Antenna Design in Luzon Research

A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in
the microwave frequency range to transmit information between two fixed locations on
the earth. They are crucial to many forms of communication and impact a broad range
of industries.
Designing line of sight (LOS) microwave links requires to consider factors related to
location site, site characteristics, power availability, local zoning restrictions, geological
seismic data, survey of electromagnetic interference, path and site elevation, curvature
of the earth, Fresnel clearances, Height of antenna tower that will be used, reflection
area, Line of sight (LOS), Fresnel zone, Antenna and transceivers that will be used.
Since many factors affects microwave radio signals, it is necessary to consider

those in designing microwave links. Calculations are needed that will give the fade
margin of the link and this will dictate the quality and reliability of the link.
Microwave links provide the bulk of the interconnectivity between sites in

telecommunications networks (especially mobile voice and data networks) because
they are rapidly deployable, relatively small and require less infrastructure outlay than
technologies such as fibre transmission. Typical applications of microwave link includes
mobile backhaul links - between 2G/3G base stations and WiMAX/LTE backhaul links. The
basic components required for operating a radio link are the transmitter, towers,
antennas, and receiver. To achieve point-to-point radio links, antennas are placed on a
tower or other tall structure at sufficient height to provide a direct, unobstructed line-of-
sight (LOS) path between the transmitter and receiver sites. Before a microwave link can
be installed, an analysis and calculation of the microwave link must be made first. The
analysis should take place before the site survey itself to get a clear idea about the
dimensions of the antennas. Our analysis consists in this paper consists of free space loss
calculation and Link budget calculation.
A microwave link fundamentally consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The

transmitter and the receiver are each connected to an antenna. This is typically a
1
parabolic dish antenna connected to the transmitter, and also typically a dish antenna
on the receiver. The receiver always needs to be typically within the range of kilometers
of the transmitter, but the distance is very much dependent on the path between the
transmitter and receiver.
This study aims to develop a Line-of-Sight Microwave Link Design :

1. With a minimum distance of 100 miles.
2. Which is located in Visayas.
3. Using the following frequency ranges
3.1 3.4 – 3.8 GHz
3.2 6.425 – 7.11 GHz
3.3 7.9 – 8.4GHz
4. Then calculate the following parameters:
4.1 LOS and attenuation
4.2 Fading and fade margin
4.3 Availability and unavailability
In these conditions:
Unfaded
Faded
Improved (If needed)
The scope of the study is to develop a design that would satisfy the requirements and
standards set forth during the initial stage of planning. It is limited to the calculations
involved in making the design and not with the actual implementation of the microwave
link.
2
Luzon is mostly known for NCR, but there are other regions that we
have to consider in Luzon. The upper parts of Luzon are full of provinces.
These provinces each have a Barangay Hall. In this study, this Barangay
Halls will be the main benefactor of this communication system. There
were a lot of considerations made for the site selection. First is that it must
have enough space for the antenna towers and shelter. Then it should be
lying around an area with residents. Third is that it should not be 3 miles
near to airports and should not cross large bodies of water such as seas.
Figure 1. Map of Central Luzon
This microwave design will consist of 6 links with 6 sites located in Region 3.
The chosen sites were near Barangay/Municipal/City Halls, which are
supposedly the main benefactors of this design.
3
Topology is the way the sites will be connected. It is the same to the
Network Topology which is the arrangement of various elements of a computer
network. Figure 2 below shows the topology of the Microwave Link of this study.
The LOS Microwave Link Design formed a bus topology with six links,
connecting the Barangay/Municipal/ stated below.
Figure 2. Bus Topolgy of the proposed Microwave Radio Linlk
The following Links are:
Link 1: Bayambang Municipal Hall to Cuyapo Town Hall
Link 2: Cuyapo Town Hall to Talavera Municipal Hall
Link 3: Talavera Municipal Hall to Gapan City Hall
Link 4: Gapan City Hall to Arayat Municipal Hall
Link 5: Arayat Municipal Hall to Baliuag Municipal Hall
Link 6: Baliuag Municipal Hall to Duhat Barangay Hall
4
1. Frequency Band / Link:
Figure 3 Whole Link of the Proposed Design
Link 1 (Bayambang to Cuyapo) - Upper Band (17miles)

Link 2 (Cuyapo to Talavera) – Lower Band (21.6miles)
Link 3 (Talavera to Gapan) – Middle Band(20.3miles)
Link4 (Gapan to Arayat) – Upper Band(15.2miles)
Link 5 (Arayat to Baliuag) – Middle Band(16miles)
Link 6 (Baliuag to Duhat) – Upper Band (12.5miles)
5
2. Frequency Band/ Link and Polarity
Freq Recommendations Channel Polarity

Range (ITU-R-F-Series Spacing
(GHz) Spacing) (MHz)
Upper 7.9 – 386, Annex 4 28 Vertical
Band 8.4
Middle 6.425 – 383 Annex 1 60 Vertical
Band 7.11
Lower 3.4 – 1488 Annex 2 0.25 vertical
Band 3.8
Table 1 Description of the Frequency Bands Used in the Proposed
Design
SPECTRUM FOR LB:
Table 2 Frequency Assignments for the Low Band channels
Figure 4 Frequency Assignment for Low Band Frequency with Spacing

considered
6
SPECTRUM FOR MB:
Table 3 Frequency Assignments for the Middle Band channels
Figure 5 Frequency Assignment for Middle Band Frequency with

Spacing considered
7
SPECTRUM FOR HB:
Table 4 Frequency Assignments for the High Band channels
Figure 6 Frequency Assignment for High Band Frequency with Spacing

considered
8
I. LOS Microwave Radio Links Information Listing
A. Bayambang, Pangasinan to Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
a. Bayambang, Pangasinan Information List
1. Brief discussion about the city
Bayambang is the seat of the Pangasinan State University,

the Colleges of Nursing and Education. The municipality
maintains close relations with San Carlos City and Malasiqui,
with whom it would partition the impoverished municipality of
Basista if the said town would choose partition instead of
reunification with San Carlos City.
2. Precise location of the site
The site is located at latitude 15°50'37.67"N, 120°24'58.14"E,
elevating at 69 feet above the sea level.
3. Site Description
Bayambang in the early days had a big territorial
coverage. The municipalities of Bautista, Alcala, Sto. Tomas
and Rosales were once part of the old Bayambang. Today,
its size had been reduced after the aforementioned
municipalities’ attained municipal status. Bayambang was
founded in the 16th century by an Aeta known as Agalet.
9
4. Site layout plan
Figure 7 Bayambang Site layout plan
Bayambang site shelter is 30 feet away from the antenna
tower.
5. Power Availability
The Central Pangasinan Electric Cooperative, INC.
provides electric power to the locality.
6. Local zoning restrictions
The closest airport to Bayambang site is Lingayen Airport.
This airport 25.08 miles away from the site.
7. Geologic Seismic data
Figure 8 PHIVOLCS Fault Line Map of Bayambang, Pangasinan
10
No site on the whole link is directly above a fault line,
although the red line is the east-west valley fault line.
8. Weather Data
Table 5 Weather data of Bayambang, Pangasinan
This city has a tropical climate. There is significant
rainfall throughout the year in Bayambang. Even the driest
month still has a lot of rainfall. The average annual
temperature is 27.0 °C in Bayambang. In a year, the average
rainfall is 2430 mm.
9. Surver of EMI
There is a nearby radio station on the site.
b. Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija Information List
Cuyapo is a first class municipality in the province of
Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has
a population of 59,396 people. According to the Kulantong
11
by Cirilo R. Sumangil, a native of Cuyapo was the Parish Priest
of the Philippine Independent Church of Cuyapo.
The site is located at latitude 15°46’37.28”N, longitude
121°40’05.35”E, and 105 ft above sea level.
3. Site Description
Cuyapo Station is located in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija,
North West of Laur Station. The area is the last transmitter will
be constructed is in a loam soil and surrounded by urban
area. Construction of drainage system is possible and it is
road accessible since it is located in an urban area.
4. Site layout plan
Figure 9 Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija site layout plan
Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija site shelter is 30 ft away from the
antenna tower.
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The Tarlac Electric Cooperative, Inc. I (TARELCO I) provides
electric power to the locality.
The closest airport to Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija is Cubi Pt NAS
Airport. This airport is 43.3 km away from the site.
7. Geologic Seismic Data
Figure 10 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
No site on the whole link is directly subjected to a fault line,
east-west valley fault line is too far from the site. However, one
fault line exist on the east area of the site.
13
8. Weather data
Table 6 Weather data of Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
This city has a tropical climate. The summers here have
a good deal of rainfall. The average annual temperature is
27.3 °C in Cuyapo. The rainfall here averages 1791 mm.
9. Survey of EMI
There is no nearby radio station on the site so the
transmission of signal is free from EMI.
B. Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija to Talavera, Nueva Ecija
c. Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija Information List
Cuyapo is a first class municipality in the province of
Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has
a population of 59,396 people. According to the Kulantong
by Cirilo R. Sumangil, a native of Cuyapo was the Parish Priest
of the Philippine Independent Church of Cuyapo.
14
3. Site Description
Cuyapo Station is located in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija,
North West of Laur Station. The area is the last transmitter will
be constructed is in a loam soil and surrounded by urban
area. Construction of drainage system is possible and it is
road accessible since it is located in an urban area.
4. Site layout plan
Figure 11 Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija site layout plan
antenna tower.
The Tarlac Electric Cooperative, Inc. I (TARELCO I) provides
15
The closest airport to Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija is Cubi Pt NAS
Airport. This airport is 43.3 km away from the site.
Figure 12 Fault line map of Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
8. Weather data
Table 7 Weather data of Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija
27.3 °C in Cuyapo. The rainfall here averages 1791 mm.
16
9. Survey of EMI
d. Talavera, Nueva Ecija Information List
Talavera is a first class municipality in the province of
Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it had
a population of 112,515 people.
3. Site Description
The municipality’s terrain is relatively flat, with slope
ranging from 0 to 3%. Due to the flat topography, the land is
suited for agricultural, commercial, or industrial development.
4. Site layout plan
Figure 13 Talavera, Nueva Ecija site layout plan
17
Talavera, Nueva Ecija site shelter is 30 ft away from the
antenna tower.
The Nueva Ecija II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (NEECO2)
The closest airport to Talavera, Nueva Ecija is Clark
International Airport. This airport is in Angeles City and is 89.0
km away from the site.
Figure 14 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Talavera, Nueva Ecija
No site on the whole link is directly above a fault line, east-
west valley fault line is too far from the site.
18
8. Weather data
Table 8 Weather data of Talavera, Nueva Ecija
The climate is tropical in Talavera. During most months
of the year, there is significant rainfall in San Miguel. There is
only a short dry season. The temperature here averages 27.3
°C. The average annual rainfall is 2255 mm.
9. Survey of EMI
C. Talavera, Nueva Ecija to Gapan, Nueva Ecija
e. Talavera, Nueva Ecija Information List
Talavera is a first class municipality in the province of
Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it had
a population of 112,515 people.
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3. Site Description
The municipality’s terrain is relatively flat, with slope
ranging from 0 to 3%. Due to the flat topography, the land is
suited for agricultural, commercial, or industrial development.
4. Site layout plan
Figure 15, Talavera Site Layout
San Miguel, Bulacan site shelter is 30 ft away from
theantenna tower.
The Nueva Ecija II Electric Cooperative, Inc. (NEECO2)
The closest airport to Talavera, Nueva Ecija is Clark
International Airport. This airport is in Angeles City and is 89.0
km away from the site.
20
Figure 16 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Talavera, Nueva Ecija
No site on the whole link is directly above a fault line, east-
west valley fault line is too far from the site.
8. Weather data
Table 9 Weather data of Talavera, Nueva Ecija
The climate is tropical in San Miguel. During most
months of the year, there is significant rainfall in San Miguel.
There is only a short dry season. The temperature here
averages 27.3 °C. The average annual rainfall is 2255 mm.
21
9. Survey of EMI
f. Gapan, Nueva Ecija Information List
Gapan known as the Tsinelas Capital of the Philippines
is a fourth class cityin the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Gapan is nicknamed the “Footwear Capital of the North”,
and it is an inseparable part of the Rice Granary of the
Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population
of 110.303 people. It has a land area of 164.44 sq. km.
3. Site Description
Gapan is located in the southern part of the province.
It is bounded to the north by Peñaranda and San Leonardo,
to the east by the Gen. Tinio, to the south by San Miguel in
neighbouring Bulacan province, and to the west by San
Isidro.
22
4. Site layout plan
Figure 17 Gapan, Nueva Ecija site layout plan
Laur, Nueva Ecija site shelter is 30 ft away from the antenna
tower.
The NUEVA ECIJA III ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC. (NEECO
III) provides electric power to the locality.
The closest airport to Gapan, Nueva Ecija is Baler Airport.
This airport is 46.5 km away from the site.
23
Figure 18 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Gapan, Nueva Ecija
east-west valley fault line is too far from the site. However, two
fault lines surrounds the area where the site will be
constructed.
8. Weather data
Table 10 Weather data of Gapan, Nueva Ecija
Gapan’s climate is classified as tropical. There is a
significant rainfall in most months of the year. The average
annual temperature is 26.8°C. The average annual rainfall is
2101 mm.
24
9. Survey of EMI
D. Gapan, Nueva Ecija to Arayat, Pampanga
g. Gapan, Nueva Ecija Information List
Gapan known as the Tsinelas Capital of the Philippines
is a fourth class cityin the province of Nueva Ecija, Philippines.
Gapan is nicknamed the “Footwear Capital of the North”,
and it is an inseparable part of the Rice Granary of the
Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a population
of 110.303 people. It has a land area of 164.44 sq. km.
3. Site Description
Gapan is located in the southern part of the province.
It is bounded to the north by Peñaranda and San Leonardo,
to the east by the Gen. Tinio, to the south by San Miguel in
neighbouring Bulacan province, and to the west by San
Isidro.
25
4. Site layout plan
Figure 19 Gapan, Nueva Ecija site layout plan
Gapan, Nueva Ecija site shelter is 30 ft away from the
antenna tower.
The NUEVA ECIJA III ELECTRIC COOPERATIVE, INC. (NEECO
III) provides electric power to the locality.
The closest airport to Gapan, Nueva Ecija is Baler Airport.
This airport is 46.5 km away from the site.
26
Figure 20 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Gapan, Nueva Ecija
east-west valley fault line is too far from the site. However, two
fault lines surrounds the area where the site will be
constructed.
8. Weather data
Table 11 Weather data of Gapan, Nueva Ecija
Gapan’s climate is classified as tropical. There is a
significant rainfall in most months of the year. The average
annual temperature is 26.8°C. The average annual rainfall is
2101 mm.
27
9. Survey of EMI
h. Arayat, Pampanga Information List
Arayat is a first class municipality in the province of
Pampanga, Phililipines. According to the 2014 census, it has a
population of 133,492 people. A large portion of Mount
Arayat is located within this municipality.
3. Site Description
The area is the last transmitter will be constructed is in a
loam soil and surrounded by urban area. Construction of
drainage system is possible and it is road accessible since it is
located in an urban area.
28
4. Site layout plan
Figure 21 Arayat, Pampanga site layout plan
antenna tower.
The Pampanga Electric Cooperative, Inc. I (PELCO I)
The closest airport to Arayat, Pampanga is Clark
International Airport. This airport is 47.2 km away from the site.
29
Figure 22 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Arayat, Pampanga
8. Weather data
27.3 °C in Arayat. The rainfall here averages 1791 mm.
9. Survey of EMI
30
E. Arayat, Pampanga to Baliuag, Bulacan
i. Gapan, Nueva Ecija Information List
Arayat is a first class municipality in the province of
Pampanga, Philippines. According to the 2014 census, it has
a population of 133,492 people. A large portion of Mount
Arayat is located within this municipality.
3. Site Description
The area is the last transmitter will be constructed is in a
loam soil and surrounded by urban area. Construction of
drainage system is possible and it is road accessible since it is
located in an urban area.
31
4. Site layout plan
Figure 23 Arayat, Pampanga site layout plan
Arayat Pampanga site shelter is 30 ft away from the
antenna tower.
The Pampanga Electric Cooperative, Inc. I (PELCO I)
The closest airport to Arayat, Pampanga is Clark
International Airport. This airport is 47.2 km away from the site.
32
Figure 24 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Arayat, Pampanga
No site on the whole link is directly subjected to a fault
line, east-west valley fault line is too far from the site.
However, one fault line exist on the east area of the site.
8. Weather data
27.3 °C in Arayat. The rainfall here averages 1791 mm.
9. Survey of EMI
33
j. Baliuag, Bulacan Information List
Baliuag, is a first class urban municipality in the province of
Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a
population of 149,954 people.
120°54’07.18” E and 48 ft above sea level.
3. Site Description
Baliuag Station site has silty type of soil and located near
an urban area. The location is road accessible and the
drainage system for this site is not a problem.
4. Site layout plan
Figure 25 Baliuag, Bulacan site layout plan
Baliuag, Bulacan site shelter is 30 ft away from the
antenna tower.
34
The Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) provides
The closest airport to Baliuag, Bulacan is Diosdado
Macapagal International Airport. This airport is in Angeles City
and is 46 km away from the site.
Figure 26 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Baliuag, Bulacan
east-west valley fault line is too far from the site.
8. Weather data
Table 12 Weather data of Baliuag, Bulacan
35
The climate here is tropical. The temperature here
averages 27.1 C. The rainfall average 2364 mm.
k. Survey of EMI
F. Baliuag, Bulacan to Bocaue, Bulacan (Brgy. Duhat)
l. Baliuag, Bulacan Information List
Baliuag, is a first class urban municipality in the province of
Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2015 census, it has a
population of 149,954 people.
3. Site Description
Baliuag Station site has silty type of soil and located near
an urban area. The location is road accessible and the
drainage system for this site is not a problem.
36
4. Site layout plan
Figure 27 Baliuag, Bulacan site layout plan
antenna tower.
Macapagal International Airport. This airport is in Angeles City
and is 46 km away from the site.
37
Figure 28 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Baliuag, Bulacan
8. Weather data
9. Survey of EMI
38
m. Brgy. Duhat, Bocaue, Bulacan Information List
Bocaue, is a first class urban municipality in the
province of Bulacan, Philippines. According to the 2015
census, it has a population of 119,675 people.
3. Site Description
4. Site layout plan
Figure 29 Duhat, Bulacan site layout plan
antenna tower.
39
Macapagal International Airport. This airport is in Angeles
City and is 46 km away from the site.
Figure 30 PHIVOLCS fault line map of Duhat, Bulacan
8. Weather data
40
9. Survey of EMI
41
A. Path Description from Bayambang Municpal Hall to Cuyapo Town
Hall
Figure 31 Link 1 Path link
Distance from
Obstacle Type of Terrain Bayambang Municipal
Hall (mi)
A Urban Area 0
B Plains 2.3
C Urban Area 4.8
D Plains 9.5
E Urban Area 12.3

