Aamir Botany Thesis

Medicinal Plants 2013-2015
INTRODUCTION TO MY RESEARCH AREA
DISTRICT BANNU
Bannu is a district of Khyber Pukhtun Khwa, is situated at a distance of one ninety (190 km)
kilometers in the south of Peshawar. It is bounded in the north by the tribal area and in the east
by the Karak district, while in the south by Lakki Marwat of Bannu District. It lies between
32.43 to 33.06 north latitude and from 70.22 to 70.57 east longitude.
The total area of the District Bannu is 1227 km2. Its population is more than half a million.
Majority of the population lives in the villages. Bannu is gifted with a variety of ecological
zones, and fascinating with plants resources. Most of these plants are known to possess
medicinal and economic values, and the local peoples in the rural area have known their uses
for the past several hundred years.
Figure 1: Map of Bannu
1
Medicinal plants have been under the constant vigilance of botanist and ethno-botanist to
analyze its germ-plasm for pharmaceutical purposes as a remedy of different common diseases
under the environmental regions throughout the world.
It is a never ending process and botanist have to continue their effort constantly to revel actual
ingredients and usefulness of medicinal flora to mankind on the global basis, they have a strong
linkage with the human health.
INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL PLANTS:
Indigenous knowledge may be define as “the knowledge that is unique to given a culture or
society which provided base for agriculture, health care, food preparation, education,
environmental conservation and other life process on local level (Thomas 1995).
Indigenous communities of different localities of the world have developed their own specific
knowledge on plants resources, uses, natural resources management and conservation (cotton
1996). Developed countries need to access by bio-diversity resources and developing countries
seek to ensure the access is regulated and to ensure fair and equitable sharing of benefits
through transfer of technology and finance (Latif and Shinwari 2005).
In Pakistan the local countries of different regions have centuries old knowledge and traditional
practices of most of the plant occurring in their regions. This Indigenous knowledge of plants
has been transferred from generation to generation through oral communication and personal
experience (Shinwari 2010). They use native medicinal plants for primary health care
(Bhardwaj and Gakhar 2005). In early 1950 up to 84% of Pakistani population were dependent
on Indigenous medicine for traditional health practices (Hocking 1958), but now this is
practiced only in the remote areas (Ibrar et al 2007).
2
For the reason that Indigenous knowledge develops and change with the passage of time, with
the change of resources and culture.
Ethno-botanical investigation is needed to document Indigenous knowledge based on cultural
tradition and religious interaction of people with plants and environment (Balick and cox
1996).
Many studies have been conducted on the Indigenous uses of medicinal plants in Pakistan as
reviewed by Shinwari (2010), Shinwari, Gilani (2003) and Humayun et al (2006), describe
Indigenous knowledge of medicinal plants from northern areas Pakistan. Work carried out in
district Swat on important medicinal plants was published by Sher (2002) and Sher et al (2003)
respectively. Ali and Qaiser (2009) reported 83 taxa that were used locally in Chitral district of
Hindukush range. Pakistan has a rich history of research in medicinal plants.
3
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Medicinal plants have been under the constant vigilance of botanist and ethno-botanists to analyze its
germplasm for pharmaceutical purposes as a remedy of different common diseases under the different
environmental regimes throughout the world. It is never ending process and botanists have to continue
their effort constantly to revel actual ingredient and the usefulness of medicinal flora to mankind on
global basis. As a result of these scientific effort a vast source of literature is available. However, the
most relevant to presence study is reviewed here with.
Berlin et al. (1974), during several years of field work at Maya-speaking group of highlands of Chiapas,
a state of southern Mexico, collected and document many hundreds of folk botanical categories.
Shah (1987), the modern approach to the science of ethno-botany evolved in U.S.A. and the foremost
center aspects is biotical Museum of Harvard University in Massachusetts. Here ethno-botanist like
Richard Evans Schulte’s, Richard Gordden Wasson, Siri Von Reis Altschul, Timothy Polwman, and E.
Wade Davis etc., contributed in various field of ethno-botany.
Spring, (1989) has reported the pharmacological activities correlated with medicinal uses of 37 potential
medicinal plants employed by the Laotian Hmong refugees in the twin cities of Minneapolis and St.
Paul, Minnesota. The ethno-pharmacological analysis revealed that 92% of these cultivated medicinal
plants were highly efficacious and frequently used in their diet (81%) to medicinal against various
ailments.
Capitanio, et. Al., (1989) have reported 100 anti-leucodermic traditional herbal medicine consisting of
80 medicinal plant species being employed by Caucasian in the Mediterranean area. The possibility of
the recorded plant species in stimulating physiological skin pigmentation is described in the light of
photochemical and pharmacological knowledge. Some of these plants are reported to contain
erythemogenic substances responsible for inducing light-mediated hyper-malalogenisis for coloring
epidermal keratin.
4
Bhat et. al., (1990) have reported 52 plants species collected during ethno-botanical survey of Kawara
state, central Nigeria. The traditional and modern uses of 48 native plants growing in the fort Yukon
region, Alaska, have been documented and the medicinal use have been identified by the Gwich in
Athabaskan and Caucasian residents.
Fang and Liu (1990) had made an approach in china to the treatment of Bovin mastitis by the decoction
of the herbs, Dandelion, Honey, Suckle flower, Radix isatidis, Radix Scutellariae and Radix Angelica
gave 81.8% clinical and 33.3% bacteriological cure in cocos with mastitis.
Gbile et, al., (1990) investigated Nigerian flora and its pharmaceutical potential. A discussion of
medicinal plant a source of anti- diabetic agent anti- hypertensive drugs and anti- fertility agent etc.
Holdsworth, (1990) provided the ethno-botanical information on 36 plants species of Rarotonga, which
are used by local healers in various ailments.
John et .al., (1990) who have gathered information from 45 herbalists of Lue of siaya district of Kenya
independently, have reported 1129 remedial measures from 330 plant species, of which 49% of the
remedies were recorded only once. Sixty six remedied from 49 species recorded in the paper were
through independent reports collected from three or more herbalists to establish criteria for evaluating
the likely efficacies of particular remedies; a long-linear modal was applied.
Haji Mohidden et. al., (1992) had floated outlines of Ethno botanical information on 52 plants species
of Sengkurong and 29 plants species of Bukit Udal of Darussalam.
Yang et. al., (1992) compiled Ethno botanical information on the 157 species of cucurbits in china. Out
of these, 63 species are economic importance. 26 of these, 63 species are under cultivation in china.
Haq (1993) reported the 52 wild and 17 cultivated medicinal plants of Mansehra district and found that
the greatest threat to biodiversity is the man interference as part of agriculture, grazing livestock,
industry and habitation. He also found that nearly 70% of the population of urban and rural areas
