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Volume

AN INSTRUCTION MANUAL
Vein Finder Plus, a Vein Finder for Medical and Home
Settings

VSaad&Ismail’s
ISM Project

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 VEIN FINDER PLUS

An Instruction Manual

 Vein Finder Plus Institution

4607 FM 2351 • Suite 100
Friendswood, TX 77546
Phone 346.777.6308 • Fax 203.555.0168
“Change your life today. Don't gamble on the
future, act now, without delay.”
- Simone de Beauvoir

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Table of Contents
Overview .................................................................................. 1
How to Use This Manual .......................................................... 1
Important Notice ....................................................................... 1
Setting Up The Vein Finder ...................................................... 3
Preparations ............................................................................. 3
Placing the LEDs in the Body ................................................... 4
Soldering – Part I ..................................................................... 4
Soldering – Part 2 .................................................................... 5
Final Touches........................................................................... 6
The Pricing Explanation ........................................................... 8
Prices ....................................................................................... 8
The Decision of Deconstruction................................................ 9
Who Would Use This?............................................................ 11
A Vein Finder In A Developed Area ........................................ 11
A Vein Finder In A Developing Area ....................................... 12
Originality ............................................................................... 15
References ............................................................................. 16
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Chapter
V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

Overview
Unlike many vein finders in the market, ours makes sure
you can effectively save money, but keep the quality of an
industrial vein finder.

V ein Finder is not a product, but an option for both home

and hospital settings in less developed, semi-periphery,
and developed areas. Unlike almost all vein finders, this
vein finder uses infrared wave-length light (760 nanometers),
which penetrate the veins but, does not harm the eyes. Even
though this vein finder is deconstructed, it lowers costs and is an
easy build.

How to Use This Manual

This manual includes building steps, all production materials, and
a detailed outline of what comes in this box. Again, although this
vein finder is deconstructed, production costs will be lowered.
For a basic overview of the content of this manual please go to
Chapter 6.
Important Notice
Vein Finder Plus is not responsible for any accidents that occur.
Any transactions made with Vein Finder Plus are non-refundable.
This company is patent-pending, therefore any attempt made to
copy any element of this company of Vein Finder Plus, including,
but not limited to: use of same light and wave legnth, use of same

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V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

ratio of material to vein finder, the design of the vein finder, and
the concept of infrared lights to body of vein finder. Vein Finder
Plus is not liable for any actions that are done with this product
that are used illegally.

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Chapter
V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

Setting Up The Vein Finder

In this manual, an integral section is process of describing the process of
setting up the vein finder.

1. Preparations
In this step, simply coil one side of Item C (the resistor). Due to the tight
space found in the actual vein finder, we do this step so that the light, when
placed in the mechanism, can fit. The resistor carries electricity to the vein
finder. Sometimes it is easier with a needle, to put one side of the resistor
in, for it to stay put, and to wrap it around itself. Figure 2.1 demonstrates
what must be done from left to right (beginning to end, respectfully). Do
this for all of Item C.

FIGURE 2.1 This demonstrates the steps to coil on side of Item C. As you can see, you first begin by putting the
resistor in a needle, or in anything that can hold the resistor, then move the resistor perpendicular to the needle, then
turn the resistor around itself (360 degrees), and finally take the resistor off the needle. These picture references go to
Alex Stanciu from “Stanciu, Alex. 3d Printed Medical Vein Finder.” Instructables.com, Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017,

Note

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V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

If a medical needle is not available, hold one end of the resistor

on the sharp tip of a pencil, and wrap it around that.

2. Placing the LEDs in the Body

Item A, the Infrared LED, have a shorter leg and a long leg. The longer leg
on the LED must be placed near the circular-area, or center, of the vein
finder, but the shorter leg must be placed towards the outside, or the outer
area of the vein finder. Figure 2.2 demonstrates how the Infrared LED
must be placed. Please keep in mind that the way the lights are actually put
in, is by putting it through the holes of the vein finder, by first putting the
legs through, allowing the light to easily go in it.