F Plains 16
G Urban Area 17
Table 15 Link 1 Path Description
42
Path Profile Computations and Plots
Bayambang Municipal Hall to Cuyapo Town Hall
1. Obstacle and Elevation
Table 16. Link 1 Path Profile Computation
D1 D2 EARTHS W/ WITH WITH

CURVATURE ELEVATION TREES&GROWTH FRESNEL
TX 0 17 0 69 119 119
1 0.1 16.9 2 70 120 129
2 0.2 16.8 3 66 116 128
3 0.3 16.7 4 70 120 134
4 0.4 16.6 5 61 111 128
5 0.5 16.5 6 70 120 138
6 0.6 16.4 7 65 115 135
7 0.7 16.3 8 66 116 137
8 0.8 16.2 9 73 123 146
9 0.9 16.1 10 73 123 147
10 1 16 11 78 128 153
11 1.1 15.9 12 75 125 151
12 1.2 15.8 13 69 119 147
13 1.3 15.7 14 76 126 155
14 1.4 15.6 15 77 127 157
15 1.5 15.5 16 84 134 164
16 1.6 15.4 17 79 129 160
17 1.7 15.3 18 79 129 161
18 1.8 15.2 19 76 126 159
19 1.9 15.1 20 81 131 165
20 2 15 21 78 128 163
21 2.1 14.9 21 81 131 166
22 2.2 14.8 22 83 133 169
23 2.3 14.7 23 83 133 170
24 2.4 14.6 24 87 137 174
25 2.5 14.5 25 91 141 179
26 2.6 14.4 25 106 156 195
27 2.7 14.3 26 104 154 193
28 2.8 14.2 27 93 143 183
29 2.9 14.1 28 94 144 184
30 3 14 29 95 145 186
43
31 3.1 13.9 29 90 140 181
32 3.2 13.8 30 98 148 190
33 3.3 13.7 31 99 149 191
34 3.4 13.6 31 106 156 199
35 3.5 13.5 32 101 151 194
36 3.6 13.4 33 106 156 200
37 3.7 13.3 33 113 163 207
38 3.8 13.2 34 107 157 202
39 3.9 13.1 35 110 160 205
40 4 13 35 110 160 205
41 4.1 12.9 36 115 165 211
42 4.2 12.8 36 103 153 199
43 4.3 12.7 37 106 156 202
44 4.4 12.6 37 119 169 216
45 4.5 12.5 38 122 172 219
46 4.6 12.4 39 117 167 214
47 4.7 12.3 39 129 179 227
48 4.8 12.2 40 126 176 224
49 4.9 12.1 40 128 178 226
50 5 12 41 118 168 217
51 5.1 11.9 41 116 166 215
52 5.2 11.8 41 111 161 210
53 5.3 11.7 42 111 161 210
54 5.4 11.6 42 113 163 213
55 5.5 11.5 43 117 167 217
56 5.6 11.4 43 114 164 214
57 5.7 11.3 43 116 166 216
58 5.8 11.2 44 117 167 218
59 5.9 11.1 44 113 163 214
60 6 11 45 115 165 216
61 6.1 10.9 45 116 166 217
62 6.2 10.8 45 112 162 213
63 6.3 10.7 45 113 163 215
64 6.4 10.6 46 115 165 217
65 6.5 10.5 46 113 163 215
66 6.6 10.4 46 111 161 213
67 6.7 10.3 47 113 163 215
68 6.8 10.2 47 111 161 213
69 6.9 10.1 47 114 164 216
70 7 10 47 113 163 216
71 7.1 9.9 47 113 163 216
44
72 7.2 9.8 48 113 163 216
73 7.3 9.7 48 112 162 215
74 7.4 9.6 48 110 160 213
75 7.5 9.5 48 111 161 214
76 7.6 9.4 48 111 161 214
77 7.7 9.3 48 111 161 214
78 7.8 9.2 48 111 161 214
79 7.9 9.1 48 107 157 210
80 8 9 49 107 157 210
81 8.1 8.9 49 106 156 209
82 8.2 8.8 49 106 156 209
83 8.3 8.7 49 105 155 208
84 8.4 8.6 49 103 153 206
85 8.5 8.5 49 106 156 209
86 8.6 8.4 49 106 156 209
87 8.7 8.3 49 108 158 211
88 8.8 8.2 49 109 159 212
89 8.9 8.1 49 113 163 216
90 9 8 49 115 165 218
91 9.1 7.9 48 128 178 231
92 9.2 7.8 48 125 175 228
93 9.3 7.7 48 115 165 218
94 9.4 7.6 48 118 168 221
95 9.5 7.5 48 120 170 223
96 9.6 7.4 48 116 166 219
97 9.7 7.3 48 109 159 212
98 9.8 7.2 48 109 159 212
99 9.9 7.1 47 110 160 213
100 10 7 47 110 160 213
101 10.1 6.9 47 109 159 211
102 10.2 6.8 47 104 154 206
103 10.3 6.7 47 109 159 211
104 10.4 6.6 46 112 162 214
105 10.5 6.5 46 112 162 214
106 10.6 6.4 46 113 163 215
107 10.7 6.3 45 114 164 216
108 10.8 6.2 45 111 161 212
109 10.9 6.1 45 108 158 209
110 11 6 45 105 155 206
111 11.1 5.9 44 109 159 210
112 11.2 5.8 44 111 161 212
45
113 11.3 5.7 43 109 159 209
114 11.4 5.6 43 109 159 209
115 11.5 5.5 43 109 159 209
116 11.6 5.4 42 103 153 203
117 11.7 5.3 42 108 158 207
118 11.8 5.2 41 108 158 207
119 11.9 5.1 41 110 160 209
120 12 5 41 115 165 214
121 12.1 4.9 40 117 167 215
122 12.2 4.8 40 111 161 209
123 12.3 4.7 39 110 160 208
124 12.4 4.6 39 112 162 209
125 12.5 4.5 38 111 161 208
126 12.6 4.4 37 106 156 203
127 12.7 4.3 37 108 158 204
128 12.8 4.2 36 107 157 203
129 12.9 4.1 36 115 165 211
130 13 4 35 126 176 221
131 13.1 3.9 35 127 177 222
132 13.2 3.8 34 116 166 211
133 13.3 3.7 33 103 153 197
134 13.4 3.6 33 106 156 200
135 13.5 3.5 32 111 161 204
136 13.6 3.4 31 111 161 204
137 13.7 3.3 31 110 160 202
138 13.8 3.2 30 108 158 200
139 13.9 3.1 29 105 155 196
140 14 3 29 105 155 196
141 14.1 2.9 28 107 157 197
142 14.2 2.8 27 106 156 196
143 14.3 2.7 26 109 159 198
144 14.4 2.6 25 107 157 196
145 14.5 2.5 25 107 157 195
146 14.6 2.4 24 113 163 200
147 14.7 2.3 23 115 165 202
148 14.8 2.2 22 116 166 202
149 14.9 2.1 21 113 163 198
150 15 2 21 105 155 190
151 15.1 1.9 20 103 153 187
152 15.2 1.8 19 111 161 194
153 15.3 1.7 18 109 159 191
46
154 15.4 1.6 17 102 152 183
155 15.5 1.5 16 107 157 187
156 15.6 1.4 15 107 157 187
157 15.7 1.3 14 100 150 179
158 15.8 1.2 13 99 149 177
159 15.9 1.1 12 90 140 166
160 16 1 11 87 137 162
161 16.1 0.9 10 99 149 173
162 16.2 0.8 9 91 141 164
163 16.3 0.7 8 94 144 165
164 16.4 0.6 7 90 140 160
165 16.5 0.5 6 92 142 160
166 16.6 0.4 5 96 146 163
167 16.7 0.3 4 98 148 162
168 16.8 0.2 3 112 162 174
169 16.9 0.1 2 111 161 170
RX 17 0 0 100 150 150
2. Earth Curvature
The Earth’s bulge and the curvature of the radio beam need
to be taken into account.
EARTH BULGE with k = 1.33
It refers to the circular segment of earth profile which blocks

off long distance communications.
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝐄𝐚𝐫𝐭𝐡 𝐂𝐮𝐫𝐯𝐚𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟔𝟕
𝒌
3. Fresnel Clearance Radius
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝐅𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐧𝐞𝐥 (𝐅) = 𝟕𝟐. 𝟏√
𝐅𝐃(𝐆𝐇𝐳)
Frequency Band: 7.9 to 8.4 GHz
Frequency of the Channel used: 7.915 GHz
47
4. Antenna and Tower Height
 Site 1 ( Bayambang Municpal Hall)

- Tower Height: 295.28
- Antenna Height: 151 feet
Antenna Height = LOSi - Elevation
= 220 – 69 = 151
 Site 2 (Cuyapo Town Hall)

- Tower Height: 295.28
= 240 - 100 = 140
5. Reflection Point/Area
Ratio of Antenna Heights = 140/151 = 0..93

K-Infinity = 0.45
K-Grazing = 0.47
K-Infinity Value 0.45 x 17 = 7.65

K-Grazing Value 0.47 x 17 = 7.99
Figure 32 Path Profile of Link 1 with Reflection Area
48
6. Line of Sight
Table 17 Link 1 LOSi and Clearance Computation and Values
Y’ LOSi LOSi+F LOSi - F LOSi+0.6F LOSi- LOSi+0.3F LOSi-