benefits from the Unani system of medicine in spite of very sophisticated hospitals and allopathic
practitioners which work under the government of Pakistan. In the rural areas, household remedies are
5
being used for generations. Tibb-e-Nabvi provides base for the traditional Unani system of medicine.
This system is relatively cheap and quite near to nature. In Indo-Pak subcontinent, these traditional
system are called as “Unani” or “Ayuredic” system.
Cunningham, (1993) studied African medicinal plants with emphasis on conservation and primary
health care. Ethno botanical information on the use of bark of 21 species by the Gitksan, wet’en and
Haisla people of west central British Columbia is reported. Out of these, 16 species are employed for
medicinal purposes.
Perezgroves et. al., (1994) have tasted the effectiveness of some common herbal remedies in highland.
The most effective treatment was 5g Garlic +5g Epazote, which significantly reduced the number of
eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes by 66 ± 8 and ±28% at 1 and 2 weeks treatment respectively.
Yammoto et. al., (1995) has worked on Dai-Seiko-to a Japanese and Chinese traditional medicinal
mixture (Kampohozai), prepared from 7 medicinal plants, has been reported to lower the lipid levels in
human suffering from primary or diabetic hyperlipidemia.
Ali, (1996) surveyed the ethno botanical study among tribe from central Himalayan region of India. He
found that 23 species of the Rubiaceae had various medicinal uses and many were also used for food,
fodder and fiber, brief notes on the individual species were also described.
Imam et. al., (1997) surveyed folk medicines for some important diseases and for concentraception used
by the tribal of Adilabad forest in Andra Pardesh, India. Information on method of uses and previously
reported action of 2 plants used for constipation, 2 for snake bite, 4 for joints pains, 4 for liver disorders
(Jaundice) and for malaria are presented.
Ahmad and Ali, (1998) observed that research works should be formulized on base line of indigenous
studies because there are still some diseases like “cancer and aids”, for which there are no identified
remedies and cures. So ethno botanical approach can help in such type of research.
Shinwari Khan, (1998). People living in tribal localities and in villages are using indigenous plants as
medicines from long ago because this knowledge reaches to them through generation to generation, and
6
is based on experience. Also the tribes and villages are far away from cities and mostly there are no
facilities. Inhabitants are dominantly poor or middle class and the prices of synthetic drugs are rising
day by day and they cannot withstand the sharply rising prices of synthetic drugs, so as a consequence,
non-availability of expensive synthetic drugs.
Bhattachar jee, (2000) studied the uses of medicinal plants as flavors and fragrance in various industries
such as bakery, confectionary, alcoholic beverages, foods, soft drinks and pharmaceuticals. Added to
the biscuits, bread, butter, cakes, cheese, forcement, drinks, egg dishes, fish dishes, meat, pudding,
salads, sances, seasonings, soups, teas, powders of dentifrices, mouthwashes and gargles, breath
fresheners and denture cleaners. There is also needs to develop better institutional research and
development support and public polices for the development of essential oil industry.
Senthamaria et. al., (2001) isolated alcoholic extract from the leaves of colderia procumbens, and are
screened for analgesic activity.
Hamayun et. al., (2003) concluded that prevention of the extinction of medicinal species, effects may
be made to grow the sensitive species by acclimating them and if required them in situ as many species
can be considered as an asset for human beings.
Nearly 80% of the world population depends upon traditional system of health care allopathic drugs
have brought a revolution throughout of the world, but the plants base medicines have its own status.
Sharma, (2003) the current value of global trade of the medicinal plants products has been put over US$
75 billion per year and is growing at the rate of 12.5% annually. Of the total value of trade, about 20
billion US$ accounts for over the counter drug, over US$ 25 billion for prescription drugs remaining
US$ 30 billion for the nutritional supplements. Bulk of the raw materials (90%) is produced in
developing countries (Asia, Africa, and Latin America) and 60% is imported/processed and used in the
developed countries. About 90% of the marked material is collected from the wild resources.
Sharma, (2003). To avert the process of degradative exploitation of natural resources base and
increasing poverty in the regions, the need to be evolve a research and development action plan for
medicinal and aromatic plants that apart from enterprise development should include the patient aspects
7
of preservation, maintenance, exploitation, conservation and sustainable utilization. A holistic and
systematic approach envisaging interaction between social, economic and ecological systems will be a
more desirable one.
Singh et.al., (2003) the relentless exploitation during the translation from tradition to modern and
subsistence to market orientation disturbed the ecological balance and adversely effected their economic
life along with the resource base. The result was that slowly the mountain people lost control over their
economic destiny. The natural resources how to ever large are bound to diminish hence need effective
strategy for sustainable utilization. The need is bring these plants under plough to meet the rising
demand of the resultant product
Bhikhsu atreya, a professor of the University of Taxila and his student named jivaka were the well-
known person with an intimate knowledge of the characteristics of medicinal plants. They discover that
the mountain people rely on forest-based activities like hunting, herb gathering, foraging and to some
extent on cropping. In these areas different indigenous systems of medicine exist since centuries and
cater the needs of nearly 70% human population and livestock. (Singh et, al. 2003)
Shabbir et. al., (2003) reported that consequently, medicinal herbs are predominantly harvested in
sufficient quantities from the wild in an unregulated manner. Being an important integral part of the
development intervention in botanist can play a crucial role in mitigating the degradative exploitation
and increasing poverty. The in-situ cultivation of medicinal and aromatic herb can play an important
role in local economy. Moreover, farm product could be certified as to source, identify and quality Apart
from health care, this enterprise may provide means of livelihood to sources of people.
8
MATERIALS AND METHODS
AREA EXPLORATION
Trips were arranged to different sites of the village Kausar fatah khel to explore and collect important
flora of the area during the year 2015. A total of thirty (30) medicinal plants belonging to 21 families
were photographed. All the plants were conserved systematically in the department of Botany,
university of science and technology Bannu (UST, Bannu).
MEDICINAL FLORA
During exploratory trips, the medicinal flora was carefully collected by the adopting the recommended
procedure used by M. Ahmad and Ali, (1998) and photographed were clipped of the spots. Local
inhabitants were interviewed to know about the uses of the indigenous flora for covering different
diseases. The local people were also interviewed for data collection by using the questioner both old
generation and young generation were also interviewed to compare the outlines of the local flora.
Table no1: Questioner for Ethno botanical study of the flora

