RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND

EDUCATIONAL STATISTICS
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Unit 21: Hypotheses: Concepts, Characteristics and Sources Unit 21: Hypotheses: Concepts, Characteristics and Sources of
Notes
ISI
Objectives
Introduction
21.1 Meanings and Structure of Hypotheses
21.2 Types of Hypotheses
21.3 Importance or Purpose of Hypothesis
21.4 Sources or Elements of Hypotheses
21.5 Evaluation of Hypotheses
21.6 Summary
21.7 Keywords
21.8 Review Questions
21.9 Further Reading Objectives
After studying this unit, students will be able to:
• Understand the meaning and structure of hypotheses • Understand the types of hypotheses, goals and interests • Understanding
the source or element of the hypothesis • Understanding hypothesis evaluation. Introduction
After the final decision on the problem of the research process their solution starts means data collection begins, but before
starting data collection it is necessary to determine which direction to proceed. Formulas are given in hypotheses formulated by
researchers on the basis of their knowledge with learning, imagination and creativity.
In the absence of a hypothesis he had to wander here and there and his time and strength would be consumed. Therefore all
researchers acknowledge that wherever possible, the beginning of research must be carried out from the hypothesis because in
Wann Dalen's words "Hypotheses work as lighthouses on the research path."
21.1 Meanings and Structures of Hypotheses When a problem arises, he thinks of a solution. As a result, the steps in his mind are
the solution to a problem that might occur. This is another problem which is then
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Educational and Statistical Research Methodologies
Notes
on it are proven to be true or false. For example, a student is declared a failure again and again in the test. What was the reason,
to find out that for the research he was handed over to a psychologist. For problem solving psychologists, the cause is a failure
hypothesis. Maybe he lacked intelligence, he was weak in learning, maybe he became sick during the test, maybe he was not
interested in learning, etc., A number of hypotheses might be possible. Between this, right and wrong. If the solution is present in
the format of the question (as the reason why students fail again and again) then this hypothesis can be a possible answer to that
question, but this is the starting point of the research process.
Note In Townsands words "The hypothesis is the projected answer to the problem".
"Parikalpna" is a Hindi translation of the English hypothesis word, which means that such a thesis is hypo. In the words of
Hodnet, the hypothesis is the eyes of the researcher with whom he peers into unsystematic facts and finds their solutions. Waan
Dalen according to; solution to the problem of researcher hypotheses or about answers to problematic questions that are smart
guesses. He considers the hypothesis as a solution to a problem which is only in the form of suggestion. Karligar assumes that a
hypothesis is an imaginary statement about the relationship between two or more variables. As academic achievement
"intelligence affects boys" ". This is a hypothesis. In this case between achievement and intelligence, a special type of
relationship has been imagined.
When any problem occurs in front of someone and he tries to find a solution, he first imagines based on knowledge, experience,
research, and so on that will be the solution for that. Just like when he tries to answer any question, then first assume that what
will be their answer. He presents possible solutions, possible answers in the format of generalization and after that is tested that
how they are time. There are generalizations called hypotheses. Likewise the hypothesis in Best (1977) Words, "Inferences such
as those formulated for an explanation of objectivity, incidents and circumstances are carried out temporarily, and which help to
continue the research work means later if it is verified then the solution to the problem is and the position removed". In our daily
lives there are solutions to problems (eg hypothesis formation and then their tests) carried out equally.
The light bulb in the room was suddenly put out, people immediately asked themselves "what happened" the problem occurred.
Solution to the problem to get this answer is formulated one by one hypothesis and test it. In the last status cleared first, doing
guesses means formulating the "Probabilly electricity cut out from sources" hypothesis. After exiting the watch outside the house
and finding that all home electricity supplies continued. So this hypothesis "Fuse from my own home hasn't been damaged".
After the cut was cut he tested it and found that there were no disturbances in it. This hypothesis is proven wrong. Then he made
another third hypothesis. "Maybe the bulb hasn't merged. After testing the bulb he found the bulb fused. This hypothesis proves
that the bulb has fused and the whole situation is clear to solve all problems. Some processes are followed and in that hypothesis
(conclusions, answers and possible solutions) play an important role. The hypothesis is also a special and scientific process for
solving problems. So in the research two hypotheses have an important role.