0.6F 0.3F
TX 0 220 220 220 220 220 220 220
1 0.117647 221 230 212 227 215 224 218
2 0.235294 221 233 209 229 213 225 217
3 0.352941 221 235 207 230 212 226 216
4 0.470588 221 238 204 232 210 227 215
5 0.588235 221 239 203 232 210 227 215
6 0.705882 221 241 201 233 209 227 215
7 0.823529 221 242 200 234 208 228 214
8 0.941176 221 244 198 235 207 228 214
9 1.058824 222 246 198 237 207 230 214
10 1.176471 222 247 197 237 207 230 214
11 1.294118 222 248 196 238 206 230 214
12 1.411765 222 250 194 239 205 231 213
13 1.529412 222 251 193 240 204 231 213
14 1.647059 222 252 192 240 204 231 213
15 1.764706 222 252 192 240 204 231 213
16 1.882353 222 253 191 241 203 232 212
17 2 222 254 190 242 202 232 212
18 2.117647 223 256 190 243 203 233 213
19 2.235294 223 257 189 244 202 234 212
20 2.352941 223 258 188 244 202 234 212
21 2.470588 223 258 188 244 202 234 212
22 2.588235 223 259 187 245 201 234 212
23 2.705882 223 260 186 246 200 235 211
24 2.823529 223 260 186 246 200 235 211
25 2.941176 223 261 185 246 200 235 211
26 3.058824 224 263 185 248 200 236 212
27 3.176471 224 263 185 248 200 236 212
28 3.294118 224 264 184 248 200 236 212
29 3.411765 224 264 184 248 200 236 212
30 3.529412 224 265 183 249 199 237 211
31 3.647059 224 265 183 249 199 237 211
32 3.764706 224 266 182 250 198 237 211
33 3.882353 224 266 182 250 198 237 211
49
34 4 224 267 181 250 198 237 211
35 4.117647 225 268 182 251 199 238 212
36 4.235294 225 269 181 252 198 239 211
37 4.352941 225 269 181 252 198 239 211
38 4.470588 225 270 180 252 198 239 211
39 4.588235 225 270 180 252 198 239 211
40 4.705882 225 270 180 252 198 239 211
41 4.823529 225 271 179 253 197 239 211
42 4.941176 225 271 179 253 197 239 211
43 5.058824 226 272 180 254 198 240 212
44 5.176471 226 273 179 255 197 241 211
45 5.294118 226 273 179 255 197 241 211
46 5.411765 226 273 179 255 197 241 211
47 5.529412 226 274 178 255 197 241 211
48 5.647059 226 274 178 255 197 241 211
49 5.764706 226 274 178 255 197 241 211
50 5.882353 226 275 177 256 196 241 211
51 6 226 275 177 256 196 241 211
52 6.117647 227 276 178 257 197 242 212
53 6.235294 227 276 178 257 197 242 212
54 6.352941 227 277 177 257 197 242 212
55 6.470588 227 277 177 257 197 242 212
56 6.588235 227 277 177 257 197 242 212
57 6.705882 227 277 177 257 197 242 212
58 6.823529 227 278 176 258 196 243 211
59 6.941176 227 278 176 258 196 243 211
60 7.058824 228 279 177 259 197 244 212
61 7.176471 228 279 177 259 197 244 212
62 7.294118 228 279 177 259 197 244 212
63 7.411765 228 280 176 260 196 244 212
64 7.529412 228 280 176 260 196 244 212
65 7.647059 228 280 176 260 196 244 212
66 7.764706 228 280 176 260 196 244 212
67 7.882353 228 280 176 260 196 244 212
68 8 228 280 176 260 196 244 212
69 8.117647 229 281 177 261 197 245 213
70 8.235294 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
71 8.352941 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
72 8.470588 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
73 8.588235 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
74 8.705882 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
50
75 8.823529 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
76 8.941176 229 282 176 261 197 245 213
77 9.058824 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
78 9.176471 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
79 9.294118 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
80 9.411765 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
81 9.529412 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
82 9.647059 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
83 9.764706 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
84 9.882353 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
85 10 230 283 177 262 198 246 214
86 10.11765 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
87 10.23529 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
88 10.35294 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
89 10.47059 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
90 10.58824 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
91 10.70588 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
92 10.82353 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
93 10.94118 231 284 178 263 199 247 215
94 11.05882 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
95 11.17647 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
96 11.29412 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
97 11.41176 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
98 11.52941 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
99 11.64706 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
100 11.76471 232 285 179 264 200 248 216
101 11.88235 232 284 180 264 200 248 216
102 12 232 284 180 264 200 248 216
103 12.11765 233 285 181 265 201 249 217
104 12.23529 233 285 181 265 201 249 217
105 12.35294 233 285 181 265 201 249 217
106 12.47059 233 285 181 265 201 249 217
107 12.58824 233 285 181 265 201 249 217
108 12.70588 233 284 182 264 202 249 217
109 12.82353 233 284 182 264 202 249 217
110 12.94118 233 284 182 264 202 249 217
111 13.05882 234 285 183 265 203 250 218
112 13.17647 234 285 183 265 203 250 218
113 13.29412 234 284 184 264 204 249 219
114 13.41176 234 284 184 264 204 249 219
115 13.52941 234 284 184 264 204 249 219
51
116 13.64706 234 284 184 264 204 249 219
117 13.76471 234 283 185 264 204 249 219
118 13.88235 234 283 185 264 204 249 219
119 14 234 283 185 264 204 249 219
120 14.11765 235 284 186 265 205 250 220
121 14.23529 235 283 187 264 206 250 220
122 14.35294 235 283 187 264 206 250 220
123 14.47059 235 283 187 264 206 250 220
124 14.58824 235 282 188 264 206 250 220
125 14.70588 235 282 188 264 206 250 220
126 14.82353 235 282 188 264 206 250 220
127 14.94118 235 281 189 263 207 249 221
128 15.05882 236 282 190 264 208 250 222
129 15.17647 236 282 190 264 208 250 222
130 15.29412 236 281 191 263 209 250 222
131 15.41176 236 281 191 263 209 250 222
132 15.52941 236 281 191 263 209 250 222
133 15.64706 236 280 192 263 209 250 222
134 15.76471 236 280 192 263 209 250 222
135 15.88235 236 279 193 262 210 249 223
136 16 236 279 193 262 210 249 223
137 16.11765 237 279 195 263 211 250 224
138 16.23529 237 279 195 263 211 250 224
139 16.35294 237 278 196 262 212 250 224
140 16.47059 237 278 196 262 212 250 224
141 16.58824 237 277 197 261 213 249 225
142 16.70588 237 277 197 261 213 249 225
143 16.82353 237 276 198 261 213 249 225
144 16.94118 237 276 198 261 213 249 225
145 17.05882 238 276 200 261 215 250 226
146 17.17647 238 275 201 261 215 250 226
147 17.29412 238 275 201 261 215 250 226
148 17.41176 238 274 202 260 216 249 227
149 17.52941 238 273 203 259 217 249 227
150 17.64706 238 273 203 259 217 249 227
151 17.76471 238 272 204 259 217 249 227
152 17.88235 238 271 205 258 218 248 228
153 18 238 270 206 258 218 248 228
154 18.11765 239 270 208 258 220 249 229
155 18.23529 239 269 209 257 221 248 230
156 18.35294 239 269 209 257 221 248 230
52
157 18.47059 239 268 210 257 221 248 230
158 18.58824 239 267 211 256 222 248 230
159 18.70588 239 265 213 255 223 247 231
160 18.82353 239 264 214 254 224 247 231
161 18.94118 239 263 215 254 224 247 231
162 19.05882 240 263 217 254 226 247 233
163 19.17647 240 261 219 253 227 247 233
164 19.29412 240 260 220 252 228 246 234
165 19.41176 240 258 222 251 229 246 234
166 19.52941 240 257 223 251 229 246 234
167 19.64706 240 254 226 249 231 245 235
168 19.76471 240 252 228 248 232 244 236
169 19.88235 240 249 231 246 234 243 237
RX 20 240 240 240 240 240 240 240
To obtain Y’, the formula used was:
𝒉𝒂 − 𝒉𝒃
𝒀′ = 𝒅𝟏( )
𝑫
To obtain the LOS, the formula used was:

𝑳𝑶𝑺 = 𝒀′ + 𝒉𝒂
To obtain the values of the Fresnel Zone, the following formulas were
used: (1)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 𝐹
(0.6)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.6𝐹 (0.3)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.3𝐹
Figure 31 Link 1 Path Profile with Fresnel Clearance
Figure 33 Fresnel Clearance of Link 1
53
B. Path Description of Link 2: from Cuyapo Town Hall to Talavera
Municipal Hall
Figure 34 Link 2 Path Link
Distance from Cuyapo

Obstacle Type of Terrain
Town Hall (mi)
A Urban Area 0
B Plains 3.2
C Woodlands 3.6
D Plains 7.5
E Urban Area 11.3

F Plains 17.4
G Urban Area 18.9
H Plains 20.3
I Urban Area 21.6
54
Cuyapo Town Hall to Talavera Municipal Hall
1. Obstacle and Path Elevation
Table 19 Link 2 Path Profile Computation and Values
EARTHS W/ W/ W/
D1 D2
CURVATURE ELEVATION TREES&GROWTH FRESNEL
TX 0 21.6 0 100 150 150
1 0.1 21.5 2 107 157 170
2 0.2 21.4 3 107 157 175
3 0.3 21.3 5 108 158 180
4 0.4 21.2 6 113 163 188
5 0.5 21.1 8 121 171 199
6 0.6 21 9 118 168 198
7 0.7 20.9 10 111 161 194
8 0.8 20.8 12 115 165 200
9 0.9 20.7 13 112 162 199
10 1 20.6 14 115 165 204
11 1.1 20.5 16 118 168 208
12 1.2 20.4 17 116 166 208
13 1.3 20.3 18 118 168 212
14 1.4 20.2 19 120 170 215
15 1.5 20.1 21 122 172 219
16 1.6 20 22 121 171 219
17 1.7 19.9 23 125 175 224
18 1.8 19.8 24 124 174 225
19 1.9 19.7 25 124 174 226
20 2 19.6 27 120 170 223
21 2.1 19.5 28 128 178 232
22 2.2 19.4 29 133 183 238
23 2.3 19.3 30 133 183 239
24 2.4 19.2 31 137 187 244
25 2.5 19.1 32 139 189 248
26 2.6 19 33 145 195 255
27 2.7 18.9 35 153 203 263
28 2.8 18.8 36 150 200 261
29 2.9 18.7 37 151 201 263
30 3 18.6 38 154 204 267
55
31 3.1 18.5 39 163 213 277
32 3.2 18.4 40 165 215 280
33 3.3 18.3 41 167 217 283
34 3.4 18.2 42 177 227 294
35 3.5 18.1 43 175 225 292
36 3.6 18 44 179 229 297
37 3.7 17.9 45 182 232 301
38 3.8 17.8 46 183 233 303
39 3.9 17.7 47 190 240 310
40 4 17.6 47 193 243 314
41 4.1 17.5 48 192 242 314
42 4.2 17.4 49 195 245 317
43 4.3 17.3 50 193 243 316
44 4.4 17.2 51 199 249 323
45 4.5 17.1 52 198 248 322
46 4.6 17 53 199 249 324
47 4.7 16.9 53 201 251 326
48 4.8 16.8 54 197 247 323
49 4.9 16.7 55 199 249 325
50 5 16.6 56 205 255 332
51 5.1 16.5 57 205 255 333
52 5.2 16.4 57 201 251 329
53 5.3 16.3 58 201 251 330
54 5.4 16.2 59 205 255 334
55 5.5 16.1 60 206 256 335
56 5.6 16 60 202 252 332
57 5.7 15.9 61 194 244 324
58 5.8 15.8 62 199 249 330
59 5.9 15.7 62 198 248 329
60 6 15.6 63 199 249 331
61 6.1 15.5 64 198 248 330
62 6.2 15.4 64 200 250 333
63 6.3 15.3 65 203 253 336
64 6.4 15.2 65 201 251 334
65 6.5 15.1 66 211 261 345
66 6.6 15 67 214 264 348
67 6.7 14.9 67 208 258 342
68 6.8 14.8 68 210 260 345
69 6.9 14.7 68 203 253 338
70 7 14.6 69 209 259 344
71 7.1 14.5 69 213 263 349
56
72 7.2 14.4 70 215 265 351
73 7.3 14.3 70 214 264 350
74 7.4 14.2 71 203 253 340
75 7.5 14.1 71 213 263 350
76 7.6 14 71 219 269 356
77 7.7 13.9 72 211 261 348
78 7.8 13.8 72 215 265 353
79 7.9 13.7 73 212 262 350
80 8 13.6 73 214 264 352
81 8.1 13.5 73 218 268 356
82 8.2 13.4 74 229 279 367
83 8.3 13.3 74 216 266 355
84 8.4 13.2 74 217 267 356
85 8.5 13.1 75 225 275 364
86 8.6 13 75 223 273 362
87 8.7 12.9 75 221 271 360
88 8.8 12.8 76 224 274 364
89 8.9 12.7 76 221 271 361
90 9 12.6 76 218 268 358
91 9.1 12.5 76 220 270 360
92 9.2 12.4 77 219 269 359
93 9.3 12.3 77 219 269 359
94 9.4 12.2 77 215 265 355
95 9.5 12.1 77 214 264 355
96 9.6 12 77 210 260 351
97 9.7 11.9 77 215 265 356
98 9.8 11.8 78 219 269 360
99 9.9 11.7 78 217 267 358
100 10 11.6 78 211 261 352
101 10.1 11.5 78 207 257 348
102 10.2 11.4 78 212 262 353
103 10.3 11.3 78 213 263 354
104 10.4 11.2 78 212 262 353
105 10.5 11.1 78 206 256 347
106 10.6 11 78 216 266 357
107 10.7 10.9 78 224 274 365
108 10.8 10.8 78 223 273 364
109 10.9 10.7 78 220 270 361
110 11 10.6 78 220 270 361
111 11.1 10.5 78 220 270 361
112 11.2 10.4 78 219 269 360
57
113 11.3 10.3 78 217 267 358
114 11.4 10.2 78 219 269 360
115 11.5 10.1 78 223 273 364
116 11.6 10 78 219 269 360
117 11.7 9.9 78 210 260 351
118 11.8 9.8 78 213 263 354
119 11.9 9.7 77 212 262 353
120 12 9.6 77 210 260 351
121 12.1 9.5 77 211 261 352
122 12.2 9.4 77 208 258 348
123 12.3 9.3 77 210 260 350
124 12.4 9.2 77 210 260 350
125 12.5 9.1 76 211 261 351
126 12.6 9 76 211 261 351
127 12.7 8.9 76 211 261 351
128 12.8 8.8 76 215 265 355
129 12.9 8.7 75 219 269 358
130 13 8.6 75 228 278 367
131 13.1 8.5 75 232 282 371
132 13.2 8.4 74 221 271 360
133 13.3 8.3 74 218 268 357
134 13.4 8.2 74 215 265 353
135 13.5 8.1 73 215 265 353
136 13.6 8 73 215 265 353
137 13.7 7.9 73 219 269 357
138 13.8 7.8 72 221 271 359
139 13.9 7.7 72 216 266 353
140 14 7.6 71 213 263 350
141 14.1 7.5 71 212 262 349
142 14.2 7.4 71 210 260 347
143 14.3 7.3 70 204 254 340
144 14.4 7.2 70 214 264 350
145 14.5 7.1 69 212 262 348
146 14.6 7 69 218 268 353
147 14.7 6.9 68 213 263 348
148 14.8 6.8 68 211 261 346
149 14.9 6.7 67 215 265 349
150 15 6.6 67 206 256 340
151 15.1 6.5 66 208 258 342
152 15.2 6.4 65 206 256 339
153 15.3 6.3 65 203 253 336
58
154 15.4 6.2 64 208 258 341
155 15.5 6.1 64 204 254 336
156 15.6 6 63 203 253 335
157 15.7 5.9 62 200 250 331
158 15.8 5.8 62 205 255 336
159 15.9 5.7 61 201 251 331
160 16 5.6 60 199 249 329
161 16.1 5.5 60 198 248 327
162 16.2 5.4 59 193 243 322
163 16.3 5.3 58 193 243 322
164 16.4 5.2 57 189 239 317
165 16.5 5.1 57 195 245 323
166 16.6 5 56 188 238 315
167 16.7 4.9 55 191 241 317
168 16.8 4.8 54 193 243 319
169 16.9 4.7 53 195 245 320
170 17 4.6 53 203 253 328
171 17.1 4.5 52 200 250 324
172 17.2 4.4 51 197 247 321
173 17.3 4.3 50 193 243 316
174 17.4 4.2 49 196 246 318
175 17.5 4.1 48 190 240 312
176 17.6 4 47 194 244 315
177 17.7 3.9 47 199 249 319
178 17.8 3.8 46 193 243 313
179 17.9 3.7 45 193 243 312
180 18 3.6 44 201 251 319
181 18.1 3.5 43 191 241 308
182 18.2 3.4 42 192 242 309
183 18.3 3.3 41 187 237 303
184 18.4 3.2 40 177 227 292
185 18.5 3.1 39 176 226 290
186 18.6 3 38 182 232 295
187 18.7 2.9 37 181 231 293
188 18.8 2.8 36 176 226 287
189 18.9 2.7 35 173 223 283
190 19 2.6 33 176 226 286
191 19.1 2.5 32 172 222 281
192 19.2 2.4 31 166 216 273
193 19.3 2.3 30 165 215 271
194 19.4 2.2 29 166 216 271
59
195 19.5 2.1 28 165 215 269
196 19.6 2 27 156 206 259
197 19.7 1.9 25 166 216 268
198 19.8 1.8 24 165 215 266
199 19.9 1.7 23 158 208 257
200 20 1.6 22 165 215 263
201 20.1 1.5 21 166 216 263
202 20.2 1.4 19 161 211 256
203 20.3 1.3 18 153 203 247
204 20.4 1.2 17 154 204 246
205 20.5 1.1 16 160 210 250
206 20.6 1 14 155 205 244
207 20.7 0.9 13 151 201 238
208 20.8 0.8 12 149 199 234
209 20.9 0.7 10 146 196 229
210 21 0.6 9 153 203 233
211 21.1 0.5 8 146 196 224
212 21.2 0.4 6 135 185 210
213 21.3 0.3 5 145 195 217
214 21.4 0.2 3 152 202 220
215 21.5 0.1 2 153 203 216
RX 21.6 0 0 155 205 205
2. Earth Curvature