FIGURE 2.2 This demonstrates the placement of where the LEDs go. They should be put from the bottom holes,
the longer leg should be at the curve of the vein finder, but the shorter leg be near the outside edge of the vein finder,
not where the circular curve is. These picture references go to Alex Stanciu from “Stanciu, Alex. 3d Printed Medical
Vein Finder.” Instructables.com, Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017, www.instructables.com/id/3d-Printed-Medical-Vein-
Finder/.

3. Soldering – Part I
Bend the long legs of Item A, the Infrared LEDs, and arrange them into
one direction. Then, using a soldering iron (which is a tool that, when
heated, can merge two things and make them one), blend all LEDs long
legs together. This will create an almost ring pattern, as shown in Figure 2.3
(the right-most picture). Next, take Item C, the resistors, which you coiled

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V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

FIGURE 2.3 These picture references go to Alex Stanciu from “Stanciu, Alex. 3d Printed
Medical Vein Finder.” Instructables.com, Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017, www.instructables.com/id/3d-
Printed-Medical-Vein-Finder/.

in Step 1, and place the coil going through the shorter leg of the LED.
Then, making sure the coil goes to the bottom on the LED, using a nail
cutter or any other small cutting device, snip the rest of the shorter leg out,
leaving the leg of the resistor that is not coiled. Now, bend all of your
resistors in the same directions the LEDs are bent, and use a soldering iron
to once again all of the small resistors, one big ring. By the end of this step,
you should have one inner ring composed of LEDs and an outer ring
composed of resistor.

4. Soldering – Part 2
Place Item B, the battery contacts, in the area with the spots for the battery.
Please note, the direction in which you place these battery contacts is
opposite, so the coiled area with be across an area without the coil. Using
your soldering iron, heat the plastic so that it can act like a glue, holding the
battery contacts in place. If the soldering iron is not available for this step,
regular glue is okay, but it will not be as effective than using a soldering iron.
Cut Item D, the wire, into three parts of equal length- about each part being,
ideally, 5 centimeters in length. Solder one part by a battery contact (please
read: the area in which you attach the wire to, is the behind of an area with
a coil on the battery contact, Item B). Then solder the remaining two parts
by attaching or wrapping them around the inner and outer rings (the
placement of the wire does not matter). Now, take the wire from the inner
ring and the wire from the battery area and cut a small bit of Item E, the
shrink tube, put it on the wire, and put it in Item F, the on-off switch.
Finally, solder the wires onto the on-off switch, making them attached to
it. From the bottom, put the on-off switch in the small rectangular area in
the lid of the body and close the lid with hot glue or any adhesive (for this
step, soldering is not preferable as it does melt some plastic, leaving it to
not attach well, whereas other areas are not affected because the shape of

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the plastic does not affect performance). By the end of this step, you should
not see the interior of the vein finder, but the lid of it and the on-off switch.

These picture references go to Alex Stanciu from “Stanciu, Alex. 3d Printed Medical Vein Finder.” Instructables.com,
Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017, www.instructables.com/id/3d-Printed-Medical-Vein-Finder/.

FIGURE 2.4 The pictures above demonstrate the placement of the wires in both off body and the on-off switch,
and finally how the on-off switch should be placed on the lid, and what the product should look like at the culmination
of this step.

5. Final Touches
Take Item G, the two AA batteries, and place them in the area with the
battery contacts and the curves. Place the batteries in the position where
they would normally go. Then, take the lid of the body and Item H, the M3
Bolt, and put the lid on, and after screw the bolt in, to keep it closed. Once
these things have been done, the vein finder is officially ready to be used.

FIGURE 2.5 These picture references go to Alex Stanciu from “Stanciu, Alex. 3d Printed Medical Vein
Finder.” Instructables.com, Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017, www.instructables.com/id/3d-Printed-Medical-Vein-Finder/.