What is known, is that 'what is' 'why' about this conclusion is a hypothesis.
21.2 Types of Hypotheses Applied user scientists in the research process are a number of types of hypotheses. Various authors
describe it with various types. It has been explained in detail in the future.
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Classification
Goodand Hatt Good and Hatt (1952) have mentioned three types of hypotheses. He classifies it based on this which is stated in
the hypothesis, what is the level of obstruction? If the level of research is high, the level of the hypothesis will also be high. This
depends on how abstraction extends the conclusions and generalizations of research. With this approach, the hypothesis consists
of three types -
the lowest level (i)
Higher level (ii)
The highest level (iii)
(i) The lowest hypothesis level: This type of hypothesis is only found at the lowest level and they only explain some empirical
uniformity. They are in the form of guesses and ordinary statements. Because eleven-year-old boys are very sensitive, the
average level of intelligence of eighth grade students is between 90-100, underdeveloped socio-economic conditions in India are
not satisfactory, etc. This is a low-level research hypothesis.
(ii) Higher level of hypothesis: From the concept of a higher level hypothesis, higher is based on reciprocity. At this suitable
level. This is a vested in match express abstract concept. The purpose of this type of hypothesis research is a broad study of
incidents.
Example As a result of the rapid physical changes an eleven-year-old boy is the most
sensitive.
In this hypothesis the aim of the study is not only to know that this boy is sensitive or not, but also further to know that their
sensitivity causes rapid physical changes. So this hypothesis is no longer a low level to be complicated.
(iii) The highest hypothesis level: At the hypothesis level the highest level of abstract thinking is vested. So the level of this
hypothesis is the most complicated. The first and second level hypotheses are related to, "what" is the third level (highest)
hypothesis related to "why". On the basis of theory and law the highest level is evaluated. For example, to guess that why and
how physical change is the cause of sensitivity, it will give the highest level of physical change and the sensitivity of hypotheses
associated with interrelated empirical uniformity will examine relationships that are other chain links. In this case the level of
thought will be the most abstract. The research complexity will be too much. This type of hypothesis formulation will depend on
creative capacity and high level of imagination in research.
How hypothesis statements have been made from this point of view they are of two types. These are— (i) Forms of questions and
(ii) Forms declared
(i) Forms of hypothesis questions in the format of questions, as - Does the home environment affect the psychological
development of boys? Some researchers like the format of hypothesis questions.
(ii) The declared hypothesis is in the form of affirmation. In one fact, the alleged declaration. These facts are in the form of each
true event position or about a variable 'reciprocal relationship. This is a very simple statement because the home environment
influences the psychological development of boys. Most researchers present their statements in this format.
There is no difference between these two forms. The only difference is writing and giving statements.
From the hypothesis another approach has been divided into two categories - (i) Experimental hypothesis and (ii) Statistical
hypothesis
(i) Experimental hypothesis called substantive hypothesis, scientific hypothesis, research hypothesis, operational hypothesis
general hypothesis, empirical or alternative. This can be expressed in two forms - Forms of questions and forms that are stated as
consequences can be of any level - low, higher, highest.
Unit 21: Hypotheses: Concepts, Characteristics and Sources of
Notes
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Educational and Statistical Research Methodology
Notes
(ii) The statistical hypothesis is called the null hypothesis, the elimination hypothesis or the null hypothesis. Testing the
experimental hypothesis cannot be done on the basis of self. Therefore it must change in the form of statistics to do the test
indirectly. The statistical hypothesis is tested by statistical methods. In this test the experimental hypothesis was accepted. For
example "The home environment affects self-concept". This experimental hypothesis turns into a statistical hypothesis that will
be expressed because "The home environment does not affect the self-concept of boys".