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒌
60
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
 Site 1 (Cuyapo Town Hall)

- Tower Height: 295 ft
= 362 – 100 = 151
 Site 2 (Talavera Municipal Hall)

- Tower Height: 370 ft
- = 385 – 155 = 225
61
Ratio of Antenna Heights = 206/350 = 0.59

K-Infinity = .35
K-Grazing = 0.4
K-Infinity Value 0.35x 21.6 = 7.56

K-Grazing Value 0.4 x 21.6= 8.64
6. Line of Sight
LOSi+ LOSi- LOSi- LOSi+0.3 LOSi-

Y’ LOSi LOSi+0.6F
F F 0.6F F 0.3F
TX 0 362 362 362 362 362 362 362
1 0.106481481 363 376 350 371 355 367 359
2 0.212962963 363 381 345 374 352 369 357
3 0.319444444 363 385 341 377 349 370 356
4 0.425925926 363 388 338 378 348 371 355
5 0.532407407 363 391 335 380 346 372 354
6 0.638888889 363 393 333 381 345 372 354
7 0.74537037 363 396 330 383 343 373 353
8 0.851851852 363 398 328 384 342 374 352
9 0.958333333 363 400 326 386 340 375 351
62
10 1.064814815 364 403 325 388 340 376 352
11 1.171296296 364 404 324 388 340 376 352
12 1.277777778 364 406 322 390 338 377 351
13 1.384259259 364 408 320 391 337 378 350
14 1.490740741 364 409 319 391 337 378 350
15 1.597222222 364 411 317 393 335 379 349
16 1.703703704 364 412 316 393 335 379 349
17 1.810185185 364 413 315 394 334 379 349
18 1.916666667 364 415 313 395 333 380 348
19 2.023148148 365 417 313 397 333 381 349
20 2.12962963 365 418 312 397 333 381 349
21 2.236111111 365 419 311 398 332 382 348
22 2.342592593 365 420 310 398 332 382 348
23 2.449074074 365 421 309 399 331 382 348
24 2.555555556 365 422 308 400 330 383 347
25 2.662037037 365 424 306 401 329 383 347
26 2.768518519 365 425 305 401 329 383 347
27 2.875 365 425 305 401 329 383 347
28 2.981481481 365 426 304 402 328 384 346
29 3.087962963 366 428 304 404 328 385 347
30 3.194444444 366 429 303 404 328 385 347
31 3.300925926 366 430 302 405 327 386 346
32 3.407407407 366 431 301 405 327 386 346
33 3.513888889 366 432 300 406 326 386 346
34 3.62037037 366 433 299 407 325 387 345
35 3.726851852 366 433 299 407 325 387 345
36 3.833333333 366 434 298 407 325 387 345
37 3.939814815 366 435 297 408 324 387 345
38 4.046296296 367 437 297 409 325 388 346
39 4.152777778 367 437 297 409 325 388 346
40 4.259259259 367 438 296 410 324 389 345
41 4.365740741 367 439 295 411 323 389 345
42 4.472222222 367 439 295 411 323 389 345
43 4.578703704 367 440 294 411 323 389 345
44 4.685185185 367 441 293 412 322 390 344
45 4.791666667 367 441 293 412 322 390 344
46 4.898148148 367 442 292 412 322 390 344
47 5.00462963 368 443 293 413 323 391 345
48 5.111111111 368 444 292 414 322 391 345
49 5.217592593 368 444 292 414 322 391 345
50 5.324074074 368 445 291 415 321 392 344
63
51 5.430555556 368 446 290 415 321 392 344
52 5.537037037 368 446 290 415 321 392 344
53 5.643518519 368 447 289 416 320 392 344
54 5.75 368 447 289 416 320 392 344
55 5.856481481 368 447 289 416 320 392 344
56 5.962962963 368 448 288 416 320 392 344
57 6.069444444 369 449 289 417 321 393 345
58 6.175925926 369 450 288 418 320 394 344
59 6.282407407 369 450 288 418 320 394 344
60 6.388888889 369 451 287 419 319 394 344
61 6.49537037 369 451 287 419 319 394 344
62 6.601851852 369 452 286 419 319 394 344
63 6.708333333 369 452 286 419 319 394 344
64 6.814814815 369 452 286 419 319 394 344
65 6.921296296 369 453 285 420 318 395 343
66 7.027777778 370 454 286 421 319 396 344
67 7.134259259 370 454 286 421 319 396 344
68 7.240740741 370 455 285 421 319 396 344
69 7.347222222 370 455 285 421 319 396 344
70 7.453703704 370 455 285 421 319 396 344
71 7.560185185 370 456 284 422 318 396 344
72 7.666666667 370 456 284 422 318 396 344
73 7.773148148 370 456 284 422 318 396 344
74 7.87962963 370 457 283 423 317 397 343
75 7.986111111 370 457 283 423 317 397 343
76 8.092592593 371 458 284 424 318 398 344
77 8.199074074 371 458 284 424 318 398 344
78 8.305555556 371 459 283 424 318 398 344
79 8.412037037 371 459 283 424 318 398 344
80 8.518518519 371 459 283 424 318 398 344
81 8.625 371 459 283 424 318 398 344
82 8.731481481 371 459 283 424 318 398 344
83 8.837962963 371 460 282 425 317 398 344
84 8.944444444 371 460 282 425 317 398 344
85 9.050925926 372 461 283 426 318 399 345
86 9.157407407 372 461 283 426 318 399 345
87 9.263888889 372 461 283 426 318 399 345
88 9.37037037 372 462 282 426 318 399 345
89 9.476851852 372 462 282 426 318 399 345
90 9.583333333 372 462 282 426 318 399 345
91 9.689814815 372 462 282 426 318 399 345
64
92 9.796296296 372 462 282 426 318 399 345
93 9.902777778 372 462 282 426 318 399 345
94 10.00925926 373 463 283 427 319 400 346
95 10.11574074 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
96 10.22222222 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
97 10.3287037 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
98 10.43518519 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
99 10.54166667 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
100 10.64814815 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
101 10.75462963 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
102 10.86111111 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
103 10.96759259 373 464 282 428 318 401 345
104 11.07407407 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
105 11.18055556 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
106 11.28703704 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
107 11.39351852 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
108 11.5 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
109 11.60648148 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
110 11.71296296 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
111 11.81944444 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
112 11.92592593 374 465 283 429 319 402 346
113 12.03240741 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
114 12.13888889 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
115 12.24537037 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
116 12.35185185 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
117 12.45833333 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
118 12.56481481 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
119 12.6712963 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
120 12.77777778 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
121 12.88425926 375 466 284 430 320 403 347
122 12.99074074 375 465 285 429 321 402 348
123 13.09722222 376 466 286 430 322 403 349
124 13.2037037 376 466 286 430 322 403 349
125 13.31018519 376 466 286 430 322 403 349
126 13.41666667 376 466 286 430 322 403 349
127 13.52314815 376 466 286 430 322 403 349
128 13.62962963 376 466 286 430 322 403 349
129 13.73611111 376 465 287 430 322 403 349
130 13.84259259 376 465 287 430 322 403 349
131 13.94907407 376 465 287 430 322 403 349
132 14.05555556 377 466 288 431 323 404 350
65
133 14.16203704 377 466 288 431 323 404 350
134 14.26851852 377 465 289 430 324 404 350
135 14.375 377 465 289 430 324 404 350
136 14.48148148 377 465 289 430 324 404 350
137 14.58796296 377 465 289 430 324 404 350
138 14.69444444 377 465 289 430 324 404 350
139 14.80092593 377 464 290 430 324 404 350
140 14.90740741 377 464 290 430 324 404 350
141 15.01388889 378 465 291 431 325 405 351
142 15.12037037 378 465 291 431 325 405 351
143 15.22685185 378 464 292 430 326 404 352
144 15.33333333 378 464 292 430 326 404 352
145 15.43981481 378 464 292 430 326 404 352
146 15.5462963 378 463 293 429 327 404 352
147 15.65277778 378 463 293 429 327 404 352
148 15.75925926 378 463 293 429 327 404 352
149 15.86574074 378 462 294 429 327 404 352
150 15.97222222 378 462 294 429 327 404 352
151 16.0787037 379 463 295 430 328 405 353
152 16.18518519 379 462 296 429 329 404 354
153 16.29166667 379 462 296 429 329 404 354
154 16.39814815 379 462 296 429 329 404 354
155 16.50462963 379 461 297 429 329 404 354
156 16.61111111 379 461 297 429 329 404 354
157 16.71759259 379 460 298 428 330 404 354
158 16.82407407 379 460 298 428 330 404 354
159 16.93055556 379 459 299 427 331 403 355
160 17.03703704 380 460 300 428 332 404 356
161 17.14351852 380 459 301 428 332 404 356
162 17.25 380 459 301 428 332 404 356
163 17.35648148 380 459 301 428 332 404 356
164 17.46296296 380 458 302 427 333 404 356
165 17.56944444 380 458 302 427 333 404 356
166 17.67592593 380 457 303 427 333 404 356
167 17.78240741 380 456 304 426 334 403 357
168 17.88888889 380 456 304 426 334 403 357
169 17.99537037 380 455 305 425 335 403 357
170 18.10185185 381 456 306 426 336 404 358
171 18.20833333 381 455 307 426 336 404 358
172 18.31481481 381 455 307 426 336 404 358
173 18.4212963 381 454 308 425 337 403 359
66
174 18.52777778 381 453 309 425 337 403 359
175 18.63425926 381 453 309 425 337 403 359
176 18.74074074 381 452 310 424 338 403 359
177 18.84722222 381 451 311 423 339 402 360
178 18.9537037 381 451 311 423 339 402 360
179 19.06018519 382 451 313 424 340 403 361
180 19.16666667 382 450 314 423 341 403 361
181 19.27314815 382 449 315 423 341 403 361
182 19.37962963 382 449 315 423 341 403 361
183 19.48611111 382 448 316 422 342 402 362
184 19.59259259 382 447 317 421 343 402 362
185 19.69907407 382 446 318 421 343 402 362
186 19.80555556 382 445 319 420 344 401 363
187 19.91203704 382 444 320 420 344 401 363
188 20.01851852 383 444 322 420 346 402 364
189 20.125 383 443 323 419 347 401 365
190 20.23148148 383 443 323 419 347 401 365
191 20.33796296 383 442 324 419 347 401 365
192 20.44444444 383 440 326 418 348 401 365
193 20.55092593 383 439 327 417 349 400 366
194 20.65740741 383 438 328 416 350 400 366
195 20.76388889 383 437 329 416 350 400 366
196 20.87037037 383 436 330 415 351 399 367
197 20.97685185 383 435 331 415 351 399 367
198 21.08333333 384 435 333 415 353 400 368
199 21.18981481 384 433 335 414 354 399 369
200 21.2962963 384 432 336 413 355 399 369
201 21.40277778 384 431 337 413 355 399 369
202 21.50925926 384 429 339 411 357 398 370
203 21.61574074 384 428 340 411 357 398 370
204 21.72222222 384 426 342 410 358 397 371
205 21.8287037 384 424 344 408 360 396 372
206 21.93518519 384 423 345 408 360 396 372
207 22.04166667 385 422 348 408 362 397 373
208 22.14814815 385 420 350 406 364 396 374
209 22.25462963 385 418 352 405 365 395 375
210 22.36111111 385 415 355 403 367 394 376
211 22.46759259 385 413 357 402 368 394 376
212 22.57407407 385 410 360 400 370 393 377
213 22.68055556 385 407 363 399 371 392 378
214 22.78703704 385 403 367 396 374 391 379
67
215 22.89351852 385 398 372 393 377 389 381
RX 23 385 385 385 385 385 385 385
𝒀′ = 𝒅𝟏( )
𝑫
used:
(1)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 𝐹
(0.6)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.6𝐹
(0.3)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.3𝐹
68
C. Path Description of Link 3: from Talavera Municipal Hall to Gapan
City Hall

