S is the quotient of the plan area of a s,,,utl

and its laterai surface
ab In the case of a reinforced bourl llU
Si = 2 ti (a + b) the casing is not taken into accanfl'
.

'Maximum stresses develop at the edges of each layer and rno,tt

specifically at the middle of the long edges.
2) In addition, under this normat force the bearing undergoes compu m
sion,' the value of which is given in 4.3.3.4.

4.3.2.3 - Distortion

In this case the stress distribution is uniform.

If tany is the distortion ~ of rubber under a tangential force,H, 1111'

relationship between the stress and transverseG modulus is as followtt

 77'2- 2
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'tH is the shear stress of rubber and 'tH = ~

In general terms therefore
- if the deformation u is ~nown:

U 'tH U
T =G or 'tH = G T
- if the horizontal force is known:

H GU'
'tH= A= T

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and, therefore

He= GA Ue
T

Hs =2GA US /
T

would tlierefore be appropriate to use in

I_ It
below the most adverse value for G in relation to the
purpose envisaged (see also 2.4.2.).

4.3.2.4 - Rotation (reinforced bearing)

When there is a tangential rotation between two adjacent bonded plate$,
tangential stresses are produced,
 772- 2

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The maximum stress is produced at the edges paraller to the axis of

rotation and has the value:

• must take into account tolerances,~~<positioning inacruracies <Xo

which is customarily taken to be _'illian.
... -,
.' The coefficient 1.5 for lana. makes allowance for the fatigue effect
. produced by the rapid variation of vertical vibratory railway loading.

...... .
'~

4.3.3 ·'Regulation~ to be observed in the case of reinforced bearings

/ 4.3.3.1 - Mean pressure:

The mean pressure calculated for service conditions must satisfy the
condition O"m :E; 11 MPa

with/~~;(~i;~{. ;i~~~t_:;~~)/j;)
A higher permissible pressure may be used (without however exceeding
15 MPa) if confirmed by appropriate tests (see Appendix 1, para­
graph 2.1.4.3.)
Bearings currently in use can withstand a mean stress, whose'value lies
between 10 and 12 MPa. The value ofJ3f41lIla;:is generally used.
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4.3.3.2· Non-slip conditions: I

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The following two conditions' must be fulfmed for the most adverse
operating situation in the serviceability state:
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t
 772- 2
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p
1) Om min = A ;<!: 2 MPa

P is here the minimum reaction applied on the bearing.

2) H < fP ; H and P being concomitant.

This inequality shall be checked for all load cases.

Tests have shown that I, the coefficient of friction, is at least equal to:

f = O~12 + 0.2 when the bearing faces in contact

om / with the structure consist of metal

plates,

f == 0.10+ 0.6 when the bearing faces in contact

am with the structure consist of rubber

layers.

Higher values can be obtained by bonding, for example, but these must

be proved, if they are 10 be used.

4.3.3.3· Umitation of distortion (serviceability state).

'tH
tgyc,s = G ~ 0.7

, He Hs

with tH = 'tHe + tHS= A + 2A

4.3.3.4 .. No uplift at the most rightly loaded edge of. the bearing:
The tangents of rotations ac and ex. calculated forthe ultimate state must
satisfy the most adverse of the following conditions (Clc making allo­
wance for the positioning tolerances <Xo):
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1)

Ii amc (theoretical compression

with eic = of the Jayer with index I,
4GsF+ 30'mc not encased, under verti­
calloadi~)

a - ··pc nd S' _ ab (shape coefficient)

mc - A' a I - 2ti (a + b)
I

2) tgac + 1.5 tgas':C 61: 8j

;:' a

with ei=
Ii Om -d::"---"
'"
4GSf+ 30m

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)1.3.3.5· No buckling condition

The value of coefficient k given in 4.3.2.2 is only known for very special
cases (square slabs k. 2/3 approximately). Tests and experience
have shown that the condition O'm';;; (Jerit (am calculated for the ultimate
state) is generally satisfied when

whatever the form of the~b.

Moreover, as imperfections in positior)ing require a minimum rubber

thickness to be specified, compliance with the following conditions is
reoommended:

,
f'

If b < a, b replaces a in the above formulae.