Figure 2:
Date: ……………………………………………...…..
Name: ………………………………………………...
Father’s Name: …………………………………….....
Location: ………………………………………….….
Age/Gender: ………………………………………….
Occupation: …………………………………………..
Local name of plant: ………………………….………
Botanical name: ………………………..……….…….
Constituents: ………………………………………….
Medicinal of uses: …………………….………………
9
The aims of the comparison is to extract the knowledge about the plants collected in relation to age
differences. The information was then compared with each other and the people of the other villages of
district were provoked to share and added their experiences. Such type of efforts are required to induce
awareness in local about the conservation of the wealth of useful plants for their coming generation.
Repeated queries were made to formulate the correct data. Outcome of the results were re checked and
compare with the available literature
10
Results and discussion
The study revealed that 30 plants belonging to 21 families identified in the research area. The plants
were found both wild type as well as cultivated. The plants examined included Acacia modesta wall,
Albizia lebbeek L. Benth, Aloe barbadensis L, Asphedelus tonifolius L, Brassica compestris L,
Chenoopodium album L, Chenoopodium murala L, Citrus aurantifolia L, Delbergia sisso Roxb,
Echinpus machinates Roxb, Euclyptus globulus L, Fegonia cretica L, Ficus benghalensis Linn,
Hordium vulgare L, Morus alba L, Acimum basilicum L, Phonix sylvestris L, Solanum nigrum L,
Trigonella croniculta L, Triticum aestium L, Withania somnifera L, Zizipus marutaina Mill, Zizipus
sponsa Hu, Zizipus nummularia Burn. F wight and Ann.
11
INDEGINOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS OF VILLAGE KAUSAR FATAH
KHEL, DISTRICT BANNU, KHYBER PUKHTOON KHWA, PAKISTAN
1. Botanical name:
Triticum Aestivum (L)
Family name:
Poaceae
Local name:
Ghanam
Habit:
Herb
Figure 2: Triticum Aestivum (L)
Flowering period:
March – April
Part use:
Shoot and root
Medicinal uses:
Shoot are used for cancer, seed are used for skin diseases.
2. Botanical name:
Trigonella corniculta (L)
Family name:
Fabaceae
Local name:
Malkindiye
Habit:
Herb
Figure 3: Trigonella corniculta (L)
Flowering period:
March – April
Part uses:
Whole plant
Medicinal use:
Astringent, bitter and styptic.
12
3. Botanical name:
Withania somnifera (L)
Family:
Solanaceae
Local name:
Shapyanga
Habit:
Figure 4: Withania somnifera (L)
Shrub
Flowering period:
March – April
Part use:
Leaves, root and seed
Medicinal uses:
The tuberous root is used astringent and is used in tissue building and nervous
breakdown. Seed are used in stomach pain and digestion coagulate mike regulation of menstrual
cycle. Tonic leaves externally as a pain killer in pain and swelling.
4. Botanical name:
Ziziphus marutiana (Mill)
Family:
Rhammaceae
Local name:
Bera
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
March – April
Part use:
Figure 5: Ziziphus marutiana (Mill)
Leaves, bark, seed and roots
Medicinal uses:
It is used for abdominal pain, pregnancy, fever etc. also used for asthma, ulcer, and eye
lotion, the fruit are edible and used for blood purifier.
5. Botanical name:
Ziziphus nummularia (Lam)
13
Family:
Rhammaceae
Local name:
Karkanrh bera
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
Figure 6: Ziziphus nummularia (Lam)
October – November
Part use:
Wood, fruit and leaves
Medicinal uses:
It is best honey bees species. Timber wood, hedge plant and shade plant, tree root of
this plant is used in fever, wounds and ulcer. While its bark is astringent and used in dysentery,
diarrhea, gingivitis and boils, timber used in making “charpais” for its stiffness. Young leaves by
the diabetes patient. The leaves of this plant are greened and the juice is used as a shampoo for
lengthening of hair.
6. Botanical name:
Ziziphus sponosa (HU)
Family:
Rhammaceae
Local name:
Kobli bera
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
March – April
Figure 7: Ziziphus sponosa (HU)
Part use:
Seed and fruits
Medicinal uses:
The plant is used as a fodder especially for goat. It is consider that the best honey that
of these Ziziphus species leaves of this plant. The seed are used cough, asthma, wound, burning
sensation, diarrhea and vomiting.
7. Botanical name:
