Table of Contents 57 BC TUT) 3.1 Basic geometric constructions Lines and angles 58 Tangents, Circular arcs, Polygons . 59 Inscribed circles, Ellipses, Spirals . 60 Cycloids, Involute curves, Parabolas 61 a 3.2 Graphs 3 Cartesian coordinate system 62 H | siteepastire =e Graph types ............+ 63 3.3 Drawing elements Fonts ..... 64 Preferred numbers, Radi, Scales . 65 Drawing layout ....... 66 Line types ..........-- 67 3.4 Representation Projection methods 69 Views n Sectional 73 Hatching 75 3.5 Entering dimensions Dimensioning rules ...... . 76 ES Diameters, Radii, Spheres, Chamfers, Inclines, 3 Tapers, Arc dimensions ....... 78 = Tolerance specifications . 80 Types of dimensioning .... 81 Simplified presentation in drawings 83 3.6 Machine elements Gear types ........ 84 Roller bearings . 85 Seals E 86 Retaining rings, Springs 87 Workpiece elements Bosses, Workpiece edges . : Thread runouts, Thread undercuts Threads, Screw joints 5 Center holes, Knurls, Undercuts . ne Welding and Soldering ‘wei |) Graphical symbols ..... dooued £9) Aw Dimensioning examples . 95 4 Surfaces iz a Hardness specifications in drawings 7 ! Form deviations, Roughness ... 98 Surface testing, Surface indications ... 99 hvoleancezore, _tolvenee one 3.1. ISO Tolerances and Fits Fundamentals Eewert Sie 02 Basic hole and basic shaft systems... » 106 General tolerances . 110 Roller bearing fits ie 110 Fit recommendations .. . eee le Geometric tolerancing . . . hake58 Technical drawing: 3.1 Basic geometric constructions ine segments, Perpendiculars and Angles Given: Line segment AB and point P on the desired parallel line g” 1. Arc with radius rabout A results in intersecting point C. 2, Arc with radius rabout P. 3. Arewith radius rabout C results in intersecting point D. 4. Connecting line segment PD is parallel line g’ to AB. Given Line segment AB tre th ois about A> AB 2. re 2 with ua ads rabout 8 3. The line connecting the intersecting points is the perpendicular bisector or the bisector of line segment AB. Given: Staigh tin @ and point P 1. Any are about P resus in intersecting point A and 8 2. Are 2 with radius about A: r> EAB 3. Are 3 with equal radius r about B [intersecting point C), 4, The line joining intersecting paint C with P is the desired perpendicular. Given: Straight line g and point P 1. Are 1 about P with any radius r results in intersecting point A. 2. Are2 with same radius r about point A results in intersecting point B. 3, Arc 3 with equal radius r about B, 4. Construct a line from A to B and extend it (to intersecting point C) 5. Construct a line from point C to point P to obtain the vertical at P. Given: Angle 1. Any a1 about its intersecting pins AandB 2, Are? with radius rabout A: > AB 2, Are with equal ai about 8 epu in intersecting point C ‘ The line joining intersecting point C with S is the desired bisected angle. Given: Line AB should be vided into 5 equal pars. 1. Construct a ray from A at any desired angle. 2. Mark equ lengths with a compass on the ray from A 3. Construct a line from point 5'to 8. 4. Construct parallels to 5B through the other division points 1Technical drawing: 3.1 Basic geometric constructions 59 Tangents, Circular arcs, Polygons Given: Circle and point P 1. Construct line segment MP and extend it. 2, Are about P gives intersecting points A and B. 3, Arcs about A and B with the same radius yield intersecting points C and D. 4, The line passing through C and D is perpendicular to PM. Given: Circle and point P 1. Bisect MP. A is the midpoint. 2. Arc about A with radius r= AM yields intersecting point P. Tis the ‘tangent point 3. Connect T and P, 4, MT is perpendicular to PT. Given: Angle ASB and radius r 1. Construct parallels to AS and BS of distance r. Their intersection M is the desired center of the circular arc of radius r. 2, The intersection of the perpendiculars from M to the line segments [AS and BS are the transition points C and D for the arc. Given: Circle 1 and circle 2; radii R, and A 1. Circle about My with radius Ri +r 2. Circle about M, with radius R, + r intersects with 1 to yield intersecting point A. 3, Connecting M; and Mz with A yields contact points B and C for the inside radius Fi 4, Circle about M; with radius Ry~ r. 5. Circle about Mz with radius Ry ~ combined with step 4 results, in the intersecting point 0. 6. D connected to M; and M; and extended gives the contact points E ‘and F for the outside radius Ry, Given: Circle of diameter d 1. Divide AB into 5 equal parts (page 58) 2. An are centered at A with radius r= AB yields points C and D. 3. Construct lines from C and D to 1, 3, et. (all odd numbers). The intersecting points on the circle yield the desired vertices of the pentagon For polygons with an even number of angles Cand D are connected 1024, Bete. all even numbers). Given: Circle of diameter o nia. 1, Are centered at A with radius r= 2. Arc with radius rabout B and A. 3. Construct line segments connecting the intersecting points to yield the hexagon. For a dodecagon find intermediate points including intersections at C and D.