On 22 November 2017 InSight completed testing in a thermal vacuum, also known InSight comes together with the
as TVAC testing, where the spacecraft is put in simulated space conditions with backshell and surface lander being
reduced pressure and various thermal loads.[32] On 23 January 2018, after a long joined, 2015.
storage, its solar panels were once again deployed and tested, and a second silicon
.[33]
chip containing 1.6 million names from the public was added to the lander
On 28 February 2018, InSight was shipped via C-17 cargo aircraft from the Lockheed Martin Space Systems building in Denver to
the Vandenberg Air Force Base in California in order to be integrated to the launch vehicle.[34] The lander was launched on 5 May
2018 and arrived on Mars at approximately 19:54 UTC on 26 November 2018.
Science background
NASA noted the difficulty of building an interplanetary seismometer when the Viking 1 lander's seismometer did not deploy properly
in 1976.[35] The seismometer on both Viking spacecraft were mounted on the lander, which meant that it also picked up vibrations
from various operations of the lander and from the wind.[36] The seismometer readings were used to estimate a Martian geological
crust thickness between 14 and 18 km (8.7 and 11.2 mi) at the Viking 2 lander site.[37] The Viking 2 seismometer detected pressure
from the Mars winds complementing the meteorology results.[37][38] There was one candidate for a possible marsquake, although it
was not confirmed due to the limitations of the design, especially due to interference from other sources like wind. The wind data did
ge marsquakes were not detected.[39]
prove useful in its own right, and despite the limitations of the data, widespread and lar
Radio Doppler measurements were taken with Viking and twenty years later with Mars Pathfinder, and in each case the axis of
rotation of Mars was estimated. By combining this data the core size was constrained, because the change in axis of rotation over 20
years allowed a precession rate and from that the planet's moment of inertia to be estimated.[40] InSight's measurements of crust
thickness, mantle viscosity, core radius and density, and seismic activity should result in a three- to tenfold increase in accuracy
compared to current data.[41]
Seismometers were also left on the Moon from the Apollo 12, 14, 15 and 16 missions and provided many insights into lunar
seismology, including the discovery of moonquakes.[42] The Apollo seismic network, which was operated until 1977, detected at
least 28 moonquakes up to 5.5 on theRichter scale.[43]
Mission status
First light on the surface of Mars from the Instrument Context Camera (ICC, left) and the Instrument Deployment
Camera (IDC, right)
On 26 November 2018, NASA reported that the InSight lander had landed successfully on Mars. A touchdown image was received,
taken through a transparent lens cover. NASA reported that the cover, along with the cover on another camera, would be removed
within the next few days.
A few hours later, at about 1:30 UTC (8:30 p.m. EST), NASA's 2001 Mars Odyssey orbiter relayed signals indicating that InSight's
solar panels had successfully unfurled and are generating electrical power. Enough power is being generated to recharge its batteries
daily. Odyssey also relayed a pair of images showing InSight's landing site.[44] More images will be taken in stereo pairs to create 3D
images, allowing InSight to find the best places to put the heat probe and seismometer. Over the next few weeks, InSight will check
[45]
health indicators and monitor both weather and temperature conditions at the landing site.
The meteorological suite (TWINS) and magnetometer are operational, and the mission will take up to three months to deploy and
commission the geophysical science instruments.[45][46]
Objectives
The InSight mission placed a single stationary lander on Mars to study its deep interior and address a fundamental issue of planetary
and Solar System science: understanding the processes that shaped the rocky planets of the inner Solar System (including Earth)
more than four billion years ago.[47]
The mission will determine if there is any seismic activity, measure the rate of
heat flow from the interior, estimate the size of Mars' core and whether the
core is liquid or solid.[50] This data would be the first of its kind for Mars.[41]
It is also expected that frequent meteor airbursts (10–200 detectable events per
year for InSight) will provide additional seismo-acoustic signals to probe the
interior of Mars.[51] The mission's secondary objective is to conduct an in-
depth study of geophysics, tectonic activity and the effect of meteorite impacts
on Mars, which could provide knowledge about such processes on Earth.