Hordeum vulgare (L)
14
Family:
Poaceae
Local name:
Arboshay
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period: Figure 8: Hordeum vulgare (L)
April – May
Part use:
Whole plant
Medicinal uses:
The grain are astringent refrigerant, emollient and are used in cough, asthma,
amentia, fever, and anemia. Straw are used as common fodder by the local people barely is used in
wine preparation.
8. Botanical name:
Morus Alba (L)
Family:
Moracaeae
Local name:
Speen thith
Habit:
Tree
Figure 9: Morus Alba (L)
Flowering period:
March - April
Part use:
All parts
Medicinal uses:
It is used for sore throats and melancholia fruit is edible, leaves are used for the
cleaning throat and is cooking agent, anthelmintic and astringent. Wood is used for making the
furniture and sports goods.
9. Botanical name:
Ocimum basilicum (L)
Family:
Lamiaceae
15
Local name:
Bobrai
Habit:
Shrub
Flowering period:
March – April
Part use:
Whole plant
Medicinal uses: Figure 10: Ocimum basilicum (L)
Seed are used in dysentery and chronic
diarrhea, it is usually grow as ornamental, and used for the depression, stomach, and intestinal ach.
10. Botanical name:
Phoenix sylvestris (L)
Family:
Araceae
Local name:
Khajeera
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
Through the year
Figure 11: Phoenix sylvestris (L)
Part use:
Whole plant
Medicinal uses:
Seed past is good for the opacity of the cornea inflammation and wounds. Root used
for the nervous debility.
11. Botanical name:
Echinops machinates (Roxb)
Family:
Asteraceae
Local name:
Azghekai
Figure 12: Echinops
Habit: machinates (roxb)
16
Herb
Flowering period:
March – April
Part use:
Whole plants
Medicinal uses:
This plant are used for the skin itching and also used for the fuel purpose.
12. Botanical name:
Eucalyptus globules (Labill)
Family:
Myrtaceae
Local name:
Lochai
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
Figure 13: Eucalyptus globules (Labill)
March - May
Part use:
Leaves, stem and oil
Medicinal uses:
The oil is acrid, bitter, astringent, stimulant, cardio tonic, insect repellent and is
useful in tuberculosis, chronic cough, asthma, burn, thread, warm infection, skin diseases and
chronic fever, it was introduced for the control of water logging and salinity, wood is used in making
furniture and also as a fuel, leaves is used in the form cigarettes for asthma. While branch is used
in making agriculture appliance.
13. Botanical name:
Fagonia cretica (L)
Family:
Zygophyllaceae
Local name:
Spelaghzai
Habit:
Herb
Figure 15: Fagonia cretica (L)
Flowering period:
17
February – March
Part use:
Arial parts
Medicinal uses:
Stomach trouble, small pox, skin diseases, fever, thirst vomiting, and urine
problem.
14. Botanical name:
Dalbergia sisso (Rox)
Family:
Papilionaceae
Local Name:
Showa
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period: Figure 3: Dalbergia sisso (Rox)
March - April
Part use:
Root, Leaves, branches and wood.
Medicinal uses:
The roots are astringent and constipating and are useful in diarrhea and dysentery.
The leaves are digestive diuretic and stimulant and used in gonorrhea vomiting and burning,
younger leaves are used by the sterile woman for fertility.
15. Botanical name:
Chenopodium murala (L)
Family:
Chenopodiaceae
Local name:
Ter surma
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
Figure 4: Chenopodium murala (L)
Feb-March
Part use:
18
Whole plant
Medicinal uses:
These are used in many medicine such as fatty acid tablets, and also edible and fodder
for animals.
16. Botanical name:
Chenopodium album (L)
Family:
Cheopodiaceae
Local name:
Surma
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
Figure 5: Chenopodium album (L)
March – April
Part use:
Whole plants
Medicinal uses:
It is sweet digestive laxative anthelmintic and used in peptic and ulcer, cardiac disorder
and spleen disorder. The roots are used in urinary disease. Fruit and root are consider as anti-dots to
snacks poisons.
17. Botanical name:
Citrus Aurntifolia (L)
Family:
Rotaceae
Local name:
Nimbo
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
Figure 6: Citrus aurntifolia (L)
March-April
Part use:
Fruit and stem.
Medicinal uses:
19
Edible, bleeding, removal of kidney stone, chronic fever, hepatitis.