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 772-2
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4.3.3.6 .. Shear stress

The shear stress 't calculated for the serviceability state must comply
with the condition:

'tamust take into account the positioning tolerances.

Considering that u and a can have different signs for slow loads and
rapid loads it is recommended that check is also made for permanent
loading alone. <

In the case of fUlly encased bearings the limit II imposed can be·
increased. depending on the resuHs of tests carried out for the apprQyal
of bearings of that type.

4.3.3.7· Dimensioning of plates:

So as to be able to withstand the tensile forces to which they are
subjected under nolmal loading calculated for the ultimate state, the
'i
_ plates must have a minimum thickness t. .
.,

4.3.4 • Regulations to be observed for non-reinforced bearings

4.3.4.1 .. Mean pressure (serviceabilitY,state)

The mean pressure must comply with the cond~jon O'm < 2GS.

with Om:= Pc+ Ps

A'
 II ....

772-2
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4.3.4.2 - Non-slip (serviceability state)

P a P : minimum reaction on bearing .

1) A' > (1 + b) MPa ;
~L

2) H < f. P

To be checked for all H and P load cases.

f = 0.1; ~'O.6
am
4.3.4.3· Limitation of distortion
. (selViceability state):
. ~

see 4.3.3.3.
.
. 4.3.4.4· No uplift at the most lightly loaded edge of the bearing (ultimate
state)
The tangents of rotation CXc and a. imposed on the bearing must satisfy
the most adverse of the following conditions: ({Xc must take po~itioning
tQI~rances into account):

1) tgClc < 2ec

a

T arne Pc
and Orne = I::
with
·ec = 10GS + 2Gmc

2) tgac + 1.5 tgas < 2e

!
a

with e= TOm

10GS + 2Cim and Cim = Pc A'

+ Ps

4.3.4.5 • No buckling condition:

., see 4.3.3.5 .
 ' ....

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772- 2
·29·
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5 - Installation

5.1 .. PosItioning

This should be such that the bearings support both the vertical and
horizontal forces transmiHed by the deck, at the same time allowing for
movement due to live loads, temperature, shrinkage and creep.

It is possible to accommodate the horizontal forces by means of stops

which are separate' from the bearing plates.

..
The arrangement consisting of positioning two or more bearings one
'Ie
behind the other along the longitudinal centre line of the bridge, in the
same group of bearings, is to be avoided in all circumstances.

Bearings with different dimensions should not be Piaced next to one

another because of their different stiffnesses. However, such an arran­
gement can be accepted, for example on skew bridges, subject to
validation.

5.2 - Levelling

The contact face between the bearing and bedstone must be properly
prepared and, generally, be horizontal, in order to eliminate tangential
forces due to gravity.

When the deck is sloping laterally or'longitudinally, it is generally very

slight (some %0) and is compensated forby the deformation ofthe bearing
itself. If this is notthe case, it is advisable to establish a horizontal bearing
Surface, possibly by varying the thickness of the plate placed between
the upper bear~ng face and the lower face of the beam.
 --r,

772-2
- 30 ­
R

Comments

Sections along the longitudinal centre line of the structure.

Rein.arced concrete structures

Solution 1 (application to end and Intennedlate bearings)
.-:;:-:-----;:--.. _.- ----:--.-:­
~ rt<!

Reinforced 1: . . . ' ,:.' ~ ­

~...
rubber:::r'
pads
,
-.
'\.
•,
. .'1: ;~
.... Concrete
filling

Solution 2 (horlzontallntrados on movable bearing)

r Horizontal faces
movable bearing
, Fixed
- bearing Horizontal
section of
the intrados
~ ,

Other structures

l !
i

Reinforced ~ , Plate
I
~. i. ". ...
~

rubber of varying !
pads !.' . J. '.1 thickness I
~

I
)
l i

772-2
- 31 ­
R

5.3 - limitation of lateral bridge deck movements

When lateral movements due to the distortion of rubber are very large,
it will often be advisable to install a restraining device between the
bearing and the structure to restrict such movements within acceptable
limits.