Please read Chapter 3 for the correct usage of the vein finder, it does have
a picture for guidance.
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Chapter
V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

Usage of Vein Finder

The method in using this vein finder is extremely simple. Turn on the
switch of the vein finder, then take the light and point it directly
perpendicular to the patients arm (if the patients arm is going left and right,
the vein finder will be placed in an up-down position). Once the desired
vein is found, then move the vein finder parallel to the arm and do all
necessary procedures. Although the step of making the vein finder parallel
is not necessary, it can be helpful at times, especially when the procedure is
done by one person.

FIGURE 3.1. As shown in this picture, the

patients hand is going straight, but the vein finder
is placed parallel to the hand. These picture
references go to Alex Stanciu from “Stanciu,
Alex. 3d Printed Medical Vein
Finder.” Instructables.com, Instructables, 28 Sept.
2017, www.instructables.com/id/3d-Printed-
Medical-Vein-Finder/.

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Chapter
V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

The Pricing Explanation

This vein finder is delivered primarily for keeping costs down. Currently,
most products used in this vein finder come from the People’s Republic of
China. These parts are mass-produced as well. Regardless, these are still of
the best quality and can be seen as advantageous towards other vein finders
in the market because they work and maintain good quality. For example,
the Infrared LED uses a smart method of conserving energy so it does not
blow out, especially because shipping rates to most of the world is
extremely high. This chapter of this manual describes the production costs
and an even more detailed explanation of why we decided to make our vein
finder deconstructed.

Prices
Our original products were from Canal Electronics, a production company
in China. The prices for all of our products was about equal to two-hundred
U.S. Dollars. However, these products were received in bulk, so these are
not the price-per-product price, but more of wholesale price of a bulk of
products. The advantage available for purchasing our items on wholesale is
composed of two reasons: they maintain uniform quality and they drive
prices down.
Uniformity is extremely important in many fields- especially the medical
field. In fact, if things were not uniform communication would not be able
to occur because everyone has a different perspective on things. For
example, English allows trade to occur, and without it, many ideas would
not be able to spread. We buy our items in bulk because we want all of our
products the equal to each other. With the same products, the same help-
line can be called and the same e-mail can be made. Since Vein Finder Plus
is a small company with not many employees it is crucial we keep customer
satisfaction a maximum, while keeping work for the company at a
minimum. One way this can be done is keeping the manufacturer the same.

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V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

Also, Canal Electronics makes sure that their products are of superior
quality, so all of our products must have superior quality as well.
Roughly, the price we paid for wholesale is about two hundred dollars. This
is equal to the following products: 30 Infrared LEDs, a large sum of wire,
20 on-off switches, 30 resistors to be complimentary to the Infrared LEDs,
50 pieces of shrinking tube, 20 battery contacts each with their coil and area
without it, and other items. If all of these together make about two hundred
dollars, then many hospitals can be saved because even one vein finder can
make a difference. This is especially important because many hospitals
cannot afford the price of a whole vein finder with its parts purchased one-
by-one and with their hefty production costs and shipping costs. By taking
out production costs, and keeping material costs only, this allows for even
quicker delivery and a cheaper overall price, as discussed by the next
section.

The Decision of Deconstruction

As lightly discussed in the last section, deconstruction was selected mainly
for the reasons of keeping prices down and allowing more jobs to open in
hospitals.
The decision of this vein finder to be low-cost was the primary focus of
this company. However, sacrificing quality of products is a huge dislike. For
example, our Infrared LEDs are 760 nanometers, which do not hurt the
eyes that could cause eye cancer. This was especially dangerous because we
were worried that many nurses would use this product that could not take
a day off or could not get sick. As a result, extra is payed so that the LEDs
can be of high quality on both the exterior and a health-quality standard.
Another important reason why deconstruction aids with keeping prices
down is that these products can be sent in any environment. With the case
of a working vein finder, electricity is still running, or the vein finder could
get hit hard in the shipping and break along the way. Vein Finder Plus is a
small business that cannot afford to risk products getting ruined in the
shipping,. With the products disassembled, this is simply not the case
because the actual vein finder would not get hurt or broken in the process.
After all, this product does get sent to periphery countries that receive mail
very late and through treacherous areas, so it cannot be a risky move to
send a complex device through a jungle or through an area where the vein
finder could get hurt.
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V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

Almost everything is interconnected in a way, regardless of the diversity of

many things. The construction of this vein finder is not a five-minute
process, but it does help many people is less developed countries who have
no jobs otherwise to get a job building even one of these for the hospital.
Money is critical, and anyway that money can be made by people in less
developed areas is a way of saving their life. Once they can do one task well,
they can construct our vein finder for multiple hospitals, helping them to
get a job.

