Development Of Radio Waves

In general, the transmission medium is defined as the medium that connects the sender and
receiver of the information (data), because the distance is far away, then the data is first converted into
code or cues, and these cues will be manipulated in various ways to be converted back into data. The
transmission medium is used on some electronic devices to connect between the sender and receiver in
order to exchange data. Some electronic devices, such as telephones, computers, televisions, and radios
require transmission media to be able to receive data. As in the telephone, the transmission medium
used to connect two phones is a cable. Each electronics equipment has different transmission media in
its data transmission.

Type of transmission media there are two, namely Guided and Unguided. Guided transmission
media or guided transmission media is a network that uses a cable system. Unguided transmission media
or non-guided transmission media is a network that uses a wave system. Then in this discussion will
explain about radio waves and microwaves.

The transmission medium is the medium that connects the sender and the receiver of the
information (data), because of the great distances, the data is first converted into codes or cues, and
these cues will be manipulated in various ways to be converted back into data. The transmission medium
is used on some electronic devices to connect between the sender and receiver in order to exchange
data. Some electronic devices, such as telephones, computers, televisions, and radios require
transmission media to be able to receive data. As in the telephone, the transmission medium used to
connect two phones is a cable. Each electronics equipment has different transmission media in its data
transmission.

The characteristics of this transmission medium depend on the type of electronic device, the
data used by the electronic device, the level of effectiveness in data transmission, and the size of data
transmitted. Type of transmission media there are two, namely Guided and Unguided. Guided
transmission media or guided transmission media is a network that uses a cable system. Unguided
transmission media or non-guided transmission media is a network that uses a wave system. Type of
transmission media that is Copper Media or often known as copper media and Wireless Media or Media
without using cables.

Radio waves were first estimated in 1865 by James Clerk Maxwell, who came with his
electromagnetism equation, then known as the Maxwell equation. While working on the relationship
between electromagnetism and light, he realized that another form of electromagnetic radiation, with
wavelengths above and below the visible range, was possible. The presence of lower wavelength
radiation was shown experimentally 22 years later, in 1887, when Heinrich Hertz produced radio waves
in the lab. In decades, they are widely used for information transmission. Guglielmo Marconi and Nikola
Tesla were both honored as early pioneers in the radio field, but Marconi patented the first wireless
telegraphy system in 1896.

Radio waves are an invisible form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that has a wavelength
variation of about 0.04 inches (one millimeter) to more than 62,000 miles (100,000 km), making it one of
the widest ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum. "Radio" is a cover of all terms that describe all forms
of EMR with wavelengths longer than 0.04 inches (one millimeter) and frequencies below 300 GHz. It is
generated by the movement of electrical charges, which can result from electric current or from the
random motion of atoms and molecules. The EMR form is very important for human communication,
and is used for television, radio and mobile phones, as well as radar and astronomy.

The 30 MHz to 1 GHz range is an effective range for broadcast communications. Unlike the case
for low-frequency electromagnetic waves, the ionosphere is quite transparent for radio waves above 30
MHz. so the transmission is limited to the line of sight, and the transmitter distance will not interfere
with each other in the sense that there is no reflection from the atmosphere. Unlike higher frequencies
of microwave zones, radio broadcast waves are slightly sensitive to attenuation when rain falls. Because
of its long waves then, radio waves are relatively less experienced atenuansi.

The main source of interference for radio broadcasting is multi-path interference. Reflections from earth,
water, and nature or manmade objects can lead to multi-path between antennas. This effect is
noticeable when the TV receiver displays a double image when the aircraft passes by.

Radio waves with wavelengths less than about 10 meters are absorbed by the atmosphere.
Longer waves bounce back and forth between the ionosphere and the ground, and become ideal for
radio transmission over the horizon. The lowest frequency used for communication with submarines,
due to low energy and high penetrating power. These lower frequencies can be considered to have
larger "bass," which means they penetrate even further, especially through thick media like water.