18. Botanical name:
Brassica compestris (L)
Family:
Brassicaceae
Local name:
Woi-rie
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
April - May
Figure 7: Brassica compestris (L)
Part use:
Whole plants
Medicinal uses:
Fodder, tonic, laxative purgative.
19. Botanical name:
Cynodon dictylon (L)
Family:
Poaceae
Local name:
Barowa
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
Figure 8: Cynodon dictylon (L)
June - July
Part use:
Shoot and leaves
Medicinal uses:
Decoction of the leaves and shoot when mixed with milk is used for the curing bleeding piles,
irritation of the urinary tract and for vomiting, pas of the fresh leaves and stem is applied on wound to
stop the bleeding.
20. Botanical name:
Albizia lebbeek (Benth)
20
Family:
Mimosaceae
Local name:
Sreen
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
Figure 9: Albizia lebbeek (Benth)
April - May
Part use:
Bark, seed, wood, flower.
Medicinal uses:
The root and bark of this plant is uterine tonic. They contract the uterus and are used for
treatment of sterility, it is also used for those animals which eat little grass (improve stomach quality).
21. Botanical name:
Aloe barbadensis (L)
Family:
Liliaceae
Local name:
Zargeia
Habit:
Herb Figure 10: Aloe barbadensis (L)
Flowering period:
Jun-July
Part use:
Whole plants
Medicinal uses:
Aloe Vera are used in cough, sputum, anti-microbial carcinogen, immune- stimulating,
anti-tumor hypertensive. It is also cultivated for ornamental purpose.
22. Botanical name:
Asphedelus tonifolis (L)
Family:
Asphedeliaceae
Local name:
21
Piozakai
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
March - April
Part use:
Figure 11: Asphedelus tonifolis (L)
Whole plant
Medicinal uses:
Common weed of wheat crop, medicinal, it is used for the many disease such as
dysentery sort throats.
23. Botanical name:
Acacia modesta (Wall)
Family:
Mimosaceae
Local name:
Palosa
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
March - April
Part use:
Gum from the bark, wood and leaves.
Medicinal uses: Figure 12: Acacia modesta (Wall)
The gum of this plants is cooked and then grind, gum as tonic, dysentery, branches as
tooth brush leaves are fodder.
24. Botanical name:
Acacia Arabica (wild)
Family:
Mimosaceae
Local name:
Kikar
Habit:
Tree Figure 13: Acacia modesta (Wall)
22
Flowering period:
July – August
Part use:
Bark and gum
Medicinal uses:
Pods decoction beneficial in urino-genital disease. Leaves infusion of tender. Leaves
used as astringent and remedy for diarrhea and dysentery.
25. Botanical name:
Allium Cepa (Linn)
Family:
Alliaaceae
Local name:
Peyoz
Habit:
Herb
Figure 14: Allium cepa (Linn)
Flowering period:
May - June
Part use:
Bulb
Medicinal uses:
Juice is made from the bulb which is used in the treatment of dysentery.
26. Botanical name:
Cacia fistula (Linn)
Family:
Caesalpiniaceae
Local name:
Gardanali
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period: Figure 15: Cacia fistula (Linn)
Jun - July
Part use:
Seed
23
Medicinal uses:
Seed are mixed with sarsen, (brassica) oil which are helpful for curing dysentery.
27. Botanical name:
Euphorbia Hirta (L)
Family:
Euphorbiaceae
Local name:
Purporai
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
February - March
Figure 16: Euphorbia hirta (L)
Part use:
Root
Medicinal uses:
Extract from root of euphorbia if given to cure bloody diarrhea.
28. Botanical name:
Azadirachta indica (A juice)
Family:
Meliaceae
Local name:
Bakana
Habit:
Tree
Flowering period:
September - October
Figure 17: Azadirachta indica (A
Part use: juice)
Leaves and roots

