1.

0 Title
Profile Measurement

2.0 Objectives
1. To check the profile measurement of the specimen.
2. To measure the geometrical parameters of the given specimen by using an Optical system.
3. To enhance skill to use the apparatus for better precise and accurate values.

3.0 Introduction

A profile projector, also known as an optical comparator is an optical instrument that be

used for measuring. It can produce an enlarged projection shadow of an object. Object with three-
dimensional shape or small part shape are quite difficult to be measured accurately. With using
profile projector, complex shape stampings, cams, gears, threads and comparing the measured
contour model can be done for the profile projector enlarge the accurate size of the object in two-
dimensional screen. With the simple steps, it is easy to use and has a high efficiency. Profile
projector are very accurate and commonly used in measurement of an optical instruments. Sizes
of the object can be checked by direct measurement on the enlarge shadow and with subsequent
division by the multiplication factor.

Figure 3.1 : Profile projector working principle

Figure 3.2 : Basic Profile of the Unified and ISO thread form
4.0 Apparatus

1
6

7
2

8
3
9
4

5
10

Figure 4.1 : Horizontal Profile Projector Model: PH-3500

1) Screen Display 6) Screen Rotor

2) Angle Reading 7) X, Y Reading
3) Adjustor Table 8) Specimen
4) Focusing Knob 9) X Axis Control
5) Y Axis Control 10) On/Off Button
 Name Apparatus Description
Horizontal Profile Use as a medium to get the
Projector (MODEL data of major diameter,
PH- 3500) minor diameter, effective
diameter and the pitch.

Blower To blow the residue and

clean the specimen.

Brush To clean the thread

Screw specimen The main part for the

M24X3.0 ISO 6H
experiment

Pointer To point area on screen

Table 4.1: List of apparatus and its descriptions.

INDUSTRIAL APPARATUS
Name Apparatus Description
Digital profile Use as a tool to enlarge the
measurement image of the specimen to
be easy the reading been
taken.

Vertical Profile Projector Used to enlarge the image

of the specimen.

CNC Contour Measuring Used to measure complex

MC CV-3000 shape of specimen

Table 4.2: List of industrial apparatus and its descriptions.

5.0 Experimental Procedures

1. The specimen, M24 X 3.0 ISO 6H was set up on the machine profile projector model PH-
3500 Mitutoyo.
2. The specimen was to find out the major diameter, minor diameter, effective diameter and
pitch
3. The machine is switched on to display the screen projector.

Figure 5.1: Machine power switch.

4. The specimen was cleaned by using blower and brush to get the clear view for the thread
on the screen.

,
Figure 5.2 clean using brush Figure 5.3 clean using blower
5. The knob was adjusted by using vertical and horizontal and used knob to focus the view

Figure 5.4 adjusted vertical knob Figure 5.5 adjusted horizontal knob

Figure 5.6 adjusted focus view

 To determine Major Diameter :
1. The major diameter was found out by adjusting the Y-axis control referred on the grid
line.
2. The knob Y has been adjusted to the upper peak at the outside of the thread and set zero
reading on y coordinate
3. The knob y was then been moved to the lower thread part of the peak outside the thread.
4. The reading has been taken to get the major diameter.
5. Three readings have been taken to get the average value for major diameter.

To determine Minor Diameter :

1. The minor diameter was found out by adjusting the Y-axis control referred on the grid
line.
2. The knob Y has been adjusted to the lower peak at the inside of the thread and set zero
reading on y coordinate.
3. The knob y was then been moved to the lower thread part of the peakk inside the thread.
4. The reading has been taken to get the minor diameter.
5. Three readings have been taken to get the average value for minor diameter

To determine Effective Diameter :

1. Then the X-axis and Y-axis control was used to find the value of effective diameter by
adjusting the position on the grid line.
2. The coordinate x was set to zero reading on the middle high of the thread.
3. Then moved to the right and take the value
4. After that, the x coordinate was set to zero again and moved to the left.
5. Then if the reading was same value for the movement to the left and right, set the position
on the middle.
6. Next, y coordinate was set to zero reading
7. Then, move the pointer on the grid drag downward to get the reading.
8. Three readings have been taken to get the average value for effective diameter.
 To determine Pitch :
1. The pitch value was found out by adjusting the X-axis and Y-axis control of the grid line.
2. The x coordinate was set at the lowest point of the thread and between two thread and set
zero
3. After that, move the X-axis control to the right on the next same point of the thread.
4. The reading of the pitch has been taken.
5. Three readings have been taken to get the average value for pitch.
6. All the value was recorded and analysed for a better result.
6.0 Results

Type of Reading 1 Reading 2 Reading 3 Reading 4 Average

measurement

Major 23.948 23.950 23.951 23.958 23.952

Diameter
(mm)
Minor 19.537 19.568 19.544 19.585 19.559
Diameter
(mm)
Pitch (mm) 3.007 3.002 3.009 2.991 3.002

