Role of G protein in the synthesis of cyclic AMP

All physiological activities in our body are regulated by two systems which interact with one
another to regulate functions of body. These two systems are known as nervous system and
endocrine system
Cell signaling is the transfer of information from one to another cell through chemical
messengers. These messenger are mainly secreted by never ending and cells of several other
tissues. They carry signals from controlling cell to the target cell. There are four type of chemical
messengers
Endocrine messenger or classical hormone are synthesized by endocrine gland and are
transported by blood to target cell or tissue of body
Paracrine messengers diffuse through interstitial fluid from control cell to target cell. Some enter
directly into neighboring target cell through gap junction they are juxtacrine hormones.
Autocrine messengers control the source cell which secrete them.
Neurocrine are released by nerve cells to another nerve cells they are released by nerve cells
directly into blood and transported to the distant target cells.

Hormones are chemical messenger secreted by endocrine glands or ductless gland they play
important role in homeostasis and control various other activities in the body. Hormones have
half life which is the time during which activity or potency is decreased to half of its initial
value. It also mean the the time in which it is half metabolized or eliminated from body.

Classification of hormones :
Hormones are classified into three type based on their chemical nature
Steroid hormones
They are synthesized from cholesterol or its derivatives they are secreted by adrenal cortex,
gonads and placenta.
Structure of Intracellular Receptors
Acha
Steroid and thyroid hormone receptors are members of a large group ("superfamily") of
transcription factors. In some cases, multiple forms of a given receptor are expressed in cells,
adding to the complexity of the response. All of these receptors are composed of a single
polypeptide hat has, in the simplist analysis, three distinct domains:

Protein hormones
They are large or small peptide. Protein hormones are secreted by pituitary gland, parathyroid
gland, pancreas and placenta.
Tyrosine derivatives
Two type of thyroid hormones and adernal medullary hormones. They are amino acid tyrosine
derived.

Hormonal action
Hormone doesn’t act directly on target cells. It combine with receptor present on the target cell
and form hormone receptor complex which induce various changes and reaction in cell.

Receptor of hormones
They are protein present in target cells. Each cell have thousand of receptor. Each receptor is
specific for a single hormone. Hormone can only act on the target cell if it’s receptor is available.

Situation of hormones receptor

Cell membrane
Receptor of protein hormones and adernal medullary hormone (catecholamines) are found in cell
membrane of cell.
Cytoplasmic receptor
Receptor of steroid hormone are found in the cytoplasm of the cell.
Nuclear receptor
Receptor of thyroid hormone are found in the nucleus of cell.

Regulation of hormones receptor

They are not static component of cells. When hormone is scereted in excess and number of
receptor decreases due to binding of hormone with receptor its down regulation
During deficiency of hormone number of receptor increases it is up regulation.

Hormones form a hormone receptor complex and enter target cells by means of endocytosis and
executes its action in the process called internalization. After it some receptor are recycled
whereas many of them are degraded and the new receptors are formed.