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Chapter
V E I N F I N D E R P L U S

Who Would Use This?

Who would use this vein finder? Many people (and even that is an
understatement). To date, so many people throughout the globe cannot see
their veins. As new medical advancements grow, more and more people
require something to be entered in their blood whether it is blood, for
pregnancy, or for any other reason. As wonderful as getting better from a
certain condition is, the pain and stress of finding a vein is stressful for both
a doctor and their respective patients. On one hand, the doctor (or nurse)
must carefully find the correct vein without harming other areas of the
cardiovascular system, but the patient must quietly hope that they do not
get hurt in the process. It truly is a stressful situation, but still many people
are not familiar with the concept of a vein finder to take this pain away.
This is especially necessary for those who require constant care and receive
daily blood examination. In some areas of the world, where diseases are
lurking in every nook and cranny, it is imperative that blood be taken
quickly and effectively so these diseases do not have a chance to spread,
especially in the blood.

A Vein Finder In A Developed Area

This vein finder can easily be used in a developed area, even in the best
hospitals in the world. This vein finder is especially cost effective, but it
helps move training along nurses faster than ever before, and especially the
cases with the best hospitals in the world, timing is key. In fact, time is
important to these areas because peoples’ lives are on the line. With a
minute too late, a person’s life could be taken away. A vein finder can speed
up the process in an instant. Vein Finder Plus delivers even quicker because
it is not constructed and as a result can be built, and used for an extended
period of time because the LEDs used are of the best quality, allowing them
to always be used way longer than competitive brand. In fact, what sets
Vein Finder Plus from any other company is that Vein Finder Plus does

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 not care about costs or making huge profit margins, but allowing hospitals
and people of different ethnicities to be happy.

FIGURE 5.1 This is a hospital in the United States, a developed country.

As shown, this hospital is gigantic and is loaded with new technologies.
The beauty of this vein finder is that it is also part of these new
technologies. This hospital has a lot of strain on it, so it needs to have
quick diagnostic and treatment procedures, and our vein finder can help it.
This picture is from https://media.npr.org/assets/img/201
5/02/24/johns-hopkins_customf4d92d80277ea551aa751f8aeb1935a18ae
3a2c5-s900-c85.jpg

A Vein Finder In A Developing Area

Although this vein finder is suitable for any environment in the world, it is
definitely showing its use in less developed countries. Most vein finders are
either too expensive, difficult to use, or not capable of being delivered.

Vein Finder Plus uses the best material, at a fraction of a cost because all
materials are bought in bulk-prices, allowing a large sum of material to be
bought for a low price. The biggest difference between this vein finder and
vein finders that are hundreds of dollars is that our vein finder uses 3-D
printing to lower manufacturing and cost of materials with just the cost of
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plastic. There are centers in the world that 3-D on a massive scale, much
bigger than the average 3-D printer found in households. Also, the use of
smaller pieces to build one large cohesive model is much less expensive
than it is to buy pre-made items, which then add to the cost. Many hospitals
in less developed countries do not have the same level of education in their
staff than hospitals in developed countries have or the same facilities as the
hospitals in developed countries. Although this gap is huge, it is important
to know that all of these actions (hospitals) are for making people’s lives
better, and this vein finder does just that, therefore it is the perfect marriage
between fairness and use

Most hospitals in less developed countries have little staff, high density of
patients, high stress, and an even higher concentration of bacteria with
probable disease. One integral yet sensitive and easy-to-reach section of the
human body is the bloodstream. Once skin gets poked, even a small hole,
can cause bacteria to easily invade and get into the blood causing immense
disaster in the human body. This is why hospitals in less developed
countries need to use a way to easily find a vein, do their procedure, and
finish quickly. This, however, cannot be done also because of undertrained
staff, who were not given enough time to learn by people because they are
constantly on the strain of helping others since hospitals are in high demand
everywhere, including both developed and developing countries. One thing
many of them do not have a grasp of is finding the perfect vein, or why it
is important to find the said vein because it can act as a harbor for bad
bacteria. With a vein finder there, it can make everything much safer.