Effective 21.832 21.801 21.804 21.840 21.820

Diameter
(mm)
Table 6.1: Experimental Data.
Type of measurement Theoretical Value
Major Diameter (mm) 24
Minor Diameter (mm) 19.855
Pitch (mm) 3
Effective Diameter (mm) 21.906
Table 6.2: Theoretical Value.
Percentage error by using the formula off;
𝐸𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑎𝑡𝑎 (𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒)−𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
 | | × 100
𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑜𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒

Type of measurement Percentage error (%)

Major Diameter 0.20

Minor Diameter 1.49

Pitch 0.07

Effective Diameter 0.39

Table 6.3: Percentage Error Value

7.0 Discussion

Experiment was conducted to analyse the measurement of a specimen that is a screw thread
M24X3.0 ISO 6H by using profile projection device. All the procedure was done carefully. To
make sure the data were precisely and accurately measured, the readings for every parameter were
taken 4 readings each. The mean reading of the measurement were then be taken. The average
readings were 23.952mm, 19.559mm, 3.002mm, and 21.820mm for the major diameter, the
minor diameter, the pitch and the effective diameter respectively. To be able to compare the
data of the measurement, the theoretical data and the experimental data were compared and
percentage error been obtained. For the overall measurement data of this experiment, the
percentage error for each of the parameters were not too high, that was below than 1.5%, meaning
that the readings were precisely measured. This prove that this profile projector machine really can
measure the measurement of the specimen more precisely and accurately for a small complex
shape product.

From the experiment done, screw thread readings were measured with different type of
parameters and the data for each parameters were analyse and compared. Each reading has its own
variations that may be occur due to the misalignment of the object or specimen during constructing
the alignment before the reading were recorded. The specimen might also be hold too loose and
not been attach properly that effected the variations of the readings. Another reason that affected
the variations of readings were the screen of the profile projection. The screen only shows two
zone that is the light zone and the dark zone. Variations obtain when there is no absolute perfect
line appears on the screen although the focus lens was already being adjusted. Also, the
measurement was taken by different person during conducting the experiment makes the reading
be slightly different.
 During the experiment, there are some error that might be obtain and effecting the
experimental data. First, the parallax error which might been occurred because of wrong visual or
eyes position during the reading or value of each parameter were taken. Moreover, the
measurement readings were taken by different person. This may affect the reading of each value
of parameters. The error also been assumed because of the environmental factor such as a small
vibration occurred when handling the screw thread. This cause the position of the specimen be
slightly move and the different values of the reading be obtained. The condition of the specimen
also tends to be the affected reason. The specimen might have been used continuously until it
reached the state beyond its plastic deformation and some of the surfaces might be corrodes.

To handle the errors, some precaution must be taken. First, to avoid parallax error, make
sure the position of the eyes of the person that read the measurement were correct that is straight
and perpendicular to the reading target. Also, loose the error by make sure the specimen was being
hold or clamp tightly before conduct the experiment. Besides from that, to minimize the percentage
error, the value for the experimental data should be taken repeatedly as many as you can and
average values be calculated to gain precisely accurate data for this experiment.
8.0 Recommendations
i. The specimen should be clamp firmly to avoid movement so that no error when reading
is taken.
ii. The specimen must be places at the correct position where the projector can show the
image clearly so that we can take the reading correctly.
iii. Take 3 readings and calculate its average to get an accurate reading thus reduce the
percentage error.
iv. The specimen and adjustor table should be cleaned from dust, oil and moisture before
reading is taken to avoid reading error.
v. Eye must be perpendicular to specimen when reading is taken to avoid parallax error.
vi. Do not used bare hand to touch the screen of the profile machine but instead used the
pointer.

9.0 Conclusion
In conclusion, this experiment was handle to determine the dimension of thread profile by
using the digital profile measurement machine. This was to ensure that the thread are in
correct dimension. In industry the standard of thread are very important because it can cause
failure if the thread are not followed the specifications of standard thread. The percentage
error of average measurement has slightly differences from theoretical value maybe because
of some error happen during conducted the experiment. The error were such as human error,
parallax error and apparatus error. This will affected the reading of measurement that has
been taken.
10.0 References
i. Serope Kalpakjian, W.R. Schmid, Manufacturing Technology and Fundamental, 5th
edition, Prentice Hall, 2004
ii. Serope Kalpakjian & Steven R. Schmid, Manufacturing Processes for Engineering
Materials, 4th Edition, Illinois Institute Of Technology, Prentice Hall, 2003.
iii. www.wikipedia/coordinate_measuring_machine (Accessed November 2018)
iv. www.wikipedia/profile_measurement (Accessed November 2018)
v. Feng, H. T., Wang, Y. L., Li, C. M., & Tao, W. J. (2011). An automatic measuring
method and system using a light curtain for the thread profile of a
ballscrew. Measurement Science and Technology, 22(8), 085106.
vi. Tong, Q. B., Jiao, C. Q., Huang, H., Li, G. B., Ding, Z. L., & Yuan, F. (2014). An
automatic measuring method and system using laser triangulation scanning for the
parameters of a screw thread. Measurement Science and Technology, 25(3), 035202