To send information via radio waves must be encoded in several ways. There are two main
methods, known as amplitude modulation (AM), and frequency modulation (FM). At AM, information is
encoded by varying amplitude, or height, of wave, while the FM method involves using a frequency
change to carry data. Different patterns or amplitude of the translated frequency in which they are
received to reproduce the original information, which may be images, sound or text. In this way, complex
information can be transmitted remotely cheaply. Frequency and wavelength depend on the amount of
energy involved, with higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths indicating higher energy. If energy
changes are relatively small, radio waves can be produced.

How radio wave work is radio waves carried or emitted by the carrier wave, radio waves
reflected by the air layer in the earth's atmosphere, precisely in the ionosphere layer. In this layer the
radio waves are reflected back to earth and captured by the tower of the receiver. So no wonder the
distance of the radio wave range is very far away, even to outer space though. Currently the use of radio
directly is already somewhat reduced due to the presence of other technological devices more
sophisticated, but actually indirectly communication technology is still using radio wave technology. The
main differences between radio and microwave broadcasts are where radio broadcasts are broadcast
while the microwave is point-to-point. Therefore, radio broadcasts do not require a parabolic antenna,
and the antenna does not need to lead to the exact source of the broadcast.

The most well-known use of radio waves to send images, audio, and text in the form of signals -
long waves of radio allow to avoid obstacles while traveling away, such as visible light and other higher
frequency radiation.

Radio waves are used as wave bases used in radio broadcasts, mobile phone signals and also for
radar, be they commercial radar or military radar. Understanding radio and electromagnetic concepts
developed by David E. Huhes in 1878. Starting from there emerging other research that developed this
radio technology up to radio technology today. One of the most famous figures and meritorious on the
development of radio wave technology is Rudolft Hertz. He proves that radio radiation has or carries the
entire wave property.

Radio astronomy is a vital tool for understanding the universe. Due to the presence of clouds of
gas and dust in the galaxy, there is a limit to the amount of information that can be obtained by using
visible light or EMR in higher frequencies. Radio waves, however, can get past this hurdle, and much of
what has been learned about the interior of galaxies has come through the analysis of natural radio
sources. Astronomers have also been able to detect the radiation from the big bang itself, which, due to
the expansion of the universe, has stretched from the start of very high frequencies in the microwave
range - this is known as cosmic background radiation (CMB).

Some of the advantages of radio waves, which can reach a great distance, can pass through the
sea, desert, barren, wilderness, can cross the prone area. And the capacity is bigger than the channel.
While the weakness of the radio waves, ie not operating for 24 hours, easily disturbed by weather
conditions, the quality of conversations less reliable.
Radio As Microwave Ancestors The earliest form of radio was more commonly known as 'wireless
telegraphy' (cordless telegraphy). The term is obtained because at that time (circa 1900s) people
consider that radio is a form of refinement of the telegraph. This technology is used to send messages
from one location to another (point-to-point). Currently we are more familiar as radio telephony (form of
cordless phone) and radio broadcasting (transmission from a transmitting station to various places in the
world).

The use of point-to-point technology and radio broadcasting is increasingly widespread. But the
use of radio waves including long waves is a problem. The more radio stations that operate, the more
likely the wave interference will occur. To avoid this, each radio station is given a special frequency to
broadcast its program. But over time there is overcrowding along with the increasing number of radio
stations that broadcast the broadcast. This encourages investors to enlarge their lap. Big companies are
beginning to try to use wireless telephony for international relations between the United States and
Europe. While doing research for such large projects, they found that for such a wide range it required
shorter waves than the radio waves they used to use. Shorter waves also allow for reduced
overcrowding problems and allow for frequent use of frequencies for far-flung regions without
interference (as the waves weaken over several hundred kilometers). These waves are then known as
medium waves. One example is the AM radio wave. Armed with a variety of sophisticated equipment,
the researchers found that even shorter waves could roam the world even better. Short waves or short
waves have a wavelength of about 10-100 m. The frequency is about 3-30 MHz.