5.4 .. Antl·creep arrangement

Although resistance to ·Iongitudinal slippage of the bearing against the

bedstone or the structure is theoretically ensured by fridion, it is advi­
sable to prevent such slip by means of an anti-creep arrangement.

As a general rule, this arrangement should not consist of a bond which

would prevent replacement of the bearing.

The arrangement, however, should allow for longitudinal adjustment of

the bearing in certain cases.

In particular in structures where shrinkage or creep are likely to lead to

shortening of the beams producing excessive distortion in the bearings
(especially bridges in prestressed concrete); it is possible to provide for
the possibility of raising the beams after some months to eliminate this
distortion and to reposition the bearings correctly under the beams, after
they have undergone permanent deformation.
 ~I

~~
~;,

772- 2 t:
- 32 ­
R
Plan view
Cross-section
Jacking position
(beams, for example)

i
f
i'

"
r ,.

Jacking position Reinforced

(slabs, for example) rubber
bearing

5.5 • Adjustment I'

~
The same attention is necessary for accuracy in plan and leve. as for 1;.

meta. bearings.
I

~{"

The deck and its bearings (after addition of temporary connections. if

necessary) must be adjusted to final level so that it rests on wedges or
jacks. The bearings are then embedded by suitable means (packings
with cement mortar or resin, grouting, bonding, etc.), after ensuring that
no parasitic movement or rotation remains (release of bearing).

It is particularly important that the two faces of the bearing are parallel
(or conform with the calculation condition.s and installation tolerances).

In the case of very large bearings, it may be appropriate to provide a

bearing plate in steel plate of 20 mm minimum thickness levelled-in on
a mortar b~d.
ii,
it'.
ti\
{.. '~

r'
t:.

i
j;'"

I
 772- 2
- 33 .
R

6 • Inspection, maintenance and replacement

6.1 .. lnspectlon

Inspection should consist of:

checking the proper function ofthe bearings (absence of creep, jamming,

abnormal or irregular deformation,loss of bo'nding, detachment of plates
from the rubber),
.
behaviour with,time: absence 'of cracks or deterioration due to oxidation
(especially in the case of bearings with no outer rubber covering),
I
I the cleanliness of the bearings and their immediate surrounding. Parti-
I cular care must be taken to prevent contact wHh grease, oil, petrol, etc.

6.2 - Maintenance

Where appropriate:
1) maintenance is applied to the visible parts of the steel plates (special
paint),
2) bearings are released (elimination of abnormal distortion and rota­
tion) after ensuring that this is feasible and does no harm.

6.3 - Replacement

This must atways be provided for. If nis not possible to raise the deck

externaUy, jacking pockets must beprovided near each bearing to allow

for easy removal and replacement.

"

~.
v"
I
 .

a:Jueld~:Je 'IOJluo:J 'SIS8.L

.) .

I XfON3ddV

H
?'-ZLl
 1

• 772 .. 2
- 37­
R
APPENDIX 1

Contents

1 • General
1.1 • Range of validity
1.2· Purpose of the appendix

2 • Approval tests for bearings

2.1 - Static tests

2.2 - Fatigue tests
.;

.-" c 2.3 • Checking of cold temperature properties

.'. 3 - Manufacturing quality control

4 - Acceptance of bearings

;;

7 7'2 - 2
* ·39·
R
APPENDIX 1

1 • General

1.1 • Range of validity

This appendix, like the leaflet itself, appUes ·only to those types of
bearings in the form of a parallelepiped, rectangular in plan, containing
one or several layers of rubber (natural or synthetic).

Bearings formed by simple stacking of separate bearing pads are not

permitted.

When the types of bearing or the properties of the materials proposed

differ from those which were investigated by the ORE 060 Specialists'
0; Committee (1). it may be necessary to consider other conditions of
approval, acceptance and use from those given in this Code.

1.2 - Purpose of the appendix

This appendix covers:
- approval conditions for the bearings,
- examinations and tests for the acceptance of these bearings.