From other approaches, statistics and experimental hypotheses are in two types— (i) Directional and (ii) the non-direction
direction of the
Hypothesis is also called the hypothesis one. There the group that is proportional to the difference is determined to mean that one
group means the second group means up and down which side of the random curve takes, it is directed. In this case only one side
of the normal probability is used because the academic achievement of a boy is better than the achievement of the girl who set it
first - The two changes are the null hypothesis "The academic achievement of boys is not much better than the academic
achievement of girls " testing the mean of the academic achievement of the girl's hypothesis will be blocked in the middle of the
normal probability curve and the average boy is on the right. The difference will only be one side of the curve.
The non-direction hypothesis is called the two-sided hypothesis too. In the average difference this group will be taken only one
end of the curve, as not mentioned. This difference lies on both sides of the curve meaning the direction of difference is not
stated. As "There is a difference between the intelligence of boys and girls". (Statistics "there is no difference) In this hypothesis
it is not stated that every intelligence means less or more than other groups" just to observe that difference or not. If the
intelligence of a boy means to be at the center of a normal probability curve, then the mean of the girl from the center of the
curve on both sides. If a boy is less than average then the left side and if more than the right side. The surprising side is,
differences will occur. This must be tested. Therefore this type of hypothesis is called a two-way or non-directional hypothesis.
Only to write a hypothesis statement that it is directional or non-directional. In non-directional "Difference is" or "differences
not" users of these words but in the direction of "less", "far", "superior", "good", "bad", etc. Words like that are used.
Do you know? The word 'Parikalpana' is a Hindi translation of 'Hypothesis'.
21.3 Importance or Purpose of Hypotheses In the research hypothesis' has an important role, carving out a number of objectives
fulfills that medium.
The researcher's view is that where there might be research that must be taken the help of hypotheses, but that does not mean that
without hypothesis research it cannot be done. According to Karligar without a hypothesis, research is also possible. According
to him, especially in exploratory research, hypotheses cannot be avoided, but in modern science it is not possible. Waan Dalen's
view is that in studies where the causal relationship aims, the hypothesis is very necessary. If the purpose is to describe the status
of any event at this time, there are many needs, although there may also be researchers to find the hypothesis of the appropriate
scope of the study. Even in the early stages of research whenever problems are not at the exploration stage. Hallway statement
too in such research whose purpose is only for data collection, because the hypothesis is not needed. Historical research,
descriptive research, legal research, documentary research, bibliographic research, etc. the possibility of using hypotheses is
nominal, rather than in some cases this research can also be so, where the use of hypotheses has proved useful. This field study is
generally based on inductive logic
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systems. So in that study it does not start from a hypothesis that is somewhat resolved by the hypothesis. Beacon has given a
challenge to impose hypotheses in research whose statements are hypotheses resulting in bias and prejudice in researchers, by
objectivity of research being lacking, but there seems to be no justification in them.
In fact the hypothesis is very important in research. There are a number of advantages.
Mouli 1., "According to the hypothesis clarifying the direction of research. As a result, researchers did not roam there and there.
He can avoid gathering facts and unnecessary information. He did not kill his time in studying literature that did not bear fruit
because the hypothesis determined to avoid what kind of facts should be collected and what to learn in which book. "So,
according to the hypothesis Waan Dalen works like a pool between research problems and sorting solutions. This explains the
limitations of what problems are significant and what is not, it can also be determined by the hypothesis. As a result, which facts
and evidence were collected how to show they were classified, also clarified the wine hypothesis, their composition and analysis
can be done. Which variable is held in the hypothesis only to know about it. Thus, research saves a lot of time money and power.
The research hypothesis can also be clarified that how research methods should be used 2. for research design. Which type of
relation assumes the hypothesis for testing the appropriate design is chosen. A number of data collection designs, and their
analysis as pre and post testing, controlled group design is available. Which of them will be more suitable depends on what the
hypothesis is. Likewise a number of data methods depend on the selection of hypotheses as well. The hypothesis shows that data
will be collected by who the person, place and type of Psychological tests are. From this point of view the hypothesis has
enormous importance in the field of research.