This wave allows transmission from one location to another located in another part of the world,
using only a few Watt power sources. Based on these findings, researchers become increasingly curious.
What to get if they can use even shorter waves from these short waves. That means the wave is shorter
than 10 m and its frequency is higher than 30 MHz. Begin experiments to get ultra-short waves or
microwaves (microwaves).

Microwaves or also called microwave are super high frequency (Super High Frequency, SHF)
electromagnetic waves, which is above 3 GHz (3x109 Hz). This wave can not be seen with our eyes,
because the wavelength is very short (although very small compared to radio waves), and much larger
than the wavelength of light (outside the visible light spectrum). Both are present in the spectrum of
electromagnetic waves. The wavelength of light ranges from 400-700 nm (1 nm = 10-9 m), while the
microwave wavelength range from 1-30 cm (1 cm = 10-2m).

The most common type of microwave antenna is a dish dish. The diameter size is usually about 3
m. The sending antenna focuses the short beam to achieve the transmission of the line of sight to the
receiving antenna. Microwave antennas are usually placed at certain altitudes above the ground to
extend the distance between the antenna and penetrate the boundary. To achieve long-distance
transmission, multiple microwave relay towers are necessary, and a point-to-point microwave
connection is fitted at a certain distance. There are two types of microwave transmission techniques:
terrestrial microwave and microwave satellite.

In Terrestrial Microwave technique (Terrestrial Micro Wave) using transmitter and receiver
contained in earth. Intercity telephone networks that usually use relay towers are one example of using
terrestrial microwave types. To transmit microwaves is usually used parabolic antenna that produces a
centralized signal. A parabolic antenna is also used on the receiver. The arrangement of the satellite dish
antenna to be used as transmitter and receiver in this technique must be observed, since the nature of
the transmitted signal is centered rather than dispersed. Terrestrial microwaves have bandwidths
ranging from 1-10 Mbps and usually operate at frequencies between 4-6 GHz and 21-23 GHz.

In this technique using communications satellites that are in space as a relay. Each station on
earth uses a satellite dish to communicate with satellites. The satellite serves to retransmit the signals
transmitted by different stations. If the destination station is opposite to the location of the satellite
used as the relay, the satellite will transmit the signal to another satellite which is not opposite to the
destination station. Since the distance traveled by a signal transmitted from the earth (station
transmitter) to the satellite and back to the earth (satellite receiver) is very far away, there is a
propagation delay that ranges from 0.5 to 5 seconds. These microwaves operate at frequencies between
11-14 GHz with bandwidths between 1-10 Mbps.

The communication satellite is a microwave relay station. Used to connect two or more
microwave transmitters / receivers to the earth, known as earth stations or ground stations. The satellite
receives transmissions over one frequency band (uplink), amplifies and repeats signals, then transmits
them to another frequency (downlink). A single orbiting satellite will operate on multiple frequency
bands, called transponder channels, or simply transponders. Communication satellites are a revolution in
communication technology and equally important to optical fiber. The most important applications for
other satellites include the distribution of television broadcasting, telephony transmission, private
business networks.

The characteristics of microwave transmission include a fundamental part of the electromagnetic

spectrum. Frequency commonly used for this transmission is the frequency range of 2 to 40 GHz. The
higher the frequency used the higher the bandwidth potential and the higher data rate. Similar to some
transmission systems, the main source of loss is attenuation. Thus the repeater and amplifier are placed
far apart from the microwave system typically 10 to 100 km. Atenuansi increased during rainfall
especially recorded above 10 GHz. Another source of interference is interference. With the growing
popularity of microwaves, transmission areas overlap and interference is a threat. Therefore the
determination of the frequency band is strictly regulated.