2 - Approval tests for bearings

The types of bearings involving the use of rubber must be the subject of
prior approval by the railway. This approval with be granted after tests
similar to those carried out by the ORE 060 Specialists' Committee. with
additions. where necessary. depending on the proposed characteristics.
Particular attention is drawn to the need for carrying out stringent tests
at the extreme temperatures to which the bearings will be subjected.
..
(1) Office for Research and Experiments of the International Union of Railways.
,.;
 772 .. 2
·40 ­
R
APPENDIX 1

Attention is drawn to the fact that the following tests at feast must be
carried out to obtain approval:

2.1 .. Static tests

2.1.1 - Determination of the mechanical characteristics of the materials

used in the various bearing types to be designed (rubber, steel for the
reinforcement of Gearings) as well as the chemical composnion of the . .
rubber.

2.1.2 .. Determination of the residual deformation of the rubber after

. . L

comp~ession (according fu·,SOIDIS standard 6446).

-2.1.3· Checking the resistance of the rubber to be used inthe various

bearings for the prevailing conaltions:
.­
,J.

2.1.3.1 .. Resistance to ozone in accordance with 1501015 standard 6446

(specification of the ozone concentration).

,
. I

2.1.3.2 .. Accelerated aging in accordance with ISOIDIS standard 6446.

\/1.1.3.3 .. Resistance in low temperature in accordance with lSOjDIS

standard 6446 (need to choose from 5 categories defined in .the stan­
dard); depending on the requirements of the railway, either the brittle test
in low temperature or the hardness test in tow temperature, or measure­
I

ment of the residual deformation after compression in low temperature

may be performed.

2.1.4 • Determination of the mechanical characteristics of various speci­

men bearings:

2.1.4.1 .. Determination of the stress - vertical deformation diagram

~ This is carried out sirrultaneously on two bearings sandwiched between

three concrete slabs.
i
 772-2
- 41 .
R
- APPENDIX 1

."

Loading must take place in stages at a rate not exceeding 20 kN per

minute. The deformation is measured with gauges arranged at the four

comers of each bearing.

The lest must be continued up to the limit stress am max specified by the
railway. -~

The test is then repeated.

The vertical stress-strain diagram is plotted during the second load

application. The depression of the bearing is recorded between. the

minimum pressure am min corresponding to the loading of the bearing

and the load limit am max referred to above. The pressure am min must·
not be less than 2 MPa (no-slip pressure).

The test is considered to be satisfactory, if the values obtained do not

differ from the value laid down by more than 20 0/0.
t
f
~
,t
)

\
 772-2
- 42··
R
APPENDIX 1

2.1.4.2 • Measurement of shear modulus G

The G modulus is determined wnh the equipment and bearings used for
the compression test described in 2.1.4.1. The upper and lower slabs
are fixed securely at the sides to the frame of the press, while a horizontal
force is applied to the centre plate.

The prevent slim>ing of the bearing a constant vertical load of 5 MPa is

applied. . ..

.,.
;.
, p

.~
1
:.~--
\'
"
2H
..
t
~/

The horizontal force is applied in stages and the corresponding horizontal

distortion is measured for each stage. The test must be continued until
a slip angle y corresponding to tgy =0.9 is obtained. The rate of loading
must not exceed 10 kN per minute.

The test is carried out twice and the modulus G is determined from the
second load application. Since the horizontal stress-strain diagram is
generally non-linear in its lowerpart, the modulus Gis usuaUy determined
in the section between y =15 0 and y =30 0 , where y is the shear angle
of the bearing..
•

,..

772 - 2
- 43 ­
R
APPENDIX 1

Modulus G is calculated from the following equation:

't
G=­
t91
in which 't = ~ and lGY = ~
with

H = horizontal force

A == area of the ~aring

u = horizontal distortion

. T = clear height of the b~aring, i.e. total height of the bearing reduced
by the thicknes~ of the steel plates.

The test is considered to be satisfactory if the values of G obtained do

not differ from the value laid down by more than 15 0/0.

tg ,

; tg 15° tg 30° 0.9

(0.26795) (0.57735)
 .,

772-2
- 44 ­
R
APPENDIX 1

2.1.4.3 - Determination of breaking in compression

The breaking strength in compression is.determined by armlY-ing ~~~d

(in compression) in stages, on a test piece measuring. 1QO _~.•Lqg_.!'1m:. .