Medicinal uses:
Juice of leaves is mixed with sugar and it’s used to cure the dysentery.
29. Botanical name:
Solanum nigrum (L)
24
Family:
solanaceae
Local name:
Bengan
Habit:
Herb
Flowering period:
May - July
Part use:
Fruit Figure 18: Solanum nigrum (L)
Medicinal uses:
It is very good for the mouth sores and ulcer. Make a juice with the leaves and gargle
with it, also chewing some leaves and keeping it in your mouth for some time help to mouth ulcer.
30. Botanical name:
Menthe arvensis (Linn)
Family:
Lamiaceae
Local name:
Pedana
Habit: Figure 19: Menthe arvensis (Linn)
Herb
Flowering period:
February - March
Part use:
Leaves and roots
Medicinal uses:
Pedana is used as a carminative and expectorant. The plant is highly effective in the
treatment of headache, rhinitis, cough, sore, throat, colic, and vomiting.
25
Table no. 2; Percentage of families and species

Family name Number of species Percentage (%)
1. Poaceae 3 10%
2. Fabaceae 1 3.3%
3. Solanacae 3 6.6%
4. Rhammaceae 3 10%
5. Moraceae 1 3.3%
6. Lamiaceae 2 6.6%
7. Araceae 1 3.3%
8. Asteraceae 1 3.3%
9. Myrtaceae 1 3.3%
10. Zygophyllaceae 1 3.3%
11. Papilionaceae 1 3.3%
12. Chenopodiaceae 2 6.6%
13. Rotaceae 1 3.3%
14. Brassicaceae 1 3.3%
15. Mimosaceae 3 10%
16. Liliaceae 1 3.3%
17. Asphedeliaceae 1 3.3%
18. Caesalpiniaceae 1 3.3%
19. Euphorbiaceae 1 3.3%
20. Meliaceae 1 3.3%
21. Alliaceae 1 3.3%
Total family = 21 Total species = 30 100%
26
Table no. 3; Showing list of trees species, family and habitat

S.NO. Species Families Habitat
1 Ziziphus marutiana Rhammaceae Tree
2 Ziziphus nummularia Rhammaceae Tree
3 Ziziphus sponsa Rhammaceae Tree
4 Morus alba Moraceae Tree
5 Eucalyptus globulus Myrtaceae Tree
6 Phoenix sylvestris Araceae Tree
7 Dalbergia sisso Piplionaceae Tree
8 Citrus aurantifolia Rotacaeae Tree
9 Albizia lebbeek mimosaceae Tree
10 Acacia modesta mimosaceae Tree
11 Acacia arbica mimosaceae Tree
12 Acacia fistula caesalpiniaceae Tree
13 Azadrichta indica Meliaceae Tree
27
Table no.4; List of shrub species

S. NO. Species Family Habitat
1 Wathania somnifera Solanaceae Shrub
2 Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Shrub
3 Chenopodium album Chenopodiaceae Shrub
Table no. 5; list of herb species