Town Hall (mi)
A Urban Area 3.5
B Plains 5.7
C Urban Area 7.4
D Plains 11.7
E Woodlands 11.9
F Plains 17.5
G Urban Area 20.3
69
Talavera Municipal Hall to Gapan City Hall
1. Obstacle and Path Elevation
D1 D2 EARTHS WITH with TREES WITH

CURVATURE ELVATION FRESNEL
TX 0 20.3 0 155 205 205
1 0.1 20.2 2 152 202 211
2 0.2 20.1 3 152 202 215
3 0.3 20 5 155 205 221
4 0.4 19.9 6 159 209 227
5 0.5 19.8 7 158 208 228
6 0.6 19.7 8 155 205 227
7 0.7 19.6 10 149 199 223
8 0.8 19.5 11 152 202 227
9 0.9 19.4 12 150 200 227
10 1 19.3 13 151 201 229
11 1.1 19.2 15 154 204 233
12 1.2 19.1 16 160 210 241
13 1.3 19 17 162 212 244
14 1.4 18.9 18 160 210 243
15 1.5 18.8 19 154 204 238
16 1.6 18.7 20 153 203 238
17 1.7 18.6 22 155 205 241
18 1.8 18.5 23 155 205 242
19 1.9 18.4 24 154 204 242
20 2 18.3 25 152 202 241
21 2.1 18.2 26 152 202 241
22 2.2 18.1 27 147 197 237
23 2.3 18 28 156 206 247
24 2.4 17.9 29 156 206 248
25 2.5 17.8 30 155 205 248
26 2.6 17.7 31 158 208 251
27 2.7 17.6 32 154 204 248
28 2.8 17.5 33 153 203 248
29 2.9 17.4 34 154 204 249
30 3 17.3 35 157 207 253
70
31 3.1 17.2 36 161 211 258
32 3.2 17.1 37 152 202 249
33 3.3 17 38 156 206 254
34 3.4 16.9 39 154 204 252
35 3.5 16.8 40 155 205 254
36 3.6 16.7 41 156 206 255
37 3.7 16.6 41 160 210 260
38 3.8 16.5 42 157 207 257
39 3.9 16.4 43 161 211 262
40 4 16.3 44 161 211 262
41 4.1 16.2 45 164 214 266
42 4.2 16.1 46 165 215 267
43 4.3 16 46 168 218 271
44 4.4 15.9 47 167 217 270
45 4.5 15.8 48 171 221 275
46 4.6 15.7 49 173 223 277
47 4.7 15.6 49 169 219 273
48 4.8 15.5 50 171 221 276
49 4.9 15.4 51 175 225 280
50 5 15.3 52 168 218 274
51 5.1 15.2 52 166 216 272
52 5.2 15.1 53 166 216 272
53 5.3 15 54 164 214 271
54 5.4 14.9 54 167 217 274
55 5.5 14.8 55 160 210 267
56 5.6 14.7 55 162 212 270
57 5.7 14.6 56 168 218 276
58 5.8 14.5 57 163 213 271
59 5.9 14.4 57 167 217 276
60 6 14.3 58 167 217 276
61 6.1 14.2 58 166 216 275
62 6.2 14.1 59 162 212 271
63 6.3 14 59 167 217 277
64 6.4 13.9 60 178 228 288
65 6.5 13.8 60 165 215 275
66 6.6 13.7 61 168 218 278
67 6.7 13.6 61 170 220 281
68 6.8 13.5 62 172 222 283
69 6.9 13.4 62 171 221 282
70 7 13.3 63 178 228 289
71 7.1 13.2 63 178 228 290
71
72 7.2 13.1 63 173 223 285
73 7.3 13 64 168 218 280
74 7.4 12.9 64 160 210 272
75 7.5 12.8 65 171 221 283
76 7.6 12.7 65 175 225 287
77 7.7 12.6 65 177 227 290
78 7.8 12.5 66 175 225 288
79 7.9 12.4 66 173 223 286
80 8 12.3 66 169 219 282
81 8.1 12.2 66 167 217 280
82 8.2 12.1 67 161 211 274
83 8.3 12 67 163 213 276
84 8.4 11.9 67 157 207 271
85 8.5 11.8 67 165 215 279
86 8.6 11.7 68 170 220 284
87 8.7 11.6 68 167 217 281
88 8.8 11.5 68 164 214 278
89 8.9 11.4 68 163 213 277
90 9 11.3 68 161 211 275
91 9.1 11.2 68 156 206 270
92 9.2 11.1 69 150 200 264
93 9.3 11 69 150 200 264
94 9.4 10.9 69 153 203 267
95 9.5 10.8 69 156 206 270
96 9.6 10.7 69 152 202 266
97 9.7 10.6 69 142 192 256
98 9.8 10.5 69 147 197 261
99 9.9 10.4 69 143 193 257
100 10 10.3 69 145 195 259
101 10.1 10.2 69 142 192 257
102 10.2 10.1 69 140 190 255
103 10.3 10 69 145 195 259
104 10.4 9.9 69 147 197 261
105 10.5 9.8 69 143 193 257
106 10.6 9.7 69 145 195 259
107 10.7 9.6 69 144 194 258
108 10.8 9.5 69 143 193 257
109 10.9 9.4 69 146 196 260
110 11 9.3 69 151 201 265
111 11.1 9.2 69 139 189 253
112 11.2 9.1 68 152 202 266
72
113 11.3 9 68 148 198 262
114 11.4 8.9 68 158 208 272
115 11.5 8.8 68 164 214 278
116 11.6 8.7 68 164 214 278
117 11.7 8.6 68 160 210 274
118 11.8 8.5 67 163 213 277
119 11.9 8.4 67 165 215 279
120 12 8.3 67 166 216 279
121 12.1 8.2 67 162 212 275
122 12.2 8.1 66 155 205 268
123 12.3 8 66 150 200 263
124 12.4 7.9 66 153 203 266
125 12.5 7.8 66 153 203 266
126 12.6 7.7 65 149 199 262
127 12.7 7.6 65 151 201 263
128 12.8 7.5 65 152 202 264
129 12.9 7.4 64 141 191 253
130 13 7.3 64 155 205 267
131 13.1 7.2 63 155 205 267
132 13.2 7.1 63 155 205 267
133 13.3 7 63 150 200 261
134 13.4 6.9 62 145 195 256
135 13.5 6.8 62 146 196 257
136 13.6 6.7 61 154 204 265
137 13.7 6.6 61 150 200 260
138 13.8 6.5 60 147 197 257
139 13.9 6.4 60 146 196 256
140 14 6.3 59 142 192 252
141 14.1 6.2 59 150 200 259
142 14.2 6.1 58 147 197 256
143 14.3 6 58 148 198 257
144 14.4 5.9 57 154 204 263
145 14.5 5.8 57 137 187 245
146 14.6 5.7 56 138 188 246
147 14.7 5.6 55 138 188 246
148 14.8 5.5 55 137 187 244
149 14.9 5.4 54 137 187 244
150 15 5.3 54 135 185 242
151 15.1 5.2 53 135 185 241
152 15.2 5.1 52 141 191 247
153 15.3 5 52 141 191 247
73
154 15.4 4.9 51 137 187 242
155 15.5 4.8 50 135 185 240
156 15.6 4.7 49 134 184 238
157 15.7 4.6 49 133 183 237
158 15.8 4.5 48 137 187 241
159 15.9 4.4 47 133 183 236
160 16 4.3 46 129 179 232
161 16.1 4.2 46 128 178 230
162 16.2 4.1 45 127 177 229
163 16.3 4 44 130 180 231
164 16.4 3.9 43 128 178 229
165 16.5 3.8 42 126 176 226
166 16.6 3.7 41 122 172 222
167 16.7 3.6 41 122 172 221
168 16.8 3.5 40 119 169 218
169 16.9 3.4 39 120 170 218
170 17 3.3 38 119 169 217
171 17.1 3.2 37 119 169 216
172 17.2 3.1 36 119 169 216
173 17.3 3 35 119 169 215
174 17.4 2.9 34 112 162 207
175 17.5 2.8 33 112 162 207
176 17.6 2.7 32 109 159 203
177 17.7 2.6 31 114 164 207
178 17.8 2.5 30 114 164 207
179 17.9 2.4 29 115 165 207
180 18 2.3 28 109 159 200
181 18.1 2.2 27 112 162 202
182 18.2 2.1 26 114 164 203
183 18.3 2 25 117 167 206
184 18.4 1.9 24 110 160 198
185 18.5 1.8 23 96 146 183
186 18.6 1.7 22 88 138 174
187 18.7 1.6 20 92 142 177
188 18.8 1.5 19 102 152 186
189 18.9 1.4 18 105 155 188
190 19 1.3 17 101 151 183
191 19.1 1.2 16 105 155 186
192 19.2 1.1 15 101 151 180
193 19.3 1 13 94 144 172
194 19.4 0.9 12 89 139 166
74
195 19.5 0.8 11 90 140 165
196 19.6 0.7 10 91 141 165
197 19.7 0.6 8 85 135 157
198 19.8 0.5 7 81 131 151
199 19.9 0.4 6 81 131 149
200 20 0.3 5 76 126 142
201 20.1 0.2 3 69 119 132
202 20.2 0.1 2 69 119 128
RX 20.3 0 0 69 119 119
2. Earth Curvature

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒌
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
75
 Site 1 (Talavera Municipal Hall)

- Tower Height:
= 261 - 155 = 106
 Site 2 (Gapan City Hall)