The test piece is placed directly between the plates of the test apparatus.
~he rate of loading must not exceed 200 kN per minute (breaking occurs

.. of the steel plates. which gives rise to a markedly

generally by fcUlure
audible noise).
, The breaking strength ITKJst not be less than six times the working stress
O'm laid down for the be~nng and eight times as much, jf O'm lies between
11 and 15 MPa. ;:.

2.1.4.4 - Test of the bond between the rubber and the plates

To check the bond between the rubber and the plates. or between the
plates, following the test described in 2.1.4.2, the load P is increased
,.nUl a pressure. of 10 MPa is obtained and,the horizontal force is
increased until deformation corresponds to tarry = 2..0.
\

The test load must not cause any bond failure.

These lests may be replaced, however, by breaking strength tests on

specimens with smaller dimensions taken either from the edge or from
the centre of the bearing. Fracture should occur with a unit shear stress
of:
A
't > (1 + 100) G

(A being the elongation at fracture ,expressed as 0/0).

Any permanent deformation resuHing from this test should not be consi­
.
dered as a cause for rejection.
\/

772-2
- 45 ­
R
APPENDIX 1

2.1.4.5 - Other tests

If required by the railway, additional tests may be carried out, such as:
relaxat~on in distortion, creep in compressi9!1.

~ • Fatigue tes.!~.
2..2.. 1 • Pulsating vertical load test with constant shear angle {tarry = 0.. 9}.

The procedure is as follows:

.. \
,0 - Static tests before dynamic tests to measure E and G I

. - Dynamic tests: .
,.
• application of compressive force of 5 MPa,
• application of shear force (2 H) equal to tarry =0.9,
• application of adynamic compressive force varying between 5 MPa
, and 10 MPa (frequency of the order of 3 Hz) up to 2 miUioncycles.

2.2.2 - Pulsating shear angle test with constant vertical load.

The procedure is as follows:

- Static tests to measure E and G,

- Dynamic tests:

• application of a constant compressive force (50 MPaL

.. application of a dynamic shear force, which will provide a variation
.... ~
of tarry from ± 0.35 (f AI 3 Hz) up to 2 million cycles.
"" .

;: .... 2.2.3· Results to be achieved: to be determined by the railway.

,;
 ......... ,

772-2
- 46 ­
R
APPENDIX 1

~~3 - Checking of low temperature properties

low temperature tests: after exposure of the bearing specimens to low
temperature (such as - 10 °C, - 25°C or - 40 °C depending on the
requirements of the railway) for 48 hours, G is measured which must
t

not have increased by more than x %1!0 be determined by the rail"!!y).

3 - Manufacturing quality control .

The supplier shall give notice to the railway in writing as to which tests
wilt be carried out during manufacture (type and frequency of tests) so
as to ensure that production closely observes the conditions specified
for the acceptance tests. "Furthermore,the supplier should undertake to
inform the railWay (or the inspecting authority appointed by it) -of the
results of all these tests.

The railway's inspectors may be present at the tests carried out by the
supplier. They may check whether a production batchseJected by them
cO~forms with the values guaranteed by the supplier for the approved
type of bearing.

4 - Acceptance of bearings
Inspection will be by sampling of the supplies when received. Each
railway ;s permitted to choose the percentage of bearings to be checked.

Each bearing shall be checked:

- by visual inspection,
- by inspection of the dimensions (Appendix 2 specifies the dimensional
tolerances),
- by measuring the modulus G (see 2.1.4.2),
• - by inspection of the bond between rubber and.plates (see 2.1.4.4).
..... ;

sa:>ueJaIOI,euo!SUaWIO

ZXION3ddV

l:f
?'-?'ll
 772 - 2
- 49 ­
R
APPENDIX 2

Contents

1 - Plan dimensions

2 - Thicknesses
01"

2.1 - Thickness tolerances for a single layer

2.2 - Tolerances in the I~tallhickness h of the bearing

2.3 ~ Tolerances on Ihgfhickness ts of each plate

I
 772- 2
- 51 ­
R
APPENDIX 2

1 - Plan dimensions

Tolerances on length and width: - 0, + 5 mm.

