Attitudes For Jobs

Positive
Attitudes
a key
for success
Attitude is a small thing that

makes a big difference -
Training
Objectives -
At the end of this training, you should:
• Know what attitudes are?

• What are the sources of attitude?
• What is the role of attitude in life?
• Types of attitude.
• Understand the relationship between
attitudes and behavior, especially
regarding performance on the job.
• What are the effects of attitude?
• How to improve attitude of others?
Attitudes Defined
• Briefly defined, an “attitude” represents a
predisposition to respond in a favorable or
unfavorable way to persons or objects in
one’s environment.
• For instance, when we say we “like”

something or “dislike” something, we are in
effect expressing an attitude toward the
person or object.
• What are some examples of people or

things that you may have strong attitudes
about?
•Attitudes are evaluative statements - either
favourable or unfavorable concerning
objects, people, or events . They reflect how
on feels about something.
•For example when I say “I like my job” I am

expressing my attitude about work.
•Attitude themselves are invisible , but their

traces are revealed through a person’s
behavior on a series of occasions.

Attitudes: Three
Important Assumptions
Three important assumptions underlie the
concept of attitudes:
1) An attitude is a hypothetical construct - we
cannot actually see attitudes, although we
can often see their consequences.
2) An attitude is a un-dimensional construct -
it usually ranges from very positive to very
negative.
3) Attitudes are believed to be somewhat
related to subsequent behavior, although as
we’ll see, this relationship can be unclear.

Social Psychology and
Attitude Research I
• Attitude has been a central concept in social
psychology throughout its history.
• An attitude is one of many constructs that
social psychologists have invoked to help explain
consistencies and differences in behavior.
• For example, if person A responds favorably
toward a particular group and person B
responds unfavorably toward that same group,
the differences in behaviors can be “explained”
by attributing different attitudes toward the
two persons.
Social Psychology and
Attitude Research II
• Beginning in the 1950’s, social psychologists
studied areas such as:
– How attitudes are formed.
– How attitudes are changed.
– How attitudes relate to behavioral
intentions - what people intend to do.
– How attitudes relate to behaviors
themselves - what people actually do.

Job Attitudes: Three
Related Components
• The job attitude is the middle component in a
belief-evaluation-behavior chain:
1) Beliefs about aspects of the job.

“My work has long stretches with nothing to
do.”
2) The evaluative component, i.e., the
attitude itself.
“I am dissatisfied with my job.”
3) Work-related behavioral intentions that
follow from the attitude.
“I’m intending to quit my job.”
Job Attitudes and Actual
Behavior
• The belief, attitude, intention sequence is
presumably followed by actual behavior.
• For example, if I believe that my job is boring,
and if my evaluation of my job is that it is
unsatisfying, and I intend to quit, I may indeed
actually leave my job.
• This traditional model suggests that behaviors
(including job performance) are largely influenced
by job attitudes.
• Recently, this traditional model has been
questioned as being too simple and some more
comprehensive alternatives have been developed.
Is A Happy Worker A
Productive Worker?
• Over the years, one of the most strongly held beliefs
among managers and I/O psychologists is that there is
a relationship between a worker’s job satisfaction and
his/her job performance.
• In 60 year’s worth of research I/O psychologists have
found highly variable linkages between job satisfaction
and job performance.
• The most recent examination by Timothy Judge and
his colleagues suggests a correlation of 30 % between
satisfaction and performance, a small but meaningful
association.
• Why is this association not larger?

Some Possible
Explanations:
• 1) Research and Measurement Issues:
– Is “job performance” defined correctly?
– Can you predict specific behaviors from a general attitude
toward the job.
• 2) “Moderator” Effects:
– Satisfaction-performance relationship is highly complex
(Katzell, Thompson & Guzzo, 1992)
– For example, the sat-perf relationship may be limited by
constraints on performance, e.g., group norms for
performance, environmental variables such as the speed of
an assembly line.
• 3) Dispositional Effects:
– Some research has found that a substantial amount of the
variability in job satisfaction may relate to “trait affect.”