The hypothesis presents the framework also, where as a result of problem solving 3. conclusions are set. As an example. This
study of problematic behavior of boys is then chosen for the causal factors of the hypothesis, what is tested it and on that
framework. Problematic behavior will be explained. No question arises beyond that. Therefore to explain the problem in an
objective form, the hypothesis is very helpful in presenting the results of the study significantly getting a lot of help from it.
Example When we see a figure, all images apply in the brain in the same way,
conclusions based on hypotheses are exported collectively.
There are a number of aspects of the problem whose studies are very important and important but the four cannot be studied
together. Which aspects must be studied or taken place, they are cleared from the hypothesis. Thus the hypothesis is a path that
shows where it will arrive. Karligar compared research with scientific games and said that like players, research "first chance and
after that roll the dice. First throw the dice and then take changes, not like that. After data collection, opportunities cannot be
changed.
The hypothesis is not the end point of knowledge creation. Testing the new hypothesis gives 5. another birth, the third second
test. Like the waves of the ocean then push each other forward as a result of a wide range of knowledge. Each research
hypothesis shows towards the next hypothesis. Self-Assessment
Fill in the blank:
According to Waan Dalen, the hypothesis on path ............... is successful. 1.
Unit 21: Hypotheses: Concepts, Characteristics and Sources of
Notes
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Educational and Statistical Research Methodology
Note
2. Research is also specific to solving problems ............ process. 3. Low hypothesis ............ found at the research level. 4. High
hypothesis ............ based on reciprocity. 21.4 Sources or Elements of Hypothesis Hypotheses The hypothesis is as tough as the
selection of the problem and the source of the hypothesis elements is the same as the selection of the problem. There is no fixed
method or formula for the formulation of hypotheses such as the selection of problems, but several important conditions,
conditions, and grounds that help in this work. This is called acid from the formulation of hypotheses or elements or auxiliary
factors.
1. Researcher's knowledge and experience: All three are very helpful in hypothesis formation. Not only learning the subject
alone, but also other subject studies are very useful. From interdisciplinary studies developing new ideas, increasing knowledge
as a result of that problem-based variable.
It seems that the relationship is new, which sometimes gives rise to appropriate hypotheses on the basis of intensive and
extensive studies, only researchers can know that how much and what type of study for the subject specified studies have been
carried out so far, how they have been tested under the hypothesis, what kind of mistakes , which is a new direction, in which
direction the attention of researchers has not disappeared so far. In hypothesis-based variables which are theoretical conceptions,
after learning that knowledge of their operational definitions is obtained. On the basis of the related variable, the formulation of
the hypothesis gets help. Within the framework of researchers, researchers will have that much knowledge about their concepts
about it. He must be able to form hypotheses as logical and important.
Sometimes apart from the subject itself, learning other subjects is very useful about this. In the fields of education, psychology
and sociology, many concepts have been taken from other fields and on that basis in this field, the formulation of a completely
new hypothesis model has been tested. For example Kurt Lewin for an explanation of the formulation of human behavior from
the hypothesis and testing them based on the concept of forced physics. Such as user control of Feed-Back rule behavior has been
taken from the thermo state technique. Thus this completely new type of insight was developed through extensive and intensive
studies. Thus the background of researchers' knowledge is an important source of suitable and superior hypotheses.
The role of the researcher's own experience is no less important about this. Events that occur in society, living conditions,
behavior of people, works of institutions, goals, work processes and constantly changing are political, social and economic as
extensive experience that will be owned by researchers, it will have accuracy, significance, and fit . hypothesis formulation. This
experience them in clarifying many problem based variables and various types of relationships helping reseacher's. Among these
new and fundamental hypotheses apply.
If the research knowledge and experience of a researcher is very intensive, it is not possible for him to find new relationships
from problem-based variables and the formulation of fundamental hypotheses.
2. Mental Caliber Researcher: This is also a source of higher level hypothesis formulation. Studies, knowledge and experience in
themselves are unable to form hypotheses, but at the level of their mental manipulation or at the mental level of their explanation,
the composition of rationalization, etc., is important. The birth of a person for that hypothesis is with mental training like that.