- Tower Height:
= 305 – 69 = 236

K-Infinity = 0.42
K-Grazing = 0.46
K-Infinity Value 0.42 x 20.3 = 8.526

76
6. Line of Sight
LOSi + LOSi - LOSi-

Y’ LOSi LOSi + F LOSi - F LOSi+0.3F
0.6F 0.6F 0.3F
TX 0 261 261 261 261 261 261 261
1 0.216749 262 271 253 268 256 265 259
2 0.433498 262 275 249 270 254 266 258
3 0.650246 262 278 246 272 252 267 257
4 0.866995 262 280 244 273 251 268 256
5 1.083744 263 283 243 275 251 269 257
6 1.300493 263 285 241 277 249 270 256
7 1.517241 263 287 239 278 248 271 255
8 1.73399 263 288 238 278 248 271 255
9 1.950739 263 290 236 280 246 272 254
10 2.167488 264 292 236 281 247 273 255
11 2.384236 264 293 235 282 246 273 255
12 2.600985 264 295 233 283 245 274 254
13 2.817734 264 296 232 284 244 274 254
14 3.034483 265 298 232 285 245 275 255
15 3.251232 265 299 231 286 244 276 254
16 3.46798 265 300 230 286 244 276 254
17 3.684729 265 301 229 287 243 276 254
18 3.901478 265 302 228 288 242 277 253
19 4.118227 266 304 228 289 243 278 254
20 4.334975 266 305 227 290 242 278 254
21 4.551724 266 305 227 290 242 278 254
22 4.768473 266 306 226 290 242 278 254
23 4.985222 266 307 225 291 241 279 253
24 5.20197 267 309 225 293 241 280 254
25 5.418719 267 310 224 293 241 280 254
26 5.635468 267 310 224 293 241 280 254
27 5.852217 267 311 223 294 240 281 253
28 6.068966 268 313 223 295 241 282 254
29 6.285714 268 313 223 295 241 282 254
30 6.502463 268 314 222 296 240 282 254
31 6.719212 268 315 221 297 239 283 253
32 6.935961 268 315 221 297 239 283 253
33 7.152709 269 317 221 298 240 284 254
34 7.369458 269 317 221 298 240 284 254
35 7.586207 269 318 220 299 239 284 254
77
36 7.802956 269 318 220 299 239 284 254
37 8.019704 270 320 220 300 240 285 255
38 8.236453 270 320 220 300 240 285 255
39 8.453202 270 321 219 301 239 286 254
40 8.669951 270 321 219 301 239 286 254
41 8.8867 270 322 218 302 238 286 254
42 9.103448 271 323 219 303 239 287 255
43 9.320197 271 324 218 303 239 287 255
44 9.536946 271 324 218 303 239 287 255
45 9.753695 271 325 217 304 238 288 254
46 9.970443 271 325 217 304 238 288 254
47 10.18719 272 326 218 305 239 289 255
48 10.40394 272 327 217 305 239 289 255
49 10.62069 272 327 217 305 239 289 255
50 10.83744 272 328 216 306 238 289 255
51 11.05419 273 329 217 307 239 290 256
52 11.27094 273 329 217 307 239 290 256
53 11.48768 273 330 216 308 238 291 255
54 11.70443 273 330 216 308 238 291 255
55 11.92118 273 330 216 308 238 291 255
56 12.13793 274 332 216 309 239 292 256
57 12.35468 274 332 216 309 239 292 256
58 12.57143 274 332 216 309 239 292 256
59 12.78818 274 333 215 310 238 292 256
60 13.00493 275 334 216 311 239 293 257
61 13.22167 275 334 216 311 239 293 257
62 13.43842 275 334 216 311 239 293 257
63 13.65517 275 335 215 311 239 293 257
64 13.87192 275 335 215 311 239 293 257
65 14.08867 276 336 216 312 240 294 258
66 14.30542 276 336 216 312 240 294 258
67 14.52217 276 337 215 313 239 295 257
68 14.73892 276 337 215 313 239 295 257
69 14.95567 276 337 215 313 239 295 257
70 15.17241 277 338 216 314 240 296 258
71 15.38916 277 339 215 315 239 296 258
72 15.60591 277 339 215 315 239 296 258
73 15.82266 277 339 215 315 239 296 258
74 16.03941 278 340 216 316 240 297 259
75 16.25616 278 340 216 316 240 297 259
76 16.47291 278 340 216 316 240 297 259
78
77 16.68966 278 341 215 316 240 297 259
78 16.9064 278 341 215 316 240 297 259
79 17.12315 279 342 216 317 241 298 260
80 17.3399 279 342 216 317 241 298 260
81 17.55665 279 342 216 317 241 298 260
82 17.7734 279 342 216 317 241 298 260
83 17.99015 279 342 216 317 241 298 260
84 18.2069 280 344 216 319 241 300 260
85 18.42365 280 344 216 319 241 300 260
86 18.64039 280 344 216 319 241 300 260
87 18.85714 280 344 216 319 241 300 260
88 19.07389 281 345 217 320 242 301 261
89 19.29064 281 345 217 320 242 301 261
90 19.50739 281 345 217 320 242 301 261
91 19.72414 281 345 217 320 242 301 261
92 19.94089 281 345 217 320 242 301 261
93 20.15764 282 346 218 321 243 302 262
94 20.37438 282 346 218 321 243 302 262
95 20.59113 282 346 218 321 243 302 262
96 20.80788 282 346 218 321 243 302 262
97 21.02463 283 347 219 322 244 303 263
98 21.24138 283 347 219 322 244 303 263
99 21.45813 283 347 219 322 244 303 263
100 21.67488 283 347 219 322 244 303 263
101 21.89163 283 348 218 322 244 303 263
102 22.10837 284 349 219 323 245 304 264
103 22.32512 284 348 220 323 245 304 264
104 22.54187 284 348 220 323 245 304 264
105 22.75862 284 348 220 323 245 304 264
106 22.97537 284 348 220 323 245 304 264
107 23.19212 285 349 221 324 246 305 265
108 23.40887 285 349 221 324 246 305 265
109 23.62562 285 349 221 324 246 305 265
110 23.84236 285 349 221 324 246 305 265
111 24.05911 286 350 222 325 247 306 266
112 24.27586 286 350 222 325 247 306 266
113 24.49261 286 350 222 325 247 306 266
114 24.70936 286 350 222 325 247 306 266
115 24.92611 286 350 222 325 247 306 266
116 25.14286 287 351 223 326 248 307 267
117 25.35961 287 351 223 326 248 307 267
79
118 25.57635 287 351 223 326 248 307 267
119 25.7931 287 351 223 326 248 307 267
120 26.00985 288 351 225 326 250 307 269
121 26.2266 288 351 225 326 250 307 269
122 26.44335 288 351 225 326 250 307 269
123 26.6601 288 351 225 326 250 307 269
124 26.87685 288 351 225 326 250 307 269
125 27.0936 289 352 226 327 251 308 270
126 27.31034 289 352 226 327 251 308 270
127 27.52709 289 351 227 327 251 308 270
128 27.74384 289 351 227 327 251 308 270
129 27.96059 289 351 227 327 251 308 270
130 28.17734 290 352 228 328 252 309 271
131 28.39409 290 352 228 328 252 309 271
132 28.61084 290 352 228 328 252 309 271
133 28.82759 290 351 229 327 253 309 271
134 29.04433 291 352 230 328 254 310 272
135 29.26108 291 352 230 328 254 310 272
136 29.47783 291 352 230 328 254 310 272
137 29.69458 291 351 231 327 255 309 273
138 29.91133 291 351 231 327 255 309 273
139 30.12808 292 352 232 328 256 310 274
140 30.34483 292 352 232 328 256 310 274
141 30.56158 292 351 233 328 256 310 274
142 30.77833 292 351 233 328 256 310 274
143 30.99507 292 351 233 328 256 310 274
144 31.21182 293 352 234 329 257 311 275
145 31.42857 293 351 235 328 258 311 275
146 31.64532 293 351 235 328 258 311 275
147 31.86207 293 351 235 328 258 311 275
148 32.07882 294 351 237 329 259 312 276
149 32.29557 294 351 237 329 259 312 276
150 32.51232 294 351 237 329 259 312 276
151 32.72906 294 350 238 328 260 311 277
152 32.94581 294 350 238 328 260 311 277
153 33.16256 295 351 239 329 261 312 278
154 33.37931 295 350 240 328 262 312 278
155 33.59606 295 350 240 328 262 312 278
156 33.81281 295 349 241 328 262 312 278
157 34.02956 296 350 242 329 263 313 279
158 34.24631 296 350 242 329 263 313 279
80
159 34.46305 296 349 243 328 264 312 280
160 34.6798 296 349 243 328 264 312 280
161 34.89655 296 348 244 328 264 312 280
162 35.1133 297 349 245 329 265 313 281
163 35.33005 297 348 246 328 266 313 281
164 35.5468 297 348 246 328 266 313 281
165 35.76355 297 347 247 327 267 312 282
166 35.9803 297 347 247 327 267 312 282
167 36.19704 298 347 249 328 268 313 283
168 36.41379 298 347 249 328 268 313 283
169 36.63054 298 346 250 327 269 313 283
170 36.84729 298 346 250 327 269 313 283
171 37.06404 299 346 252 328 270 314 284
172 37.28079 299 346 252 328 270 314 284
173 37.49754 299 345 253 327 271 313 285
174 37.71429 299 344 254 326 272 313 285
175 37.93103 299 344 254 326 272 313 285
176 38.14778 300 344 256 327 273 314 286
177 38.36453 300 343 257 326 274 313 287
178 38.58128 300 343 257 326 274 313 287
179 38.79803 300 342 258 326 274 313 287
180 39.01478 301 342 260 326 276 314 288
181 39.23153 301 341 261 325 277 313 289
182 39.44828 301 340 262 325 277 313 289
183 39.66502 301 340 262 325 277 313 289
184 39.88177 301 339 263 324 278 313 289
185 40.09852 302 339 265 325 279 314 290
186 40.31527 302 338 266 324 280 313 291
187 40.53202 302 337 267 323 281 313 291
188 40.74877 302 336 268 323 281 313 291
189 40.96552 302 335 269 322 282 312 292
190 41.18227 303 335 271 323 283 313 293
191 41.39901 303 334 272 322 284 313 293
192 41.61576 303 332 274 321 285 312 294
193 41.83251 303 331 275 320 286 312 294
194 42.04926 304 331 277 321 287 313 295
195 42.26601 304 329 279 319 289 312 296
196 42.48276 304 328 280 319 289 312 296
197 42.69951 304 326 282 318 290 311 297
198 42.91626 304 324 284 316 292 310 298
199 43.133 305 323 287 316 294 311 299
81
200 43.34975 305 321 289 315 295 310 300
201 43.5665 305 318 292 313 297 309 301
202 43.78325 305 314 296 311 299 308 302
RX 44 305 305 305 305 305 305 305
𝒀′ = 𝒅𝟏( )
𝑫
used:
(0.6)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.6𝐹
(0.3)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.3𝐹
82
D. Path Description from Gapan City Hall to Arayat Town Hall

Town Hall (mi)
A Urban Area 1
B River 1.1
C Urban Area 2.3
D Plains 7.6
E Urban Area 8.4
F Plains 13.7
G Urban Area 15.2
83
Gapan City Hall to Arayat Town Hall
1. Obstacles and Path Elevation
and
d1 d2 EC EC+ELEV with TREES
FRESNEL
TX 0 15.2 0 69 119 119
1 0.1 15.1 2 68 118 127
2 0.2 15 3 70 120 132
3 0.3 14.9 3 67 117 131
4 0.4 14.8 4 67 117 133
5 0.5 14.7 5 68 118 136
6 0.6 14.6 6 70 120 140
7 0.7 14.5 7 70 120 141
8 0.8 14.4 8 72 122 145
9 0.9 14.3 9 72 122 146
10 1 14.2 10 73 123 148
11 1.1 14.1 11 73 123 149
12 1.2 14 12 70 120 147
13 1.3 13.9 13 69 119 147
14 1.4 13.8 13 66 116 145
15 1.5 13.7 14 70 120 150
16 1.6 13.6 15 69 119 150
17 1.7 13.5 16 76 126 158
18 1.8 13.4 17 74 124 157
19 1.9 13.3 17 71 121 155
20 2 13.2 18 71 121 155
21 2.1 13.1 19 76 126 161
22 2.2 13 20 76 126 162
23 2.3 12.9 20 76 126 162
24 2.4 12.8 21 76 126 163
25 2.5 12.7 22 78 128 166
26 2.6 12.6 22 75 125 163
27 2.7 12.5 23 73 123 162
28 2.8 12.4 24 76 126 165
29 2.9 12.3 24 82 132 172
30 3 12.2 25 80 130 170
31 3.1 12.1 26 74 124 165
84
32 3.2 12 26 71 121 162
33 3.3 11.9 27 76 126 168
34 3.4 11.8 27 79 129 171
35 3.5 11.7 28 76 126 169
36 3.6 11.6 28 71 121 164
37 3.7 11.5 29 75 125 168
38 3.8 11.4 29 75 125 169
39 3.9 11.3 30 77 127 171
40 4 11.2 30 80 130 174
41 4.1 11.1 31 79 129 174
42 4.2 11 31 74 124 169
43 4.3 10.9 32 79 129 175
44 4.4 10.8 32 81 131 177
45 4.5 10.7 33 80 130 176
46 4.6 10.6 33 82 132 178
47 4.7 10.5 33 86 136 183
48 4.8 10.4 34 84 134 181
49 4.9 10.3 34 82 132 179
50 5 10.2 35 76 126 173
51 5.1 10.1 35 82 132 180
52 5.2 10 35 83 133 181
53 5.3 9.9 35 82 132 180
54 5.4 9.8 36 85 135 183
55 5.5 9.7 36 83 133 182
56 5.6 9.6 36 77 127 176
57 5.7 9.5 37 80 130 179
58 5.8 9.4 37 79 129 178
59 5.9 9.3 37 82 132 181
60 6 9.2 37 80 130 179
61 6.1 9.1 38 80 130 179
62 6.2 9 38 76 126 176
63 6.3 8.9 38 78 128 178
64 6.4 8.8 38 75 125 175
65 6.5 8.7 38 75 125 175
66 6.6 8.6 38 74 124 174
67 6.7 8.5 38 76 126 176
68 6.8 8.4 39 75 125 175
69 6.9 8.3 39 72 122 172
70 7 8.2 39 78 128 178
71 7.1 8.1 39 78 128 178
72 7.2 8 39 79 129 179
73 7.3 7.9 39 72 122 172
74 7.4 7.8 39 74 124 174
85
75 7.5 7.7 39 73 123 173
76 7.6 7.6 39 75 125 175
77 7.7 7.5 39 72 122 172
78 7.8 7.4 39 76 126 176
79 7.9 7.3 39 76 126 176
80 8 7.2 39 82 132 182
81 8.1 7.1 39 79 129 179
82 8.2 7 39 78 128 178
83 8.3 6.9 39 69 119 169
84 8.4 6.8 39 71 121 171
85 8.5 6.7 38 72 122 172
86 8.6 6.6 38 76 126 176
87 8.7 6.5 38 71 121 171
88 8.8 6.4 38 77 127 177
89 8.9 6.3 38 70 120 170
90 9 6.2 38 68 118 168
91 9.1 6.1 38 71 121 170
92 9.2 6 37 73 123 172
93 9.3 5.9 37 74 124 173
94 9.4 5.8 37 70 120 169
95 9.5 5.7 37 70 120 169
96 9.6 5.6 36 69 119 168
97 9.7 5.5 36 77 127 176
98 9.8 5.4 36 79 129 177
99 9.9 5.3 35 77 127 175
100 10 5.2 35 76 126 174
101 10.1 5.1 35 72 122 170
102 10.2 5 35 68 118 165
103 10.3 4.9 34 69 119 166
104 10.4 4.8 34 66 116 163
105 10.5 4.7 33 63 113 160
106 10.6 4.6 33 68 118 164
107 10.7 4.5 33 63 113 159
108 10.8 4.4 32 65 115 161
109 10.9 4.3 32 65 115 161
110 11 4.2 31 59 109 154
111 11.1 4.1 31 63 113 158
112 11.2 4 30 63 113 157
113 11.3 3.9 30 61 111 155
114 11.4 3.8 29 63 113 157
115 11.5 3.7 29 59 109 152
116 11.6 3.6 28 61 111 154
117 11.7 3.5 28 61 111 154
86
118 11.8 3.4 27 58 108 150
119 11.9 3.3 27 57 107 149
120 12 3.2 26 55 105 146
121 12.1 3.1 26 56 106 147
122 12.2 3 25 55 105 145
123 12.3 2.9 24 56 106 146
124 12.4 2.8 24 55 105 144
125 12.5 2.7 23 55 105 144
126 12.6 2.6 22 55 105 143
127 12.7 2.5 22 53 103 141
128 12.8 2.4 21 57 107 144
129 12.9 2.3 20 56 106 142
130 13 2.2 20 56 106 142
131 13.1 2.1 19 53 103 138
132 13.2 2 18 53 103 137
133 13.3 1.9 17 57 107 141
134 13.4 1.8 17 54 104 137
135 13.5 1.7 16 57 107 139
136 13.6 1.6 15 61 111 142
137 13.7 1.5 14 67 117 147
138 13.8 1.4 13 62 112 141
139 13.9 1.3 13 60 110 138
140 14 1.2 12 55 105 132
141 14.1 1.1 11 36 86 112
142 14.2 1 10 26 76 101
143 14.3 0.9 9 43 93 117
144 14.4 0.8 8 55 105 128
145 14.5 0.7 7 55 105 126
146 14.6 0.6 6 55 105 125
147 14.7 0.5 5 48 98 116
148 14.8 0.4 4 39 89 105
149 14.9 0.3 3 40 90 104
150 15 0.2 3 39 89 101
151 15.1 0.1 2 35 85 94
RX 15.2 0 0 35 85 85
87
2. Earth Curvature

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒌
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
 Site 1 (Gapan City Hall)

- Tower Height:
= 140 – 69 = 71
 Site 2 (Arayat Municipal Hall)
- Tower Height:
= 240 – 35 = 205
88