2 - Thicknesses

2.1 - Thickness tolerances for a single layer

.
Value at any point == nominal value + 10 %.

These tolerances may be allowed for a single layer but not cumulatively.

2..2 • Tolerances on the total thickness h of the bearing

10< h :s;; 30 mm: ± 1mm

30< h E' 50 mm: ± 1.2 mm
50< h Et 80 mm: ± 1.5 mm
80 < h Et 120 mm: ± 1.B mm
h > 120 mm: ± 1.5 % .

The thickness at anyone point must confoon with these tolerances in

relation to the nominal thickness.

2.3 .. Tolerances on the thickness ta of each plate

Tolerances fixed by the corresponding national standards for steel

plates.

iii
 6u!Jeaq JsqqnJ PS:JJOjU!SJ e jO

s,dwexa ufi!saa

&XION3ddtl

- (9­

j
1, .
 772-2
- 55 ­
R
APPENDIX 3

Contents

Conditions

A - Mean pressure - Serviceability state

B - No sUp - Serviceability state

a) Slo~ loads
b) Rapid loads

C - Limitation of distortion - Serviceability state

o- No uplift al the edge with the least load - Fracture state

E - No buckling

F - Shear .. Serviceability state

G - Strength of plates. - Fracture state

H - Final choice of solution

 z ~

772-2
. 57·
R
APPENDIX 3

Design calculations of a reinforced rubber bearing

satisfying the following conditions:

- Slow loads: Pc = 60 000 daN

tanac = - 0.5 X 10-3
UC = 1 cm

- Rapid loads: Ps :;; 40 000 daN

tanas = + 0.3 X 10-3
Us - O.Scm

- Width of bearing:
52 em
- Quality of rubber:
G = 1.1 MPa
- Outer metal plates
.
(
~

- Coefficient of dynamic enhancement:

<1»= 1.15

- Partial load safety factors:

• Serviceability state: own weight 1.0

temperature, creep 1.0
UIC load diagram 1.0
• Ultimate state: own weight (concrete) 1.2
temperature, creep 1.0
relief effect (own weight) 0.9
UIC load diagram 1.2
- Partial strength safety factor i~
r
f
• Fracture state for steel
1.2
- Yield strength of steel

I
t
240 MPa
,
!
"
.
- Tensile strength of steel 420 MPa

:­
•
 ...
.

.r

• 772-2
- 57 ­
R
APPENDIX 3

Design calculations of 8 reinforced rubber bearing

satisfying the following conditions:

- Slow loads: Pc :II 60 000 daN

tanac :II - 0.5 x 10-3

uc :II 1 em

- Rapid loads: Ps == 40 000 daN

tana, == + 0.3 X 10-3

Us - O.Scm

- Width of bearing: 52 em
••
- Quality of rubber: G == 1.1 MPa

- Outer metal plates

- Coefficient ofdynamic enhancement: <ll= 1.15

- Partial load safety factors:
• Serviceability state: own weight 1.0··
temperature, creep 1.0
UtC Joad diagram 1.0

• Ultimate state: own weight (concrete) 1.2

temperature. creep 1.0
relief effect (own weight) 0_9
UIC load diagram 1..2

.. - Partial strength safety factor

II

• Fracture state for steel 1.2

. ~

- Yield strength of steel 240 MPa

.,

- Tensile strength of steel 420 MPa

 Ill·

772-2
- 58·
R
APPENDIX 3

A· Mean pressure· Serviceability state (4.3.3.1)

p = 60 000 + 1.15 x 40000 = 106000 daN

.U = Uc + Us =- 1.5 em

Om - b (:-;.u) ... 11 MPa - 110 daN I cot

a = 106 000 =- 110

m 5? (a - 1.5)... .

~ __
or a - 1.5 -- 106000
.. ~ _ = 18.6 em

a:a= 20.1 em

Ifu is unknown we introduce provisionaJly u - E'

, 4a
.' or a-u = ""5

4a

henee 5" ;;J!! 18.6 em

a ~ 23.2 em

We shall use a = 25 em for the following ealwlations.