S. NO. Species Family Habitat
1 Triticum aestivum Poaceae Herb
2 Trigenella corniculta Fabaceae Herb
3 Hordeum vulgare Poaceae Herb
4 Fagonia cirtica Zygophylaceae Herb
5 Cynodon dicotylon Poaceae Herb
6 Chenopodium murala Chenopodiaceae Herb
7 Brassica compestris Brassicaceae Herb
8 Asphedelus tonifolus Asphedeliaceae Herb
9 Aloe barbedensis Liliaceae Herb
10 Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Herb
11 Allium cepa Lamiaceae Herb
12 Euphorbia hirta Euphorbiaceae Herb
13 Menthe aruansis Lamiaceae Herb
14 Echinopus marchinates Astraceae Herb
Habitat Total number of plants

Tree 13
Shrub 3
Herb 14
HERB TREE SHRUB
SHRUB
10%
HERB
47%
TREE
43%
28
CONCLUSION
The research work conducted in village kausar Fatah khel, (BANNU) during 2013-2015, showed that
the numbers of plant species are commonly found in the area due to the reason of proper irrigation
system. Majority of the peoples used these medicinal plants traditionally as a medicine for different
diseases. The older people of the area now the importance of these plants and they transfer their
knowledge to the younger. This is first research work attempt in this area in which medicinally
important plants were identified, classified and collected. The result showed that this area contain
valuable plant species which need conservation and proper management. All the mentioned species are
cultivated by people for its fruits and economical purposes, beside this all the mentioned plants species
have important medicinal values. Peoples of these area use this medicinal plants due to their medicinal
important.
29
References
1. Ahmad, M. and Ali, A., (1998). Ethno botany with special refrences to medicinal plants of
district swat. Msc thesis. Peshawar University Pakistan. Hamdard foundation press p 1-13.
2. Ali. M.S. J. (1996). An ethno botanical study of rubiaceae from central hamaliyan region of
India. J. Living world. 3(2): p #40-44.
3. Berlin, B, D. E. Breedlove, R. M Laughin & P. Raven (1974). Lexical retension cultural
significance in Tezeltal-Tzotzil ethno botany. In: M.S. Edmondson (Ed.) meaning and mayan
languages. Moution, The Hague, p #143-146.
4. Bhat, R.B., E.O. Etejere & V. T. Oladipo1990. Ethno botanical studies from central Nigeria.
Econ. Bot. 44(3): p 382-390.
5. Bhattachar Jee, S.K (2000) Handbook of aromatic plants. (1st edition) India agriculture research
intitite, new Delhi-110012 pointer publisher Jaipur 302003.
6. Bharrarai, N.K. 1990. Herbal folk-medicine of Kabhrepalanchock district, central Nepal int. J.
Crude drug Res. 28: p 225-231.
7. Capitanio, M., M. Cappelletti & R. Fillippini 1989. Traditional antileukodermic herbal
remedies in mediterrianean area.
8. Cunningham, A.B. 1993. African medicinal plants. Setting priorities at the interface between
conservation and primary health care. UNESCO, Paris, France, p 1-14.
9. Fang. W.H., H.R., Liu, and Gu, XG., 1990. The non-antibiotic approach to the treatment of
bovine mastitis. Healthy animals, safe food, healthy man world association of veterinary food
hygienists Xth (jubilee). International symposium in stockholm, 2-7 july 1989. Proceeding, p.
281-284.
10. Gbile, Z.O., F.A. Adeyemi, T.K., Odewo. Ihienfeldt, 1999. Nigerian flora and its phomacutical
potential. Proceeding of the twelfth plenary meeting of AETFAT Hamburg, p. 1033-1038.
11. Haji Mosiddin M.Y., W. Chin & D. Holdsworth 1992. Traditional medicinal plants of Brunei
Darussalam part-III, Sengkurrong. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 30(2): 5-8.
30
12. Hamayun, M., A, Khan and M. A. Khan. 2003. Common medicinal folk recipes of
district Buner, KPK, Pakistan, J. Ethnobo. Leaflets. USA.
http://www.siu.edu/~ebl/leaflets/recipe.html
13. Haq, I., 1993. Medicinal plants-report of committee on economic and therapeutic
importance of medicinal plants. Ministry of health, government of Pakistan.
14. Holdsworth, D.K. 1991. Traditional medicinal plants of Rarotonga, Cook Islands, part
II. Int. J. pharmacognosy. 29(1): p. 71-79.
15. Hussain, F. and A. Khaliq. 1991. Ethno botanical studies of some plants of Dabargai
Hills Swat. Proceedings of first training workshop on ethno botany and its application
to conservation. NARC, Islamabad, 207-215.
16. Imam, S., V.C, Gupta and S.J. Hussain. 1997. Folk herbal medicines from the tribal
pokets of adilabad forest India- Fitoterapai, 68(5); 429-433.
17. John, T., J.O. Kokward & E.K. Kimanani 1990. Herbal remedies of the Luo of Siaya
District, Kenya: establishing quantitative criteria for consensus. Econ. Bot. 44(3): p.
369-381.
18. Perezgrovas, R.A. Parry, M. Peralta, I. zaragpza, D.Trow and P. Pedraza, (1994).
Chiapes sheeps wool production and animal health in a unique sheep breed. Proceeding
of the Newzeland society of animal production. 54, p. 177-180.
19. Senthamarai, R. S., B. Jay. Main, and M. Uvarani 2001. Anagenic activity of leaf
extract of coldinia pro cumbenes, inn. Hamdard medicus vol, XLIV/No (3) plant (20-
23).
20. Shabbir G., S. Bahadur and M.R. Choudhry (2003) Botanical description, significance
and production technology of some important medicinal herbs. Hamdard medicus vol.
XLVI,No 1 pp 23-26.
31