Finally, many less developed areas do not have a solid mail system or an
airport to send items to. Therefore, many medical equipment just does not

get delivered. However, since the box of Vein Finder Plus has only medical
parts, but not the tool itself, it does not break and can easily get to the final
destination.

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FIGURE 5.2 This picture shows the lower quality side of hospitals (this
hospital is in Tanzania, Africa) that do have some services like an
ambulance and a roof on the hospital, but still have stress placed upon
them, which is immense, and is equal to the stress in a hospital in a
developed country, but smaller. This picture is from
http://www.openhealthnews.com/sites/openhealthnews.com/files/rece
ption_hayden_tanzania.jpg.

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Chapter

Originality
Often, products trying to be better than other products lose something
called originality. Vein Finder Plus does not do that by using the same
design of a vein finder, but using different elements to make the perfect
vein finder. For example, no vein finder in the market has both Infrared
LED lights and a 3-D printed body. It is these small things that keep the
price of this product down and allow for more people to feel comfortable
about going to blood examinations and blood drawings because they feel
safe. This product is patent-pending.

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Chapter

References
This vein finder was created along the lines of scientific research. The
follow primary and secondary sources demonstrate ethical, moral, and
scientific concepts that were viewed as assumptions in this manual. The
reference is on the next page. Articles such as “Infrared and Skin: Friend or
Foe” are primary sources because they are a lab journal with research that
they created, but “Are Vein Finders the Answer to Fewer Needle Sticks?”
is a secondary source. This variety of sources help to make this vein finder
a more broad collection of ideas so the best vein finder can be created. The
first section is without annotation and the second section is with
annotation.

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Works Cited

AlexS154, and Instructables. “3d Printed Medical Vein Finder.”

Instructables.com, Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017.

Barolet, Daniel, et al. “Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe.” Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 155, 2016, pp. 78–

85.,doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2015.1

2.014.

Chiao, et al. “Vein Visualization: Patient Characteristic Factors and Efficacy of

a New Infrared Vein Finder Technology .” OUP Academic, Oxford

University Press, 5 Feb. 2013.

Emrich, Lisa. Are Vein Finders the Answer to Fewer Needle Sticks?

Healthcentral, 9 Apr. 2015.

Grigorov, V. “Healthcare in Africa.” Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, Clinics

Cardive Publishing, Oct. 2009. Harvard Health Publishing. “Blue Light

Has a Dark Side.” Harvard Health, 30 Dec. 2017.

Ho Mien, Ivan, et al. “Effects of Exposure to Intermittent versus Continuous

Red Light on Human Circadian Rhythms, Melatonin Suppression, and

Pupillary Constriction.” PLoS ONE 9.5, Edited by Henrik Oster , 2014.

PMC, doi:10.1371.

Kurose, N., et al. “Development of Substrate-Removal-Free Vertical

Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode (RefV-LED).” AIP Advances, vol. 4,

no. 2, 2014, doi:10.1063/1.4867090.

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Luedtke, Trish, and Susan Pingree. “Dangers of Overexposure to Ultraviolet,

Infrared and High-Energy Visible Light.” Industrial Safety and Hygiene

News , 3 Jan. 2013.

Muramoto, Yoshihiko, et al. “Development and Future of Ultraviolet Light-

Emitting Diodes: UV-LED Will Replace the UV Lamp.” Semiconductor

Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 8, Jan. 2014, p. 084004.,

doi:10.1088/0268-1242/29/8/084004.