Creative abilities of researchers play a major role in creative thinking this problem-based reciprocal relationship is a new
dimension. So the higher level hypothesis formulation is simple and possible. The imagination of the researcher is a series of
strong hypothesis formulation processes. Science has done wonders to take the help of human imagination. The scientist Alberrt
Einestine thinks that the
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is an imagination that is far more powerful than his knowledge. A high-level imagination researcher goes far beyond
conventional problem solutions, before answering questions. So far research does not recognize it. He thinks more seriously
"Why" What "," How "enters difficult valleys and finds new facts, relevance of perspectives, factors that present, before then
problems become new and beautiful approaches and give birth to a very new hypothesis. Thorndyce, Pavloveas' and Skinner,
behind the evolution of induction theory such as types of hypotheses will have
3. Reasoning by analogy: similar conditions and logical analysis of events also help in the formulation of hypotheses.Some times
the subject or one field event, ideas and theories are much similar to other subjects, regional events, by comparing them or doing
analysis after being matched, sometimes researchers find new ideas that help in the formulation of fundamental hypotheses.This
is called reasoning by analogy.For example, studies that study the effectiveness of academic institutions, read in sociology books
that lack of control in society gives rise to social disturbances and corruption a compared with the condition of the academic
institution, analyzing that then this idea was born that if the lack of control in academic institutions can damage the academic
environment - the institution and the ineffective harm of the institution.
4. Some other suggestions: In the formulation of the time the hypothesis above has its own interests. In the matter of research for
a long time the thought must be taken seriously. Thinking about it must be a different point of view.
Attention Researchers should not rush into the formulation of hypotheses.
Sometimes for some problems time must be forgotten. To do so in that thought, the subconscious mind of the research period of
the mind will have thoughts on the different aspects of the problem, working a little aloof from the conscious mind thinking of
the link. Therefore an unexpected but very useful hypothesis applies.
Guidelines for researchers, experts, administrators, officers who sit with colleagues, and seriously discuss with them about
hypotheses are useful in this context. To give a speech to every aspect of the research process problem below (if you get a
chance), write an essay about it, present a problem in a seminar for discussion, etc. Helpful.Self Assessment
Multiple ChoiceQuestion: The
declaration declared is _______ in the form of a statement. 5.
(a) Uncertain (b) Definite (c) Changing (d) Neutral Question ________ form hypothesis hypothesis is the form _________.
6.
(a) Question (b) Answer (c) Alternative (d) The incidence of the directional hypothesis is called the _________ hypothesis as
well. 7.
(A) Two tails (b) One Tail (c) Parallel (d) directed In the research hypothesis has a role ________. 8.
(a) Negligible (b) Valuable (c) Important (d) None from Evaluation Hypothesis 21.5 Hypothesis
evaluation means that hypotheses formulated to the extent to which they match means how far these characteristics should be in a
good hypothesis. Experts have explained
Unit 21: Hypotheses: Concepts, Characteristics and Sources
Notes
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Research Methodology and Educational Statistics
Note
a good hypothesis, imagination received several benefits. There are criteria formulated from the hypothesis that are needed. The
characteristics of this criterion are as follows -
1. The hypothesis must make sense: The meaning is that the solution is likely expressed in those things, which seems logical and
true. In other words, which relationships are imagined among the variables, from any point of view it is logical. If the relationship
is from any point of view unreliable about them to become a reality, the hypothesis cannot be understood accordingly. The
hypothesis is that "the number of benches and tables in schools that affect students' academic performance" is really beyond
reliability, because between the number of benches and tables and student academic achievement from any point of view seems
to have nothing to do. Which relationship has been imagined that is irrelevant and illogical as possible. There is no relationship at
all between the number of benches and tables and student academic achievement - there is no basis for experience or the
theoretical basis or basis of previous experiments. Therefore this hypothesis does not make sense. This is unacceptable so the
suitable hypothesis is one that provides a reasonable, reasonable, reliable, factual explanation. Consequently this cannot be
impossible from an implementation point of view. As "This hypothesis is that six hours of study a day in that place eight hours of
learning to do the academic level students can be gifted. From the point of view the implications are not possible. Because a
number of factors increase the hours of learning is not possible. contrary to the rules and theories ongoing "to improve students'
academic level of fear and harsh discipline required". In this hypothesis of possible solutions "fear and harsh discipline" contrary
to the theory of psychology. Therefore, this hypothesis can not be accepted.
