EXPERIMENT : - 2

EXPERIMENT Verification of Bernoulli’s Energy Equation

THEORY

For steady incompressible flow Bernoulli’s energy equation along a streamline is written as

p / g + v 2 / 2 g + z = constant

where

p = pressure, v = velocity and z = height from datum

Purpose of this experiment is to verify this expression. In the special apparatus the pipe is tapered
with the cross section decreasing in the direction of flow first and then increasing in the second
half of its length.

Hydraulic Grade Line

The line which shows the sum of pressure head (p/g) and the potential head z (i.e., p/g+z) is called
the Hydraulic Grade Line.

Energy Grade Line

The line obtained by plotting the sum of pressure, elevation and velocity heads (i.e., p/g+z+V2/2g)
along the pipe is called the Energy Grade Line.

Figure BC4.1 Bernoulli’s Apparatus

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OBJECTIVE

Verification of Bernoulli’s Equation.

APPARATUS

Bernoulli’s apparatus (refer to Figure BC4.1), stop watch, scale, measuring tank.

PROCEDURE

1. Measure cross section of pipe at inlet point, throat (mid section and outlet point). From
this determine the cross section areas a to a at each piezometer tapping.

2. Start the water supply .The head under which the flow occurs can be regulated by a
valve at B. Adjust the flow so that velocity is small.

3. Observe the piezometers to see if steady state is established. When steady state is
reached, record all the piezometer levels and water levels in tanks A and B.

4. Collect water in measuring tank over a time t measuring initial and final levels (hi and
hf).

5. Increase the flow rate and repeat from step 3 onwards 3 - 4 times.

DATA SHEET

Diameter of cross sections a)…………………….

b)…………………….

c)…………………….l

d)……………………..

e)……………………..

f)………………………

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OBSERVATION TABLE 1

Experi
ment hi hf t Q H

H = head of flow

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS

Reading number …………

Rate of flow Q = …………

Velocity at point v = …………

p /g = …………

p /g + z = …………

p / g + v2 / 2 g + z = …………

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OBSERVATION TABLE 2

PIEZOMETER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

DISTANCE FROM
REFERENCE

CROSS SECTION
AREA
1 v

p / g + v2 / 2 g

p / g + v2 / 2g + z
2 v
p / g + v2 / 2 g

p / g + v2 / 2g + z

3 v
p / g + v2 / 2 g

p / g + v2 / 2g + z

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ASSIGNMENT

Plot HGL and EGL for each case.

Case 1

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

Case 2

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ASSIGNMENT (continued)

Case 3

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DISCUSSIONS

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