Implications for
Organizational Policy I
• So, if little direct linkage exists between
job satisfaction and job performance, is
it possible for leaders to manage
organizations so that employees can be
both happy and productive?
• Importantly, while job satisfaction and
job performance may have little direct
impact on one another, the same
organizational conditions, or “levers” may
impact both.
Implications for
Organizational Policy II
• Research and practice indicate that:
– Creating jobs that are intrinsically interesting
and important to the people performing them
– Equitably linking extrinsic rewards such as pay to
performance
– and setting clear, challenging, acceptable goals…
• Helps companies to perform better on the whole
than companies that don’t do these things.
• Organizations need not manage for either
satisfaction or performance; high satisfaction and
high performance are goals that can be met jointly.

How I/O Psychologists Help
Organizations to Assess and to
Manage Attitudes
• Attitude Surveys
• Job Design
• Personnel Selection
• Change Management
• Training
• Performance Appraisal
There’s More to it than
just General Job
Satisfaction
Other commonly measured job attitudes include:
• Attitudes toward specific job features
– Performance evaluations
– Benefit programs
– Organizational leaders
• Organizational commitment
• Career commitment
• Work-life balance

Components of Attitude
Cognitive Affective Behavior
Opinion
Feeling Intention to behave

Sources of attitude
Teachers Parents
Attitude
Living
Friends
Conditions
Popular person
Types of Attitude
Attitude
Positive Organisational
Commitment
Negative
Job involvement
Job satisfaction
Relation between
Attitude & Behavior
Attitude Behavior
Output Work/Relation
Effects of attitude
Low productivity
Indiscipline
Poor Quality of work
Bad relations
Career
Industrial Dispute
How to change attitude
 If people like you, they are more
apt to identify and adopt your
message .
 Be convincing, credible and
liked.
 Be believable, knowledgeable
about what you are liking.
 Present your arguments clearly
and persuasively.
How to change attitude
 If people like you, they are more
apt to identify and adopt your
message .
 Be convincing, credible and
liked.
 Be believable, knowledgeable
about what you are liking.
 Present your arguments clearly
and persuasively.
 Attitudes that are expressed publicly are
more difficult to change because it requires one
to admit he or she has made a mistake.
 Oral persuasion techniques are most

effective when you use a positive,
tactful tone, present strong evidence to support
your position, tailor your argument to the
listener, use logic, and support your evidence by
appealing to the employees’ fears,
frustrations and other emotions.

 The use of training sessions where
employees share and personalize
experiences, and practice new behaviours
can be powerful stimulants for change.
 Conducting attitudes surveys and suitable

remedy.

Summary of Learning Points
• Most psychologists believe that attitudes are
an important precursor to behavior.
• Attitudes on the job - e.g., job satisfaction -
are also related to behavior, although not
necessarily to summary measures of job
performance.
• On the whole, companies whose workers have
positive attitudes are more effective than
those whose workers do not.
• I/O psychologists help companies assess,
understand, and influence job satisfaction
through mechanisms such as attitude surveys
and job design.
Thank You for reading /
downloading this presentation
For training on behavioral topics

Kindly contact at
hrs.ddn@gmail.com

Attitudes For Jobs

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Positive

Attitude is a small thing that

• Know what attitudes are?

• For instance, when we say we “like”

• What are some examples of people or

•For example when I say “I like my job” I am

•Attitude themselves are invisible , but their

Attitude is a small thing that

Attitude is a small thing that

Attitude is a small thing that

1) Beliefs about aspects of the job.

Attitude is a small thing that

Attitude is a small thing that

Attitude is a small thing that

Attitude is a small thing that

Cognitive Affective Behavior

Attitude is a small thing that

 Oral persuasion techniques are most

Attitude is a small thing that

 Conducting attitudes surveys and suitable

Attitude is a small thing that

For training on behavioral topics

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