2. the hypothesis must can be tested: The meaning is that a solution or relationship that might be imagined means an explanation
of which solution is presented, namely the type that can be tested as - "intelligent but underachieved people suffer from feelings
of inferiority, both as characteristics that their size means hypothesis testing is possible. we can t said that "Failure of intelligence
students to cause their pre-natal ceremonies", this hypothesis is unacceptable because "" pre-natal ritual steps are not possible.
Then the hypothesis cannot be tested. If the variables inherited from the results of the hypothesis are practically observations,
tests and measurements cannot be done, then testing the hypothesis cannot be done either. At that time it was considered,
worthless. Likewise if the hypothesis used by the analysis of technical variables or any method is not available then their testing,
measuring will not be possible. If the nature of the problematic variable is such that in measuring it will take years, the hypothesis
is not understood as a good hypothesis, even though it is not a hard and fast rule.
If in the hypotheses these variables are included which cannot be determined, their testing cannot be carried out. As a hypothesis
"the tendency of modern times has adversely affected the lifestyle of true religious people" in "modern times" "tendencies" "true
religion" "lifestyle" all these words or variables are something that cannot be defined objectively. Therefore, it cannot be
measured either. In this case, the hypothesis cannot be tested either.
This is from any reason or hypothesis approach that variables are used and steps cannot be taken so that it is not considered
suitable, because their testing cannot be done.
3. The hypothesis must be broad: Hypotheses are as broad as many are considered useful and valuable. That is, the hypothesis
that "the problem is related to all or more facts explained, which is considered broad and useful. The hypothesis from this point
of view is very limited, which has no utility. Therefore to make a useful hypothesis, try to make the field wider. For example, in
Psychology education for an explanation of induction, many hypotheses are available but none of them explain a second fact, not
a single field of hypothesis that is so broad that it explains all the facts and events that other people make different hypotheses.
most important. "If this hypothesis only explains the academic progress of eighth grade students or does not explain the
circumstances, facts or other events, it will be considered very intensive and the use will not be too much. Now if it explains the
academic progress of all levels of students then their skills will increase . Thus also, if important achievement motivation in
addition to students, teacher progress, learning, development, etc., are found, then their area of breadth and will be much broader.
Demikian itu menjelaskan
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industrialisUNIVERSITY,pedagang, pengacara pengusaha negara dan kemajuan bangsa, maka akan dianggap luas dan berguna.
Oleh karena itu, jika ada satu hipotesis dasar jika ada generalisasi tersedia yang menjelaskan atau menyajikan bidang yang
berbeda 'dalam keadaan yang berbeda terjadi peristiwa dan masalah, maka hipotesis itu akan dianggap lebih luas, bermanfaat dan
bermanfaat. Teori gravitasi, teori atom, teori evolusi seperti contoh hipotesis, yang kekuatan penjelas dan solusi masalahnya
banyak dikembangkan.
Tugas Berikan pemikiran Anda tentang pengujian hipotesis.
4. Hipotesis harus berdasarkan teori: Hipotesis dalam bidang terkait harus didasarkan pada menggunakan teori. Dalam setiap
hipotesis antara variabel, suatu relasi dibayangkan, tetapi imajinasi pro-teori ini berarti dasar yang kuat untuk pemikiran seperti
itu. Basis-basis ini adalah teori, aturan, generalisasi dll yang sudah diteliti sebelumnya, dalam bentuk, tersedia. Hipotesis itu tidak
berlawanan dengan teori yang menurutnya cocok; Karena hipotesisnya adalah bahwa "Konsep diri positif siswa adalah faktor
keberhasilan mereka yang teruji lebih tinggi" dapat dianggap sebagai berdasarkan teori. Success in test is a special type of
behavior which a number of other behaviors such as –present in the class regularly, read attentively, practice regularly, try to
eliminate difficulties etc., depends on that. Behavior is affected by persons' personality qualities. Karl Rodger and by many others
Psychologists postulated “Self concept theory” assumption is that positive self-concept give birth to constructive, organized and
integrated. For higher level testing Success these types of behavior is desirable. Hence positive self concept should be a factor of
tests success. This hypothesis founds to be attached with use theory. Pre determined imagination, ideas, guess relation's
imagination theory originated mean theory based is. Accepted theories appose or against that hypothesis is not considered to be
suitable. Such hypothesis' that present theories short comings, their errors, to remove their inconsistency formulated can be
accepted but they do no match with familiar theories or not supported by any theory then it cannot accepted.