The most common bands for long-haul telecommunication systems are bands of 4 GHz to 6 GHz.
By increasing the congestion (congestion) at these frequencies, now used band 11 GHz. The 12 GHz band
is used as a cable TV system component. Microwaves are also used to provide TV signals for local CATV
installations, signals that are then distributed via the coaxial cables. While microwaves with higher
frequencies are used for channel point to short points between buildings. Usually used 22 GHz band.
Higher microwave frequencies are ineffective for longer distances, due to increased attenuation, but are
particularly suitable for short distances. In addition, the higher the frequency, the smaller and cheaper
the antenna. Microwave stations work with the help of antennas, receiving devices, and other
equipment needed for transmitting microwave communications data. Microwave signals can transmit
data at speeds up to 45 Mbps, but because this microwave wave moves in a straight line direction, so
both transmitter and receiver must be in one point line of sight. So the installation of the center of the
microwaves must be observed once position and position to avoid possible interference. Therefore,
microwave stations are often placed on tops of buildings, towers, or mountains. The following is the
explanation of microwave or microwave sources, ie the Sun, although most microwaves are obstructed
by the Earth's atmosphere. The vacuum tube, how it works by using electron ballistic movements in a
vacuum that is affected by the electric field. This device works in modulated density mode. This means
that these components work on the basis of a collection of ballistic electrons flying through them, using a
continuous flow.

Microwaves (microwave) is a form of radio that uses high frequency (in units of gigahertz), which
includes the area UHF, SHF and EHF. Microwaves are widely used in MAN network systems, Internet
cafes and Internet service providers (ISPs). The advantage of using microwaves is the acquisition of inter-
tower is not so needed, can bring large amount of data, cheap cost because each tower antenna does
not require large land, high frequency or short wave because it only requires a small antenna. The
weakness of microwaves is susceptible to the weather like rain and is easily affected by airplanes passing
over it.

Utilization of electromagnetic waves is very wide in daily life. Utilization of electromagnetic

waves are primarily for telecommunications purposes. The following will be described specifically about
microwave utilization, namely:

Microwaves have enormous energy, because of their very large frequencies. It can be seen from
the equation E = hf, so the microwaves can produce the great heat. We are certainly familiar with the
name of microwave ovens that we use everyday to heat food. Microwave ovens use microwaves in a
frequency band of about 2.45 GHz. Basic Principles Microwave is an electromagnetic wave with a
wavelength between 1 millimeter to 1 meter and a frequency between 300 megahertz to 300 gigahertz.
The oven is a kitchen utensil used for cooking or heating food. Microwave oven is a kitchen utensil that
uses microwave radiation to cook or heat food. In addition to warming for a happy use of hotspots is
certainly not unfamiliar with WiFi using the ISM frequency band. So also who likes to use bluetooth to
transfer files between mobile phone or mobile phone with computer. Telecommunication operators also
utilize microwaves for communication between BTS or BTS with their customers. in Europe especially in
Germany have rarely seen the use of microwave for communication with WDM method between BTS
and BSC. Communications backbone network already use fiber optic network. For communication to the
end user on the cellular system keep using microwave. For Indonesia in tower-tower telecommunication
operator very often we encounter directional antenna for communication between BTS. For
communication to end user GSM operators in Indonesia use frequencies around 800 MHz, 900MHz and
1800MHz.

The transmission medium is the medium that connects the sender and the receiver of the
information (data), because the distance is far away, the data is first converted into code / signal, and
these cues will be manipulated in various ways to be converted back into data.

Radio waves are an invisible form of electromagnetic radiation (EMR) that has a wavelength
variation of about 0.04 inches (one millimeter) to more than 62,000 miles (100,000 km), making it one of
the widest ranges in the electromagnetic spectrum. Microwaves or also called microwave are super high
frequency (Super High Frequency, SHF) electromagnetic waves, which is above 3 GHz (3x109 Hz).