B • No slip· ServlceabflHy state (4.3.3.2)

1) Pmini = Pc = 60 000 daN >.

"

A = a x b =' 25 x 52 = 1 300 cm 2

t,~
F~'!
f.J~
Lil
 y

772-2
- 59­
A
APPENDIX 3

60000
am = 1300 = 46.1 daNlcm2 or 4.6 MPa
4.6 MPa > 2 MPa

Condition verified.

·2) H < f P

External metal plates:

f = 0.12 + 0.2
(Jm

p
am= ­A

or H < (0.12 + O.;A) P

H < 0.12 P + 0.2 A ;

with GA ~ = H

orGA ~ < 0.12 P + 0.2A and'

T> GA. u
0.12 P + 0.2 A
t
(0.2 in MPa)

a) Slow loads

GA • .Uc
T> O.12Pc + 0.2 A ~,

~
Ii
 \f.
l
r·
•
772-2
·60 ­ ~. I

R-..
APPENDIX 3

or in appropriate units

I > 11 x 25 .)( -- ...

"X. 1

~
,,?
0.12 x 60000 + 2 x 25 x 52 = 1.46 em

b) Rapid loads

T> GA Ue + ,~ GA US
0.12 P + '0.2 A

t T >GA (Ue+ 2 us)

0.12 P+ 0.2 A
.
.... ~ .

with P = Pc + ~Ps =60 000 + 1.15 x 40000 = 106 000 daN

11 x 25 x 52 (1 + 2 x 0.5) _

T> 0.12 x 106 000 + 2 x 25 x 52 - 1-.87 em

.
C -limitation of distortion .. Serviceability state (4.3.3.3)
,
'tH ~ 0.7
G

with 'tH = G ~

'tH := 'tHe + 'tHs

or 'tH = G ~ + G ~ = G (Ue + US)

'tH Uc + Us E; 0.7
"(3= T

Ue + Us _ 1 + 0.5 = 2. 14 em

T;;, 0.7 - 0.7

.
T;;, 2.14 em
..
•
772-2

- 61 ­
R
APPENDIX 3

Considering the two vaUdations above we shall dimension the" bearing

as follows, a = 25 cm, b = 52 cm, T = 2.4 cm and we check that the
following ·conditions are fulfilled (T = 2.4 cm. first thickness available
> 2.2 cm).

D· No
uplift at the edge wHh the least load fracture state (4.3.3.4)

Pc = 1.2 x 60000 = 72 000 daN

Ps = 1.2 x 1.15 x 4Q 000 = 55 200 daN

1) Calculation of S;
of

ab

Si = 2 ti (a + b)

S; = 25 x 52 =i 8.44

2 ti (25 + 52) ti

According to the available thicknesses of the elementary layers:

ti = 2.4 cm Si = 3.51
ti = 1.2 cm Si = 7.03
ti = 0.8 cm Si = 10.55

2) This condition shall be checked, a priori, with a stiffer bearing consis- .

ting of three B mm elementary layers (T = El; = 3 x O.B =2.4 cm). If
it is confirmed for this case. it will also be so forthe 2 other possibilities
(1 layer of 2.4 or 2 of 1.2 cm each).

t a) Itgac I < SI.eic

a

.
 ---·'l

772-2
- 62­
R
APPENDIX 3

~ Orne

eie= 2

4 G5j + 30me

tgac must include the positioning tolerances

<Xc =, tgao = ± 3 x 10-3 ,

. ­

or tgae = 1.2-'(..... 3 x 10.3 - 0.5 X 10~3) = - 4.2 X 10-3

I
Fracture state
-.­
72000 ' .
x 2

arn~ = 25 52 = 55.3.8 daN/em = 5.54 MPa

eie = 0.8 x 5 54 = 0..00875 em

2
4 x 1.1 x 10.55 + 3 x 5.54
~,

Ieie = 3 x 0.00875 = 0.02625 em

',--4.2 x 10-3 / .< 6 x ~~2625 = 6.3 x 10-3

Condition verified.