5. Hypothesis should be purposeful: Its meaning is that hypothesis should be related with hypothesis, means be it should present
the solution of problem. Any problem from many point of view a number of solution can be. As a result from different approach
a number of hypothesis can be, but all those hypothesis should be purposeful necessarily. Rather than differ from each other
which is the purpose of problem solution from that point of view hypothesis should be related to that purpose. For example,
students' failure in test in cause finding from many point of view hypothesis can be formulated. From Psychological point of view
“Lack of motivation and interest in student” from sociological approach it can be hypothesis “Students' economic social
environment not be favorable”, Similarly educational approach hypothesis can be “Teaching method not be suitable” But all
these hypothesis rather to differ each related to problem's solution's acceptable forms, hence all are acceptable. Difference means
that oppose to each but rather they should support to one another. Each hypothesis is formulated for a definite purpose. So, to
fullfil in that purpose should be supportive, only then it is considered to be suitable and acceptable.
6. Hypothesis should be simple: Its meaning is that , to present the solution of problem or their explanation simply means
presented solution is not based upon such a complicated solution is not based upon such a complicated theory, assumption,
conception that it is hard to understood. If possible the hypothesis present in simplest form is considered to be more suitable.
Thus hypothesis presented in simple precise and in consistent language is required. Use of unnecessary words, use of tough word,
impulsive or value based expressions for hypothesis not appropriate. For example this hypothesis that “Students who are at the
top of success, who are set forth example stars are rich of intellectual talents.” From aforesaid point of view it is not to be said
acceptable. Directly it is to say more suitable that “to achieve good success in examination students' are more talented.”
Unit 21: Hypothesis: Concepts, Characteristics and Sources
Notes
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Methodology of Educational Research and Statistics
Notes

21.6
Summary •
Parikalpana is the Hindi translation of English word 'hypothesis' that means such a thesis which is hypo.
• In Hodnet words hypothesis are the eyes of researcher's by which he peeps in problematic in consistency (unsystematic facts)
and in them sort out of problems.
•
Research too is a specific and scientific process of sort out of problem. So, in research also hypothesis has an important role.
•
Hypothesis has an important role in research because various purposes fulfils by that medium. Karilar's according without
hypothesis research is impossible. According to him particularly in exploratory research hypothesis not inevitable, but in the field
of modern science such is not possible.
• Waan dalen's view is that those research in which cause-effect relation discovery is aim, hypothesis is required particularly.
21.7
Keywords 1. Creativity - Creative or making new things
2. Null – Worthless, zero 21.8
Review Questions 1. Give the definition of hypothesis and explain its meaning. 2. Doing classification of hypothesis, mention its
type. 3. Clarify the importance and purpose of hypothesis. 4. Mention source or elements of hypothesis. 5. Evaluate hypothesis.
Answers: Self Assessment
1. Light house 2. Scientific 3. General 4. Concepts
5. (b) Definite 6. (a) Question 7. One tailed 8 (c ) Important
21.9 Further Readings 176 LOVELY PROFESSIONAL UNIVERSITY
Books Educational Techniques— 1. RA Sharma, Bhatt Brothers.
Educational Research's procedure— 2. L. Kaul,Vikas publishing.
Educational Technique – 3. SS Mathur, Bhatt Brother.
Educational Technique and Assesment— 4. Dr. Rampal Singh, Bhatt Brother.