​ Baylee Warner

Section 1
Chapter 3
1a) Organization
1b) The shape of molecules are essential to the function in which that molecule does, and what
bonds it can make. For example Carbon atoms can make up to four covalent bonds.
1c) By remembering that organization of molecules influences what they do, and with that I can
figure out how many bonds each molecule can make with other molecules. It also helped me
figure out how the molecular shape could look like based on the organization of the molecules.
With the molecular shape, I can also figure out if the molecular shape has branching, or double
bonds, or rings, etc.

2a) Energy and Matter

2b) Polysaccharides are for storage of energy.
2c) This common theme says that everything relies on energy. Since animals need energy they
need a way to store energy for later use. The way that this is accomplished is through the use of
polysaccharides, which are just long chains of monosaccharides. When the body needs energy, it
just breaks down the polysaccharides into monosaccharides, which releases the energy that the
body needs to perform its functions.

3a) Genetic Information

3b) Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA are the means of which genetic information is stored.
3c) With this common theme it is known that every living thing has to have genetic information.
This genetic information has to be stored somewhere, and that somewhere is in the DNA.
Knowing this I can remember where the genetic information is held.

Section 2
Chapter 4
1a) Interactions
1b) Chloroplasts react with the sunlight.
1c) This common theme is how things react with other things around it. Chloroplasts are the
organelles that make sugar for plants to use for energy. The chloroplast react with the sunlight
that goes on it and gets excited and then starts its glucose production process.

2a) Evolution
2b) The cell theory helps support the theory of evolution.
2c) The cell theory means that all cells came from other cells. Because of that fact it explains
how one organism turns into another organism over time. That organism’s cells are then passed
over to their children and then their children, changing slightly every time.
 ​ Baylee Warner

3a) Genetic Information

3b) The purpose of genetic information is to show gene expression and in order to do that they
need to be stored.
3c) Genetic information is also known as DNA. DNA is stored in the nucleus of all eukaryotic
cells. While in prokaryotic cells there is no nucleus, so DNA is all throughout the cell.

Section 3
Chapter 8
1a) Energy and Matter
1b) Energy is needed in order to perform any functions.
1c) Photosynthesis is how all living organisms get their energy. Through photosynthesis carbon
dioxide, water, and sunlight are used to create sugar, water, and oxygen. That sugar is then used
for energy, which is either used by the plant that created it, or an animal eats that plant and then
uses that sugar for energy.

2a) Interactions
2b) Pigments interact with sunlight to start photosynthesis.
2c) Sunlight excites the pigments in the plant. When the pigments get excited they in turn pass
on excited electrons to the primary electron center in the reaction center. After that electron is
passed on it starts the light dependant reaction, which is the first part of photosynthesis.

3a) Organization
3b) Pigments, namely chlorophylls have a certain structure in order to perform the function they
were meant for.
3c) The entire purpose of a chlorophyll is to get excited by sunlight. In order to complete that
purpose there is a porphyrin head and a hydrocarbon tail. The porphyrin head is a ring like
structure that the light photons excite. The tail is the part that attaches the chlorophyll into the
thylakoid membrane, and it is through that tail that the excited electrons are passed into the
reaction center.

Section 4
Chapter 11
1a) Genetic Information
1b) Genes are what express genetic information.
1c) The entire purpose for genetic information is for cells to be able to make basic necessities for
life, and for gene expression. Gene expression is what makes every human being different. Those
genes can either express eye color, hair color, skin color, etc.
 ​ Baylee Warner

2a) Interactions
2b) Alleles interact with one another to determine gene expression.
2c) There are two different types of alleles for every gene. There is a dominant allele and a
recessive one. If there are both a recessive and a dominant, the dominant allele will show in the
phenotype. For example, the dominant allele for hair color is brown, and the recessive is blonde,
so if someone has both a brown and blonde alleles in their DNA, then they will have brown hair.

3a) Organization
3b) The testcross is a test in order to find out the genotype of an individual. Alleles are how the
cells will function.
3c) In a testcross an individual with an unknown genotype is mated with an individual with a
known genotype (recessive trait). So if the offspring have any recessive trait phenotype then the
unknown individual was heterozygous. If the offspring all have the dominant phenotype then the
individual was homozygous.

Section 5
Chapter 14
1a) Genetic Information
1b) Information from DNA, gets transcribed to RNA, and then translated into protein.
1c) All cells need genetic information, which is DNA in order to perform basic functions for life.
Those basic functions include making proteins for the organism to use. In order for the protein to
be made, the DNA sequence to make that protein is transcribed into RNA, which then can leave
the nucleus, and then it goes to the rough endoplasmic reticulum where the RNA gets translated
into protein.

2a) Organization
2b) In order for transcription to take place it has to follow a specific order.
2c) First, a RNA polymerase must bind to a promoter and join together the first nucleotides.
Then the addition of NTPs must take place in a 5’-to-3’ direction. Lastly, the RNA polymerase
reaches a signal which tells it to stop transcribing.

3a) Evolution
3b) Mutations are one of the ways that evolution occurs.
3c) Evolution is how one species of animals changes. One way that a species can evolve is
through genetic mutations. But too much mutation could actually prove fatal for that species.