K-Infinity = 0.37
K-Grazing = 0.42

89
6. Line of Sight
LOSi+0.6 LOSi- LOSi+0.3 LOSi-

y LOSi LOSi+F LOSi-F
F 0.6F F 0.3F
TX 0 140 140 140 140 140 140 140
1 0.657895 141 150 132 147 135 144 138
2 1.315789 142 154 130 150 134 146 138
3 1.973684 142 156 128 151 133 147 137
4 2.631579 143 159 127 153 133 148 138
5 3.289474 144 162 126 155 133 150 138
6 3.947368 144 164 124 156 132 150 138
7 4.605263 145 166 124 158 132 152 138
8 5.263158 146 169 123 160 132 153 139
9 5.921053 146 170 122 161 131 154 138
10 6.578947 147 172 122 162 132 155 139
11 7.236842 148 174 122 164 132 156 140
12 7.894737 148 175 121 165 131 157 139
13 8.552632 149 177 121 166 132 158 140
14 9.210526 150 179 121 168 132 159 141
15 9.868421 150 180 120 168 132 159 141
16 10.52632 151 182 120 170 132 161 141
17 11.18421 152 184 120 172 132 162 142
18 11.84211 152 185 119 172 132 162 142
19 12.5 153 187 119 174 132 164 142
20 13.15789 154 188 120 175 133 165 143
21 13.81579 154 189 119 175 133 165 143
22 14.47368 155 191 119 177 133 166 144
23 15.13158 156 192 120 178 134 167 145
24 15.78947 156 193 119 179 133 168 144
25 16.44737 157 195 119 180 134 169 145
26 17.10526 158 196 120 181 135 170 146
27 17.76316 158 197 119 182 134 170 146
28 18.42105 159 198 120 183 135 171 147
29 19.07895 160 200 120 184 136 172 148
30 19.73684 160 200 120 184 136 172 148
31 20.39474 161 202 120 186 136 174 148
32 21.05263 162 203 121 187 137 175 149
33 21.71053 162 204 120 188 136 175 149
34 22.36842 163 205 121 189 137 176 150
35 23.02632 164 207 121 190 138 177 151
90
36 23.68421 164 207 121 190 138 177 151
37 24.34211 165 208 122 191 139 178 152
38 25 165 209 121 192 138 179 151
39 25.65789 166 210 122 193 139 180 152
40 26.31579 167 211 123 194 140 181 153
41 26.97368 167 212 122 194 140 181 153
42 27.63158 168 213 123 195 141 182 154
43 28.28947 169 215 123 197 141 183 155
44 28.94737 169 215 123 197 141 183 155
45 29.60526 170 216 124 198 142 184 156
46 30.26316 171 217 125 199 143 185 157
47 30.92105 171 218 124 200 142 186 156
48 31.57895 172 219 125 201 143 187 157
49 32.23684 173 220 126 202 144 188 158
50 32.89474 173 220 126 202 144 188 158
51 33.55263 174 222 126 203 145 189 159
52 34.21053 175 223 127 204 146 190 160
53 34.86842 175 223 127 204 146 190 160
54 35.52632 176 224 128 205 147 191 161
55 36.18421 177 226 128 207 147 192 162
56 36.84211 177 226 128 207 147 192 162
57 37.5 178 227 129 208 148 193 163
58 38.15789 179 228 130 209 149 194 164
59 38.81579 179 228 130 209 149 194 164
60 39.47368 180 229 131 210 150 195 165
61 40.13158 181 230 132 211 151 196 166
62 40.78947 181 231 131 211 151 196 166
63 41.44737 182 232 132 212 152 197 167
64 42.10526 183 233 133 213 153 198 168
65 42.76316 183 233 133 213 153 198 168
66 43.42105 184 234 134 214 154 199 169
67 44.07895 185 235 135 215 155 200 170
68 44.73684 185 235 135 215 155 200 170
69 45.39474 186 236 136 216 156 201 171
70 46.05263 187 237 137 217 157 202 172
71 46.71053 187 237 137 217 157 202 172
72 47.36842 188 238 138 218 158 203 173
73 48.02632 189 239 139 219 159 204 174
74 48.68421 189 239 139 219 159 204 174
75 49.34211 190 240 140 220 160 205 175
76 50 190 240 140 220 160 205 175
91
77 50.65789 191 241 141 221 161 206 176
78 51.31579 192 242 142 222 162 207 177
79 51.97368 192 242 142 222 162 207 177
80 52.63158 193 243 143 223 163 208 178
81 53.28947 194 244 144 224 164 209 179
82 53.94737 194 244 144 224 164 209 179
83 54.60526 195 245 145 225 165 210 180
84 55.26316 196 246 146 226 166 211 181
85 55.92105 196 246 146 226 166 211 181
86 56.57895 197 247 147 227 167 212 182
87 57.23684 198 248 148 228 168 213 183
88 57.89474 198 248 148 228 168 213 183
89 58.55263 199 249 149 229 169 214 184
90 59.21053 200 250 150 230 170 215 185
91 59.86842 200 249 151 230 170 215 185
92 60.52632 201 250 152 231 171 216 186
93 61.18421 202 251 153 232 172 217 187
94 61.84211 202 251 153 232 172 217 187
95 62.5 203 252 154 233 173 218 188
96 63.15789 204 253 155 234 174 219 189
97 63.81579 204 253 155 234 174 219 189
98 64.47368 205 253 157 234 176 220 190
99 65.13158 206 254 158 235 177 221 191
100 65.78947 206 254 158 235 177 221 191
101 66.44737 207 255 159 236 178 222 192
102 67.10526 208 255 161 237 179 223 193
103 67.76316 208 255 161 237 179 223 193
104 68.42105 209 256 162 238 180 224 194
105 69.07895 210 257 163 239 181 225 195
106 69.73684 210 256 164 238 182 224 196
107 70.39474 211 257 165 239 183 225 197
108 71.05263 212 258 166 240 184 226 198
109 71.71053 212 258 166 240 184 226 198
110 72.36842 213 258 168 240 186 227 199
111 73.02632 214 259 169 241 187 228 200
112 73.68421 214 258 170 241 187 228 200
113 74.34211 215 259 171 242 188 229 201
114 75 215 259 171 242 188 229 201
115 75.65789 216 259 173 242 190 229 203
116 76.31579 217 260 174 243 191 230 204
117 76.97368 217 260 174 243 191 230 204
92
118 77.63158 218 260 176 244 192 231 205
119 78.28947 219 261 177 245 193 232 206
120 78.94737 219 260 178 244 194 232 206
121 79.60526 220 261 179 245 195 233 207
122 80.26316 221 261 181 245 197 233 209
123 80.92105 221 261 181 245 197 233 209
124 81.57895 222 261 183 246 198 234 210
125 82.23684 223 262 184 247 199 235 211
126 82.89474 223 261 185 246 200 235 211
127 83.55263 224 262 186 247 201 236 212
128 84.21053 225 262 188 248 202 237 213
129 84.86842 225 261 189 247 203 236 214
130 85.52632 226 262 190 248 204 237 215
131 86.18421 227 262 192 248 206 238 216
132 86.84211 227 261 193 248 206 238 216
133 87.5 228 262 194 249 207 239 217
134 88.15789 229 262 196 249 209 239 219
135 88.81579 229 261 197 249 209 239 219
136 89.47368 230 261 199 249 211 240 220
137 90.13158 231 261 201 249 213 240 222
138 90.78947 231 260 202 249 213 240 222
139 91.44737 232 260 204 249 215 241 223
140 92.10526 233 260 206 250 216 242 224
141 92.76316 233 259 207 249 217 241 225
142 93.42105 234 259 209 249 219 242 226
143 94.07895 235 259 211 250 220 243 227
144 94.73684 235 258 212 249 221 242 228
145 95.39474 236 257 215 249 223 243 229
146 96.05263 237 257 217 249 225 243 231
147 96.71053 237 255 219 248 226 243 231
148 97.36842 238 254 222 248 228 243 233
149 98.02632 239 253 225 248 230 244 234
150 98.68421 239 251 227 247 231 243 235
151 99.34211 240 249 231 246 234 243 237
RX 100 240 240 240 240 240 240 240
𝒀′ = 𝒅𝟏( )
𝑫
93
used:
(0.6)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.6𝐹
(0.3)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.3𝐹
94
E. Path Description from Arayat Town Hall to Baliuag Municipal Hall

Town Hall (mi)
A Urban Area 1.2

B Woodlands 1.7
C Urban Area 2.0
D Plains 5.6
E Urban Area 8.4

F Plains 14.6
G Urban Area 16.0
95
Arayat Town Hall to Baliuag Municipal Hall
EARTHS WITH WITH

D1 D2 WITH TREES
CURVATURE ELEVATION FRESNEL
TX 0 16 0 35 85 85
1 0.1 15.9 2 39 89 98
2 0.2 15.8 3 47 97 110
3 0.3 15.7 4 53 103 119
4 0.4 15.6 5 54 104 122
5 0.5 15.5 6 49 99 119
6 0.6 15.4 7 53 103 125
7 0.7 15.3 8 56 106 130
8 0.8 15.2 9 48 98 123
9 0.9 15.1 10 53 103 130
10 1 15 11 66 116 144
11 1.1 14.9 11 55 105 134
12 1.2 14.8 12 59 109 139
13 1.3 14.7 13 59 109 141
14 1.4 14.6 14 60 110 143
15 1.5 14.5 15 59 109 143
16 1.6 14.4 16 55 105 140
17 1.7 14.3 17 55 105 141
18 1.8 14.2 18 64 114 150
19 1.9 14.1 18 51 101 138
20 2 14 19 46 96 134
21 2.1 13.9 20 50 100 139
22 2.2 13.8 21 58 108 148
23 2.3 13.7 22 62 112 152
24 2.4 13.6 22 56 106 147
25 2.5 13.5 23 59 109 151
26 2.6 13.4 24 55 105 147
27 2.7 13.3 24 67 117 160
28 2.8 13.2 25 66 116 160
29 2.9 13.1 26 60 110 154
30 3 13 27 57 107 152
96
31 3.1 12.9 27 56 106 151
32 3.2 12.8 28 55 105 151
33 3.3 12.7 28 55 105 151
34 3.4 12.6 29 58 108 155
35 3.5 12.5 30 53 103 150
36 3.6 12.4 30 57 107 155
37 3.7 12.3 31 68 118 166
38 3.8 12.2 31 55 105 154
39 3.9 12.1 32 58 108 157
40 4 12 33 43 93 143
41 4.1 11.9 33 46 96 146
42 4.2 11.8 34 61 111 162
43 4.3 11.7 34 56 106 157
44 4.4 11.6 35 58 108 159
45 4.5 11.5 35 57 107 159
46 4.6 11.4 35 61 111 163
47 4.7 11.3 36 67 117 169
48 4.8 11.2 36 63 113 166
49 4.9 11.1 37 67 117 170
50 5 11 37 73 123 176
51 5.1 10.9 38 72 122 175
52 5.2 10.8 38 64 114 168
53 5.3 10.7 38 77 127 181
54 5.4 10.6 39 83 133 187
55 5.5 10.5 39 79 129 183
56 5.6 10.4 39 76 126 181
57 5.7 10.3 40 76 126 181
58 5.8 10.2 40 73 123 178
59 5.9 10.1 40 72 122 177
60 6 10 41 69 119 175
61 6.1 9.9 41 66 116 172
62 6.2 9.8 41 66 116 172
63 6.3 9.7 41 74 124 180
64 6.4 9.6 41 74 124 180
65 6.5 9.5 42 67 117 173
66 6.6 9.4 42 67 117 173
67 6.7 9.3 42 73 123 180
68 6.8 9.2 42 72 122 179
69 6.9 9.1 42 69 119 176
70 7 9 43 72 122 179
71 7.1 8.9 43 70 120 177
97
72 7.2 8.8 43 70 120 177
73 7.3 8.7 43 72 122 179
74 7.4 8.6 43 73 123 180
75 7.5 8.5 43 74 124 181
76 7.6 8.4 43 70 120 177
77 7.7 8.3 43 71 121 178
78 7.8 8.2 43 73 123 180
79 7.9 8.1 43 70 120 177
80 8 8 43 73 123 180
81 8.1 7.9 43 71 121 178
82 8.2 7.8 43 74 124 181
83 8.3 7.7 43 73 123 180
84 8.4 7.6 43 75 125 182
85 8.5 7.5 43 75 125 182
86 8.6 7.4 43 74 124 181
87 8.7 7.3 43 73 123 180
88 8.8 7.2 43 70 120 177
89 8.9 7.1 43 70 120 177
90 9 7 43 66 116 173
91 9.1 6.9 42 67 117 174
92 9.2 6.8 42 66 116 173
93 9.3 6.7 42 72 122 179
94 9.4 6.6 42 71 121 177
95 9.5 6.5 42 77 127 183
96 9.6 6.4 41 65 115 171
97 9.7 6.3 41 71 121 177
98 9.8 6.2 41 64 114 170
99 9.9 6.1 41 70 120 176
100 10 6 41 67 117 173
101 10.1 5.9 40 63 113 168
102 10.2 5.8 40 69 119 174
103 10.3 5.7 40 68 118 173
104 10.4 5.6 39 70 120 175
105 10.5 5.5 39 75 125 179
106 10.6 5.4 39 76 126 180
107 10.7 5.3 38 75 125 179
108 10.8 5.2 38 77 127 181
109 10.9 5.1 38 76 126 179
110 11 5 37 79 129 182
111 11.1 4.9 37 85 135 188
112 11.2 4.8 36 80 130 183
98
113 11.3 4.7 36 73 123 175
114 11.4 4.6 35 71 121 173
115 11.5 4.5 35 78 128 180
116 11.6 4.4 35 79 129 180
117 11.7 4.3 34 79 129 180
118 11.8 4.2 34 77 127 178
119 11.9 4.1 33 77 127 177
120 12 4 33 86 136 186
121 12.1 3.9 32 77 127 176
122 12.2 3.8 31 78 128 177
123 12.3 3.7 31 79 129 177
124 12.4 3.6 30 77 127 175
125 12.5 3.5 30 76 126 173
126 12.6 3.4 29 72 122 169
127 12.7 3.3 28 79 129 175
128 12.8 3.2 28 77 127 173
129 12.9 3.1 27 77 127 172
130 13 3 27 73 123 168
131 13.1 2.9 26 72 122 166
132 13.2 2.8 25 74 124 168
133 13.3 2.7 24 75 125 168
134 13.4 2.6 24 76 126 168
135 13.5 2.5 23 77 127 169
136 13.6 2.4 22 76 126 167
137 13.7 2.3 22 75 125 165
138 13.8 2.2 21 74 124 164
139 13.9 2.1 20 69 119 158
140 14 2 19 74 124 162
141 14.1 1.9 18 73 123 160
142 14.2 1.8 18 74 124 160
143 14.3 1.7 17 73 123 159
144 14.4 1.6 16 66 116 151
145 14.5 1.5 15 65 115 149
146 14.6 1.4 14 71 121 154
147 14.7 1.3 13 71 121 153
148 14.8 1.2 12 68 118 148
149 14.9 1.1 11 71 121 150
150 15 1 11 67 117 145
151 15.1 0.9 10 74 124 151
152 15.2 0.8 9 75 125 150
153 15.3 0.7 8 73 123 147
99
154 15.4 0.6 7 68 118 140
155 15.5 0.5 6 67 117 137
156 15.6 0.4 5 74 124 142
157 15.7 0.3 4 71 121 137
158 15.8 0.2 3 71 121 134
159 15.9 0.1 2 71 121 130
RX 16 0 0 71 121 121
2. Earth Curvature

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒌
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
100
 Site 1 (Arayat Municipal Hall)