InSight lander on Mars (artist concept)
Measurements of crust thickness, mantle viscosity
, core radius and density, and
seismic activity should result in a three- to tenfold increase in accuracy
compared to current data.[41]
In terms of fundamental processes shaping planetary formation, it is thought that Mars contains the most in-depth and accurate
historical record, because it is big enough to have undergone the earliest accretion and internal heating processes that shaped the
[47]
terrestrial planets, but is small enough to have retained signs of those processes.
[1]
The lander will then begin its mission of observing Mars, which is expected to last for two years.
Design
The mission further develops a design inherited from the 2008 Phoenix Mars lander.[52] Because InSight is powered by solar panels,
it landed near the equator to enable maximum power for a projected lifetime of two years (1 Martian year).[1] The mission includes
two relay microsatellites called Mars Cube One (MarCO) that launched with InSight but were flying in formation with InSight to
Mars.[53]
Lander specifications
Mass
Dimensions
Power
MarCO specifications
Comparison of single-sol energy
Mars Cube One are a pair of identical 6U CubeSats 13.5 kg (30 lb) generated by various probes on
each.[3] They feature a reflectarray high gain antenna, and a Mars. (30 November 2018)
miniaturized radio operating inUHF (receive only) and X-band (receive
and transmit).[53] They also carry a miniature wide-angle camera,
[55]
[56]
cold gas propulsion, and a star tracker for navigation. [57]
Payload
InSight's payload has a total mass of 50 kg, including science instruments and support systems
such as the Auxiliary Payload Sensor Suite, cameras, the instrument deployment system, and a
laser retroreflector.[3] The science payload consists of two main instruments, SEIS and HP
3:
Launch
The spacecraft was launched on 5 May 2018 at 1:05 UTC on an Atlas V 401 launch
vehicle (AV-078) from Vandenberg Air Force Base Space Launch Complex 3-
East.[5] This was the first American interplanetary mission to launch from
California.[74]
The launch was managed by NASA's Launch Services Program. InSight was
originally scheduled for launch on 4 March 2016 on an Atlas V 401 (4 meter
fairing/zero (0) solid rocket boosters/single (1) engine Centaur) from Vandenberg
Air Force Base in California, U.S.,[74] but was called off in December 2015 due to a Launch of the Atlas V rocket carrying
vacuum leak on the SEIS instrument.[75][76][77] The rescheduled launch window ran InSight and MarCO from Vandenberg
from 5 May to 8 June 2018. Space Launch Complex 3-E.
The journey to Mars took 6.5 months across 484 million km (301 million mi) for a
touchdown on 26 November.[5][16] After a successful landing, a three-month-long deployment phase commenced as part of its two-
year (a little more than oneMartian year) prime mission.[45][46]
Landing site
As InSight's science goals are not related to any particular surface feature of Mars,
potential landing sites were chosen on the basis of practicality. Candidate sites
needed to be near the equator of Mars to provide sufficient sunlight for the solar
panels year round, have a low elevation to allow for sufficient atmospheric braking
during EDL, flat, relatively rock-free to reduce the probability of complications
during landing, and soft enough terrain to allow the heat flow probe to penetrate well
into the ground.
An optimal area that meets all these requirements is Elysium Planitia, so all 22
initial potential landing sites were located in this area.[78] The only two other areas Animation of InSight's trajectory from
on the equator and at low elevation, Isidis Planitia and Valles Marineris, are too 5 May 2018 to 26 November 2018
InSight · Earth · Mars
rocky. In addition, Valles Marineris has too steep a gradient to allow safe landing.[8]
In September 2013, the initial 22 potential landing sites were narrowed down to 4,
and the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiterwas then used to gain more information on each of the 4 potential sites before a final decision
was made.[8][79] Each site consists of alanding ellipse that measures about 130 by 27 km (81 by 17 mi).[80]
In March 2017, scientists from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory announced that the landing site had been selected. It is located in
western Elysium Planitia at 4.5°N 135.9°E.[81] The landing site is about 600 km (370 mi) north from where the Curiosity rover is
operating in Gale Crater.[82]
All the originally proposed landing sites are inElysium Planitia; this ellipse, located at4.5°N 136°E, represents the site
finally selected.