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Annotated Bibliography

Stanciu, Alex. “3d Printed Medical Vein Finder.” Instructables.com,

Instructables, 28 Sept. 2017.

This source is going to be the body of the vein finder. The beauty of this

model is that it is already proportional to all of the parts that are

necessary. Another advantage is that it is very portable, rather than

some giant vein finders in the market. However, there is one

disadvantage, which, based upon research, will be fixed. The issue is

the type of light used. As stated before, Ultraviolet Diodes will be used,

however, this vein finder uses infrared light, which is still harmful to the

eyes. Therefore, this aspect will be fixed.

Barolet, Daniel, et al. “Infrared and Skin: Friend or Foe.” Journal of

Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology, vol. 155, 2016, pp. 78-

85.,doi:10.1016/j.jphotobiol.

2015.12.014.

Infrared light is, as stated by this article, a safe way to emit light to

penetrate skin. This article spoke specifically about IR-A light from the

sun, and showed research on how little penetration it can actually to do

to a person. Of course, overexposure to anything is not a good thing,

however, infrared light is safer than most, if not all, ultraviolet light.

Infrared light ranges from 700 nm to 1 mm. Also, many infrared lights

are available in the market to be used in the vein finder.

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Chiao, et al. “Vein Visualization: Patient Characteristic Factors and Efficacy of

a New Infrared Vein Finder Technology .” OUP Academic, Oxford

University Press, 5 Feb. 2013.

This article explains the use of a vein finder. It specifically speaks about

why vein finders are important. One main point is that, through their

own research, they found that those with asian and African-american

ethnicities have a more difficult finding their vein, than other

ethnicities. Especially in older adults and young children, it is important

to give them as little pain as possible, meaning that a vein finder would

cause less pain, that the needle-method (inserting a needle to find a

vein) would bring.

Emrich, Lisa. Are Vein Finders the Answer to Fewer Needle Sticks?

Healthcentral, 9 Apr. 2015.

There is sharp difference between vein finders and needle sticks, as far

as finding veins go. Vein finders emit a certain light that gets absorbed

by the hemoglobin in the blood, that ultimately causes the vein to easily

to be seen. Needle sticks however, take a lot of practice for nurses to

grasp, and can cause a large sum of bleeding in some patients. This is

especially the case with young children and older adults. Overall, this

article is supporting the use of vein finders, rather than the painful

needle stick which is annoying to the nurse and the patient.

Grigorov, V. “Healthcare in Africa.” Cardiovascular Journal of Africa, Clinics

Cardive Publishing, Oct. 2009.

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 Africa's healthcare system, as shown by this article focusing on that of

sub-saharan Africa, is ruled by two things - rich countries and wealthy

individuals. Unfortunately, due to the agrarian style of life, many

harmful conditions are present. Africa's healthcare system has become

extremely dependent on more developed countries, such as the United

States, which had hurt Africa during the United States' recession. Also,

wealthy people are receiving the best healthcare in the country, allowing

them and not normal people to receive the best healthcare available.

Due to the fact that rich people do not receive the specific diseases

people who work in agriculture receive, the healthcare of Africa is

based upon the needs of the rich, not the commoners. Overall, this

causes insufficient healthcare, and making the poor hospitals in the

country be the only place commoners can be treated. This finding can

allow to add pathos to this project since people feel bad about the

misrepresentation of commoners in Africa. This can also add ethos in

this project by making me educated in the audience of my project.

Finally, the vein finder can help add a cheap, and easier way for people

to be treated in the low-class hospitals in Africa to treat people who are

misrepresented in the healthcare system of Africa.

Harvard Health Publishing. “Blue Light Has a Dark Side.” Harvard Health, 30

Dec. 2017.

When deciding the light of the vein finder, it is critical to choose the

correct color. However, there are actually important consequences to

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 choosing light. According to this article, blue light, although being

partially good to see in daylight, blue light can throw off the sleep cycle

of many people. Also, since many nurses can work the night shift, the

blue light may even be dangerous for them to see. All in all, since my

vein finder needs to be accessible to many people at any time, I need to

make sure that my light color can be used safely and effectively.