b) Itga.c + 1.5 tgac I < GEei

a
~crm
ei= 2

4GSj + 30m

tgac = 1.2 x 3 ?< 10-3 - 0.9 x 0.5.x 10-3 = 3.15 X 10-3

i i

Ultimate state Relief effect

tgas = 1.2 x 3.x 10-3 = 3.6 x 10-3

--
tgQc + 1.5 19as'= 8.55 x 10-3

~~
~
i>-'

I
 l, J

772-2
- 63­
R
APPENDIX 3
it

am =
72000 + 55200 = 97.85 daN/em2
25x 52 .
= 9.8 MPa

0.8 X9.8 = 0.015 em

ej= 4 x 1.1 x 10.552 + 3 x 9.8

Ui =0.015 x 3 =0.045 em
18.55 x 10-31.< 6 X_~045 = 10:8 x 10-3
~ ';
Condition verified. .

-'I
. !

The three possible bearings th,erefore satisfr this condition.

E .. No buckling (4.3.3.5)

T=2.4em
a ='25 em
all 0 s= 2.5 em - 815 = 5 em
a
-=T<-
a b
10 ~ r
i
l
We consider that this condition is satisfied.
Ir
I
F - Shear - Serviceability state (4.3.3.6)

tp + tH + ta < 5G

1) t = 1.5. Pc + 1.5 P s
P S; a. b
..

,!

J
f.
[
 .,

772·2
- 64 ­
R
APPENDIX 3

1: = 1.5• 60000 + 1.5 x 1.15 x 40000 = 148.8 daN/cm2

p Si 25 X 52 Si

= 14.9 MPa
. Si.

2) 'tH = G (Uc:.+ Us) = 1.1_X.1.5 = 0.69 MPa

Ga2 .
j' '3) 1:a = 2 T ti (tgUc + 1.5 tgas)

1.1 X 252 .,:\

- 2 X 2.4 x tt (3 - 0.5 + 1.5 x 3) 10-3

= 1.0 MP
ti a

or' t = 14.9 + 0.69 + 1.0 MPa

Si ·Ii
'If Ii = 2.4 and Si = 3.51. 't =4.24 + 0.69 + 0.41 = 5.35 MPa
If ti =1.2 el Si = 7.03, 't = 2.11 + 0.69 + 0.83 == 3.64 MPa
If Ii = 0.8 et Si = 10.55 t 't = 1.41 + 0.69 + 1.25 == 3.35 MPa

In the 3 cases we have 't < 5 G = 5.5 MPa.

Condition verified.

G· Strength of plates • Fracture state (4.3.3.7)

~~
ts
Si • aa .. . "(s

O'm

am = 9.8 MPa

i:..•. . .
'

-; ..
 1

772- 2
- 65­
R
APPENDIX 3

t ;;. 25 9.8i1'2)= 0.7

s S·,'/42o:B
, "
"---..-_/
S· I
If Ii = 2.4, Is -= 0.19cm == 2 mm
If Ii = 1.2t ts -= 0.09 cm = 1 mm
If ti = O.B. Is -= 0.06 em
In all cases we seJect intermediate plates with a minimum thickness of
Is = 2 mm.

Exterior plates 1 mm.

H .. Final choice of solution

The three types of bearing designed are suitable. •

However, we shall select .the one composed of three 8 mm elementary

layers, which offers the greatest margin of safety against shearing.

25 x 52 x 3 (8 + 2)

ts/2 =- 1 mm
tj = B mm
ts ;;;: 2 mm
ti = 8 mm
ts ;;;: 2 mm
t- ;;;: 8 mm
' , { { ( t-ffr'fti J
ts/2 == 1 mm

Total height of bearing h = 30 mm

f.­'~
I
~ \

hi
:'<'"4
J
 .,.

..
•

772-2
- 67­
R

Application

AU UIC railways.

Record references

\ ! .....

, . __l::JJladfng under which the question has been dealt with:

Point 6.4 • Leaflet n2-2 "Code for the use of rubber bearings for rail
bridges". I '

($ub-CommiUee tJ for Bridges: Paris, january 1989).

II'>

,j

....

.....
...