Image footprints by HiRise onMars Reconnaissance Orbiterfor studying the plannedInsight landing ellipse. From east
to west the scale is about 160 km (100 mi)
Landing
On 26 November 2018, at approximately 19:53 UTC, mission controllers received a signal via the
Mars Cube One (MarCO) satellites
that the spacecraft had successfully touched down[13] at Elysium Planitia.[5][14][16] After landing, the mission will take three months
to deploy and commission the geophysical science instruments.[45][46] It will then begin its mission of observing Mars, which is
planned to last for two years.[1]
A simulated view of NASA's InSight Artist's concept depicts NASA's InSight
lander about to land on the surface of lander after it has deployed its
Mars. instruments on the Martian surface.
CubeSats
The Mars Cube One (MarCO) spacecraft are a
pair of 6U CubeSats that piggybacked with the
InSight mission to test CubeSat navigation and
endurance in deep space, and to help relay
real-time communications (eight minute
delay)[46] during the probe's entry, descent and
landing (EDL) phase.[83][84] The two 6U
CubeSats, named MarCO A and B, are Flight hardware of Mars Cube One (MarCO)
identical.[85] They measure 30 cm × 20 cm
× 10 cm (11.8 in × 7.9 in × 3.9 in) and flew as
a pair for redundancy. The Atlas V rocket
launched the MarCO CubeSats together with
the InSight cruise stage: the two CubeSats
separated from the cruise stage after launch,
and flew their own trajectory to Mars while
MarCO CubeSats relaying data duringInSight's landing (artist concept)
flanking the lander.[53] They did not enter
orbit, but flew past Mars during the EDL phase
of the mission and relayedInSight's telemetry in real time.[86][87]
National agencies:
Name chips
As part of its public outreach, NASA organized a program where members of the public were able to have their names sent to Mars
aboard InSight. Due to its launch delay, two rounds of sign-ups were conducted totaling 2.4 million names:[93][94] 826,923 names
were registered in 2015[95] and a further 1.6 million names were added in 2017.[96] An electron beam was used to etch letters only
1⁄
1000 the width of a human hair onto 8 mm (0.3 in) silicon wafers.[95] The first chip was installed on the lander in November 2015
and the second on 23 January 2018.[95][96]
Name chips on InSight
The second name chip, inscribed with 1.6 million names, is placed onInSight in January 2018.
Gallery
Deck
Interior
← Phoenix (2008)
Viking 2 (1976) →
Interactive imagemap of the global topography of Mars, overlain with locations of Mars landers and
rovers
Rover
Lander
Hover your mouse to see the names of over 25prominent geographic features, and click to link to them.
Coloring of the base map indicates relativeelevations, based on data from theMars Orbiter Laser
Altimeter on NASA's Mars Global Surveyor. Whites and browns indicate the highest elevations
(+12 to +8 km); followed by reds and pinks (+3 to +8 km); yellow is 0 km; greens and blues are lower
elevation (down to −8 km). Axes are latitude and longitude; Poles are not shown.
(See also: Mars map, Mars Memorials, Mars Memorials map) (view • discuss)
See also
Exploration of Mars
List of missions to Mars
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External links
InSight NASA
InSight NASA – Mars Exploration Program
InSight NASA (video/03:31; 18 November 2018; Details)
InSight NASA (video/01:38; 26 November 2018; Landing)
InSight NASA — InSight Raw Images
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