Ho Mien, Ivan, et al. “Effects of Exposure to Intermittent versus Continuous

Red Light on Human Circadian Rhythms, Melatonin Suppression, and

Pupillary Constriction.” PLoS ONE 9.5, Edited by Henrik Oster , 2014.

PMC, doi:10.1371.

This article describes the important of the color red that should be used

to be the color of the light of the vein finder. For a vein finder to be

successful, the color of the light must be in a way that can benefit the

patient and the nurse since color has an important effect on people. This

article speaks about the effect of the color red on people, in areas such

as melatonin levels. Melatonin levels describe the hormone melatonin

which brings the feeling of sleep to people. According to this article, the

color red does not suppress melatonin levels nor affect circadian resting,

which the resting of the body based on the internal clock (of the body).

Although this may not seem to be important, the color red suppresses

melatonin levels, and the color purple increases melatonin levels. Since

nurses who may use this vein finder need to use the vein finder a lot, it

is important for the vein finder to not affect their health adversely, and

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 currently since radiation does not directly hit them, color is the most

important factor. Red, as shown by this article, is the least impactful

color to the body, therefore making red perfect for the vein finder.

Kurose, N., et al. “Development of Substrate-Removal-Free Vertical

Ultraviolet Light-Emitting Diode (RefV-LED).” AIP Advances, vol. 4,

no. 2, 2014, doi:10.1063/1.4867090.

This article discussed a possible option for my Ultraviolet Light-

Emitting Diode. This diode is called the Vertical UV Diode. This is

very good for two reasons. Firstly, it has a nanometer ranging from 350

nanometers to 400 nanometers, making it perfect for hospitals, that have

radiation emission ranging from 210 nanometers to 400 nanometers.

Another reason why it is so useful is that it will replace the Mercury

Lamp, which was extremely widespread in the United States until the

Minamata Convention of Mercury in the United Nations. By it replacing

the Mercury Lamp, it can be asserted that it will be widespread. This

article also describes how useful it is, since it does not involve taking

the first layer of a substrate out, which usually must be done for most

UV LEDs.

Luedtke, Trish, and Susan Pingree. “Dangers of Overexposure to Ultraviolet,

Infrared and High-Energy Visible Light.” Industrial Safety and Hygiene

News , 3 Jan. 2013.

This article helped me decide the safest type of light to put in the vein

finder. Since my light needs to give off some kind of radiation, I went

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 ahead to see what type of light really is the safest. According to this

website, there are three main types of radiation people are exposed to.

The first is ultraviolet light. This type of light has short wavelengths,

causing them to have a high energy, ultimately hurting the body and

causing skin aging. The next type is infrared light. This type of light

does cause some heat to be transferred into the body, but it has longer

wavelengths than ultraviolet light, causing it to be safer. The final type

is high-energy visible light, which can cause irreplaceable skin damage,

which is extremely damaging.

Muramoto, Yoshihiko, et al. “Development and Future of Ultraviolet Light-

Emitting Diodes: UV-LED Will Replace the UV Lamp.” Semiconductor

Science and Technology, vol. 29, no. 8, Jan. 2014, p. 084004.,

doi:10.1088/0268-1242/29/8/084004.

This article speaks about the advantages about using Ultraviolet Light-

Emitting Diodes in my vein finder, and allows ethos to be used in this

project, since it establishes a good knowledge about UV LEDs. They

say UV LEDs are so useful because they have a long battery life, are

mercury free, are more consistent with their light intensity, and can

easily have their temperatures monitors and manipulated. Each of these

reasons are extremely important, since these are the things the medical

industry is demanding. Also, UV LEDs, according to this article can

help from biomedical science to being the backlight for video games. In

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other words, they are very useful in common activities that people of

many types do.

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  Vein Finder Plus Institution
4607 FM 2351 • Suite 100
Friendswood, TX 77546
Phone 346.777.6308 • Fax 203.555.0164

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