の重要性
(1) Seismic Damage of Bridges
in Past Earthquakes Past Experience
What damage did we have in the past?
東京工業大学
川島一彦
Kazuhiko Kawashima
Tokyo Institute of Technology
Stage I: Damage which occurred at the days when Failure of Foundations Resulted in Collapse of
seismic effect was not considered or Bridges
poorly considered in design
1923 Kanto Earthquake
1
Stage I (-1950s)
Topological & Geological Conditions Seismic effects were not considered or poorly
considered in design
z Being located in the monsoon area, the high-rate
erosion developed thick soft sedimentation at the 1923 Kanto Earthquake Tilting, Overturning and
mouth of large rivers in the Asian region. 1946 Nankai Earthquake Settlement of Foundations
z Most cities with large population are resting on 1948 Fukui Earthquake
the thick sedimentation in the Asian region
z Foundation suffered damage resulted from
instability of clayey soil and liquefaction and Collapse
lateral spreading of sandy soils.
2
Unseating Prevention Devices Stage II: Damage which occurred before the
importance of soil liquefaction and unseating
zEffectiveness of unseating prevention devices was prevention devices was recognized
recognized by Japanese engineers who investigated the
zConsideration to soil liquefaction and
damage of bridges in 1964 Niigata earthquake.
unseating prevention devices were not
zThey proposed to included in seismic design practice prior
to 1964
9extend the seat length
zExcessive relative displacement of
9provide connection between adjacent decks decks resulted from soil liquefaction
9connect the deck to the substructures
zThey were incorporated in seismic retrofit first, and then
incorporated in the 1971 JRA Guide Specifications on Collapse
Seismic Design. The practice was then spread worldwide.
Premature Shear Failure of RC Piers Premature Shear Failure of Reinforced Concrete Piers
Resulting from Insufficient Development Length
Common Design
Practice prior to 300mm
1985
3
Loading Experiment at TITech (Sasaki, T. et al.,
Stage-III: Damage resulted from insufficient
2005)
ductility of columns and strength of bearings
1995 Kobe Earthquake Chugoku Expressway Bridges are vital component of urban areas
Sanyo Shin-Kansen
Rokko Mountain
Meishin
Hankyu Railway Expressway
Port Island
4
The most extensive damage occurred at a 18-
span viaduct. This bridge collapsed due to
failure of RC columns resulted from the
premature shear failure.
5
Collapse of a 18-span viaduct in the 1995 Kobe Collapse of a 18-span viaduct in the 1995 Kobe
Earthquake Earthquake
NHK NHK
300mm 150mm
Cut-off
Shear Failure
6
Shear Failure
7
Damage of foundations was less, but none
Damage of Foundations
m=12,000 t m=1,900 t
252 m 52 m
8
Vulnerable Steel Pin & Roller Bearings Vulnerable Steel Roller Bearings
9
Damage of Unseating Prevention Devices Damage of Unseating Prevention Devices
u R = cR ⋅ u R max = cR ( µr − 1)(1 − r )u y
1
Plastic Hinges u Ra = H Column height
100
10
Experience of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake
Summary of the 1995 Kobe Earthquake Past damage occurred at foundations & Piers/Columns
Slender Substructures
2002
1925 Seismic Design Started
300
zSeeing is believing. Most bridges
250 which collapse
zWe tend not to believe what we have not yet seen.
1995 Kobe EQ
200 1996
zWe should have a good insight on what could happen. earthquake were
150 designed
according to this
100 code.
1990
1980
50 1971
0 X6 times
1940
1960
2000
2020
1920
1980
Kawashima’s
contribution
Year
11
1971Code and the Latest Code (2002)
2002
1971
12
High Risk of Subway Stations with What are the research targets in the next
Complex Structures 10 years?
zAre bridges safe as a system to ensure the safety of
public in the urban areas?
zWhat are the next type damage?
zAre the current seismic performance goal that bridge
should not collapse during an extensive earthquake
acceptable to the public?
13
1989 Loma Prieta Earthquake
1 2
1 2
5
Pounding of Decks at Intermediate Hinge
14
History of Seismic Design of Bridges in USA History of Seismic Design of Bridges in USA
1776 Independence
1830-1840 Gold Rush (continued)
1850 California became a part of US territory
1906 San Francisco Earthquake 1971 San Fernando Earthquake
1933 Long Beach Earthquake Damage of bridges during 11 earthquakes
Field Act (0.1 Seismic coefficient for school with magnitude of 5.4-7.7 between 1933
and 1971 was only $100,000
buildings, and 0.02-0.05 seismic coefficient
1973 New Caltrans Seismic Design
or other structures) & Riley Act
(Incorporated into AASHTO in 1975)
1936 Construction of San Francisco Oakland
1981 New FHWA Seismic Design Code
Bay Bridge
1989 Loma Prieta EQ
1957 Construction of Cypress Viaduct
1961 First Stipulation for Seismic Effects in AASHO 1994 Northridge EQ
1961 First Stipulation for Seismic Effect in
California Department of Transportation
History of Seismic Design of Bridges in Japan History of Seismic Design of Bridges in Japan
(continued)
1923 Kanto EQ
1925 First Design Code for Bridges including Seismic 1990 Design Specifications (100 pages)
Effects Check for Ductility, Lateral Force for Multi-span
1964 Design Specifications (2 pages)
Bridges, Standard Ground Motions for Dynamic
kh=0.2, kv=0.1
Analysis
1971 First Independent Seismic Design Specifications
(30 pages) 1995 Kobe EQ
Unseating prevention devices, Evaluation for 1996 Design Specifications (200 pages)
liquefaction potential Ductility Design, Near-Field Ground Motions
1980 Design Specifications (50 pages) 2002 Design Specifications (240 pages)
Updated Evaluation for Liquefaction
15