Aamir Botany Thesis

Diunggah oleh

Informasi Dokumen

Hak Cipta

Format Tersedia

Bagikan dokumen Ini

Bagikan atau Tanam Dokumen

Opsi Berbagi

Apakah menurut Anda dokumen ini bermanfaat?

Apakah konten ini tidak pantas?

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Aamir Botany Thesis

Diunggah oleh

Hak Cipta:

Format Tersedia

Medicinal Plants 2013-2015

INTRODUCTION TO MY RESEARCH AREA

for the past several hundred years.

Figure 1: Map of Bannu

under the environmental regions throughout the world.

linkage with the human health.

INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINAL PLANTS:

through transfer of technology and finance (Latif and Shinwari 2005).

practiced only in the remote areas (Ibrar et al 2007).

the change of resources and culture.

Ethno-botanical investigation is needed to document Indigenous knowledge based on cultural

Hindukush range. Pakistan has a rich history of research in medicinal plants.

most relevant to presence study is reviewed here with.

Wade Davis etc., contributed in various field of ethno-botany.

erythemogenic substances responsible for inducing light-mediated hyper-malalogenisis for coloring

Athabaskan and Caucasian residents.

are used by local healers in various ailments.

the likely efficacies of particular remedies; a long-linear modal was applied.

of Sengkurong and 29 plants species of Bukit Udal of Darussalam.

system are called as “Unani” or “Ayuredic” system.

eggs of gastrointestinal nematodes by 66 ± 8 and ±28% at 1 and 2 weeks treatment respectively.

human suffering from primary or diabetic hyperlipidemia.

(Jaundice) and for malaria are presented.

non-availability of expensive synthetic drugs.

screened for analgesic activity.

can be considered as an asset for human beings.

of preservation, maintenance, exploitation, conservation and sustainable utilization. A holistic and

more desirable one.

demand of the resultant product

MATERIALS AND METHODS

university of science and technology Bannu (UST, Bannu).

Table no1: Questioner for Ethno botanical study of the flora

Father’s Name: …………………………………….....

Local name of plant: ………………………….………

Botanical name: ………………………..……….…….

Medicinal of uses: …………………….………………

compare with the available literature

Results and discussion

Albizia lebbeek L. Benth, Aloe barbadensis L, Asphedelus tonifolius L, Brassica compestris L,

Chenoopodium album L, Chenoopodium murala L, Citrus aurantifolia L, Delbergia sisso Roxb,

sponsa Hu, Zizipus nummularia Burn. F wight and Ann.

INDEGINOUS MEDICINAL PLANTS OF VILLAGE KAUSAR FATAH

KHEL, DISTRICT BANNU, KHYBER PUKHTOON KHWA, PAKISTAN

Edible, bleeding, removal of kidney stone, chronic fever, hepatitis.

Leaves and roots

Table no. 2; Percentage of families and species

Table no. 3; Showing list of trees species, family and habitat

Table no.4; List of shrub species

Table no. 5; list of herb species

Habitat Total number of plants

HERB TREE SHRUB

India. J. Living world. 3(2): p #40-44.

3. Berlin, B, D. E. Breedlove, R. M Laughin & P. Raven (1974). Lexical retension cultural

languages. Moution, The Hague, p #143-146.

Econ. Bot. 44(3): p 382-390.

intitite, new Delhi-110012 pointer publisher Jaipur 302003.

Crude drug Res. 28: p 225-231.

7. Capitanio, M., M. Cappelletti & R. Fillippini 1989. Traditional antileukodermic herbal

remedies in mediterrianean area.

conservation and primary health care. UNESCO, Paris, France, p 1-14.

potential. Proceeding of the twelfth plenary meeting of AETFAT Hamburg, p. 1033-1038.

Darussalam part-III, Sengkurrong. Int. J. Pharmacognosy 30(2): 5-8.

district Buner, KPK, Pakistan, J. Ethnobo. Leaflets. USA.

importance of medicinal plants. Ministry of health, government of Pakistan.