- Tower Height:
- = 185 – 35 = 150
 Site 2 (Baliuag Municipal Hall)

- Tower Height:
- = 190 – 71 = 119

K-Infinity = 0.38
K-Grazing = 0.47
K-Infinity Value 0.38 x 16 = 6.08

K-Grazing Value 0.47 x 16= 7.52
101
6. Line of Sight
y LOSi LOSi+F LOSi-F LOSi+0.6 LOSi- LOSi+0.3 LOSi-

F 0.6F F 0.3F
TX 0 185 185 185 185 185 185 185
1 0.03125 186 195 177 192 180 189 183
2 0.0625 186 199 173 194 178 190 182
3 0.09375 186 202 170 196 176 191 181
4 0.125 186 204 168 197 175 192 180
5 0.15625 186 206 166 198 174 192 180
6 0.1875 186 208 164 200 172 193 179
7 0.21875 186 210 162 201 171 194 178
8 0.25 186 211 161 201 171 194 178
9 0.28125 186 213 159 203 169 195 177
10 0.3125 186 214 158 203 169 195 177
11 0.34375 186 215 157 204 168 195 177
12 0.375 186 216 156 204 168 195 177
13 0.40625 186 218 154 206 166 196 176
14 0.4375 186 219 153 206 166 196 176
15 0.46875 186 220 152 207 165 197 175
16 0.5 186 221 151 207 165 197 175
17 0.53125 186 222 150 208 164 197 175
18 0.5625 186 222 150 208 164 197 175
19 0.59375 186 223 149 209 163 198 174
20 0.625 186 224 148 209 163 198 174
21 0.65625 186 225 147 210 162 198 174
22 0.6875 186 226 146 210 162 198 174
23 0.71875 186 226 146 210 162 198 174
24 0.75 186 227 145 211 161 199 173
25 0.78125 186 228 144 212 160 199 173
26 0.8125 186 228 144 212 160 199 173
27 0.84375 186 229 143 212 160 199 173
28 0.875 186 230 142 213 159 200 172
29 0.90625 186 230 142 213 159 200 172
30 0.9375 186 231 141 213 159 200 172
31 0.96875 186 231 141 213 159 200 172
32 1 186 232 140 214 158 200 172
33 1.03125 187 233 141 215 159 201 173
34 1.0625 187 234 140 216 158 202 172
35 1.09375 187 234 140 216 158 202 172
102
36 1.125 187 235 139 216 158 202 172
37 1.15625 187 235 139 216 158 202 172
38 1.1875 187 236 138 217 157 202 172
39 1.21875 187 236 138 217 157 202 172
40 1.25 187 237 137 217 157 202 172
41 1.28125 187 237 137 217 157 202 172
42 1.3125 187 238 136 218 156 203 171
43 1.34375 187 238 136 218 156 203 171
44 1.375 187 238 136 218 156 203 171
45 1.40625 187 239 135 219 155 203 171
46 1.4375 187 239 135 219 155 203 171
47 1.46875 187 239 135 219 155 203 171
48 1.5 187 240 134 219 155 203 171
49 1.53125 187 240 134 219 155 203 171
50 1.5625 187 240 134 219 155 203 171
51 1.59375 187 240 134 219 155 203 171
52 1.625 187 241 133 220 154 204 170
53 1.65625 187 241 133 220 154 204 170
54 1.6875 187 241 133 220 154 204 170
55 1.71875 187 241 133 220 154 204 170
56 1.75 187 242 132 220 154 204 170
57 1.78125 187 242 132 220 154 204 170
58 1.8125 187 242 132 220 154 204 170
59 1.84375 187 242 132 220 154 204 170
60 1.875 187 243 131 221 153 204 170
61 1.90625 187 243 131 221 153 204 170
62 1.9375 187 243 131 221 153 204 170
63 1.96875 187 243 131 221 153 204 170
64 2 187 243 131 221 153 204 170
65 2.03125 188 244 132 222 154 205 171
66 2.0625 188 244 132 222 154 205 171
67 2.09375 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
68 2.125 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
69 2.15625 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
70 2.1875 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
71 2.21875 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
72 2.25 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
73 2.28125 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
74 2.3125 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
75 2.34375 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
76 2.375 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
103
77 2.40625 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
78 2.4375 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
79 2.46875 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
80 2.5 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
81 2.53125 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
82 2.5625 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
83 2.59375 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
84 2.625 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
85 2.65625 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
86 2.6875 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
87 2.71875 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
88 2.75 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
89 2.78125 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
90 2.8125 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
91 2.84375 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
92 2.875 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
93 2.90625 188 245 131 223 153 206 170
94 2.9375 188 244 132 222 154 205 171
95 2.96875 188 244 132 222 154 205 171
96 3 188 244 132 222 154 205 171
97 3.03125 189 245 133 223 155 206 172
98 3.0625 189 245 133 223 155 206 172
99 3.09375 189 245 133 223 155 206 172
100 3.125 189 245 133 223 155 206 172
101 3.15625 189 244 134 222 156 206 172
102 3.1875 189 244 134 222 156 206 172
103 3.21875 189 244 134 222 156 206 172
104 3.25 189 244 134 222 156 206 172
105 3.28125 189 243 135 222 156 206 172
106 3.3125 189 243 135 222 156 206 172
107 3.34375 189 243 135 222 156 206 172
108 3.375 189 243 135 222 156 206 172
109 3.40625 189 242 136 221 157 205 173
110 3.4375 189 242 136 221 157 205 173
111 3.46875 189 242 136 221 157 205 173
112 3.5 189 242 136 221 157 205 173
113 3.53125 189 241 137 221 157 205 173
114 3.5625 189 241 137 221 157 205 173
115 3.59375 189 241 137 221 157 205 173
116 3.625 189 240 138 220 158 205 173
117 3.65625 189 240 138 220 158 205 173
104
118 3.6875 189 240 138 220 158 205 173
119 3.71875 189 239 139 219 159 204 174
120 3.75 189 239 139 219 159 204 174
121 3.78125 189 238 140 219 159 204 174
122 3.8125 189 238 140 219 159 204 174
123 3.84375 189 237 141 218 160 204 174
124 3.875 189 237 141 218 160 204 174
125 3.90625 189 236 142 218 160 204 174
126 3.9375 189 236 142 218 160 204 174
127 3.96875 189 235 143 217 161 203 175
128 4 189 235 143 217 161 203 175
129 4.03125 190 235 145 217 163 204 176
130 4.0625 190 235 145 217 163 204 176
131 4.09375 190 234 146 217 163 204 176
132 4.125 190 234 146 217 163 204 176
133 4.15625 190 233 147 216 164 203 177
134 4.1875 190 232 148 216 164 203 177
135 4.21875 190 232 148 216 164 203 177
136 4.25 190 231 149 215 165 203 177
137 4.28125 190 230 150 214 166 202 178
138 4.3125 190 230 150 214 166 202 178
139 4.34375 190 229 151 214 166 202 178
140 4.375 190 228 152 213 167 202 178
141 4.40625 190 227 153 213 167 202 178
142 4.4375 190 226 154 212 168 201 179
143 4.46875 190 226 154 212 168 201 179
144 4.5 190 225 155 211 169 201 179
145 4.53125 190 224 156 211 169 201 179
146 4.5625 190 223 157 210 170 200 180
147 4.59375 190 222 158 210 170 200 180
148 4.625 190 220 160 208 172 199 181
149 4.65625 190 219 161 208 172 199 181
150 4.6875 190 218 162 207 173 199 181
151 4.71875 190 217 163 207 173 199 181
152 4.75 190 215 165 205 175 198 182
153 4.78125 190 214 166 205 175 198 182
154 4.8125 190 212 168 204 176 197 183
155 4.84375 190 210 170 202 178 196 184
156 4.875 190 208 172 201 179 196 184
157 4.90625 190 206 174 200 180 195 185
158 4.9375 190 203 177 198 182 194 186
105
159 4.96875 190 199 181 196 184 193 187
RX 5 190 190 190 190 190 190 190
𝒀′ = 𝒅𝟏( )
𝑫
used:
(0.6)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.6𝐹
(0.3)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.3𝐹
106
A. Description from Baliuag Municipal Hall to Duhat Barangay Hall

Town Hall (mi)
A Urban Area 0.8
B Plains 1.7
C Woodlands 2.4
D Plains 6.6
E Urban Area 8.4
F Plains 10.8
G Urban Area 12.5
107
Arayat Town Hall to Baliuag Municipal Hall
EARTHS WITH WITH

D1 D2 WITH TREES
CURVATURE ELEVATION FRESNEL
TX 0 12.5 0 71 121 121
1 0.1 12.4 1 73 123 132
2 0.2 12.3 2 78 128 140
3 0.3 12.2 3 81 131 145
4 0.4 12.1 4 82 132 148
5 0.5 12 5 73 123 141
6 0.6 11.9 5 56 106 126
7 0.7 11.8 6 49 99 120
8 0.8 11.7 7 44 94 117
9 0.9 11.6 7 49 99 123
10 1 11.5 8 81 131 156
11 1.1 11.4 9 85 135 161
12 1.2 11.3 10 81 131 158
13 1.3 11.2 10 68 118 146
14 1.4 11.1 11 66 116 145
15 1.5 11 12 65 115 145
16 1.6 10.9 12 62 112 143
17 1.7 10.8 13 72 122 154
18 1.8 10.7 13 80 130 162
19 1.9 10.6 14 80 130 163
20 2 10.5 15 78 128 162
21 2.1 10.4 15 75 125 159
22 2.2 10.3 16 74 124 159
23 2.3 10.2 16 75 125 161
24 2.4 10.1 17 72 122 158
25 2.5 10 17 69 119 156
26 2.6 9.9 18 68 118 155
27 2.7 9.8 18 71 121 159
28 2.8 9.7 19 75 125 163
29 2.9 9.6 19 75 125 164
30 3 9.5 20 73 123 162
31 3.1 9.4 20 70 120 160
108
32 3.2 9.3 20 68 118 158
33 3.3 9.2 21 65 115 155
34 3.4 9.1 21 70 120 161
35 3.5 9 22 67 117 158
36 3.6 8.9 22 78 128 170
37 3.7 8.8 22 79 129 171
38 3.8 8.7 23 85 135 177
39 3.9 8.6 23 86 136 178
40 4 8.5 23 96 146 189
41 4.1 8.4 23 85 135 178
42 4.2 8.3 24 81 131 174
43 4.3 8.2 24 79 129 173
44 4.4 8.1 24 82 132 176
45 4.5 8 25 82 132 176
46 4.6 7.9 25 84 134 178
47 4.7 7.8 25 79 129 173
48 4.8 7.7 25 80 130 175
49 4.9 7.6 25 85 135 180
50 5 7.5 26 85 135 180
51 5.1 7.4 26 78 128 173
52 5.2 7.3 26 73 123 168
53 5.3 7.2 26 70 120 165
54 5.4 7.1 26 76 126 171
55 5.5 7 26 71 121 166
56 5.6 6.9 26 67 117 163
57 5.7 6.8 26 66 116 162
58 5.8 6.7 26 66 116 162
59 5.9 6.6 26 61 111 157
60 6 6.5 27 64 114 160
61 6.1 6.4 27 61 111 157
62 6.2 6.3 27 65 115 161
63 6.3 6.2 27 61 111 157
64 6.4 6.1 27 63 113 159
65 6.5 6 27 64 114 160
66 6.6 5.9 26 71 121 167
67 6.7 5.8 26 90 140 186
68 6.8 5.7 26 95 145 191
69 6.9 5.6 26 82 132 178
70 7 5.5 26 84 134 179
71 7.1 5.4 26 69 119 164
72 7.2 5.3 26 61 111 156
109
73 7.3 5.2 26 60 110 155
74 7.4 5.1 26 66 116 161
75 7.5 5 26 66 116 161
76 7.6 4.9 25 64 114 159
77 7.7 4.8 25 65 115 160
78 7.8 4.7 25 56 106 150
79 7.9 4.6 25 62 112 156
80 8 4.5 25 73 123 167
81 8.1 4.4 24 64 114 158
82 8.2 4.3 24 65 115 159
83 8.3 4.2 24 64 114 157
84 8.4 4.1 23 59 109 152
85 8.5 4 23 62 112 155
86 8.6 3.9 23 73 123 165
87 8.7 3.8 23 88 138 180
88 8.8 3.7 22 82 132 174
89 8.9 3.6 22 63 113 155
90 9 3.5 22 56 106 147
91 9.1 3.4 21 66 116 157
92 9.2 3.3 21 73 123 163
93 9.3 3.2 20 60 110 150
94 9.4 3.1 20 52 102 142
95 9.5 3 20 58 108 147
96 9.6 2.9 19 66 116 155
97 9.7 2.8 19 77 127 165
98 9.8 2.7 18 66 116 154
99 9.9 2.6 18 60 110 147
100 10 2.5 17 52 102 139
101 10.1 2.4 17 54 104 140
102 10.2 2.3 16 56 106 142
103 10.3 2.2 16 51 101 136
104 10.4 2.1 15 46 96 130
105 10.5 2 15 54 104 138
106 10.6 1.9 14 50 100 133
107 10.7 1.8 13 54 104 136
108 10.8 1.7 13 54 104 136
109 10.9 1.6 12 48 98 129
110 11 1.5 12 39 89 119
111 11.1 1.4 11 42 92 121
112 11.2 1.3 10 43 93 121
113 11.3 1.2 10 34 84 111
110
114 11.4 1.1 9 37 87 113
115 11.5 1 8 42 92 117
116 11.6 0.9 7 41 91 115
117 11.7 0.8 7 31 81 104
118 11.8 0.7 6 30 80 101
119 11.9 0.6 5 28 78 98
120 12 0.5 5 28 78 96
121 12.1 0.4 4 34 84 100
122 12.2 0.3 3 33 83 97
123 12.3 0.2 2 45 95 107
124 12.4 0.1 1 58 108 117
RX 12.5 0 0 63 113 113
2. Earth Curvature

𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
𝒌
𝒅𝟏 𝒅𝟐
111
 Site 1 (Baliuag Municipal Hall)

- Tower Height:
- Antenna Height = LOSi - Elevation
- = 155 + 71 = 84
 Site 2 (Duhat Brangay Hall)

- Tower Height:
- Antenna Height = LOSi - Elevation
- = 230 - 63 = 167

K-Infinity = 0.35
K-Grazing = 0.42

112
6. Line of Sight
LOSi- LOSi-
Y’ LOSi LOSi+F LOSi-F LOSi+0.6F LOSi+0.3F
0.6F 0.3F
TX 0 155 155 155 155 155 155 155
1 0.6 156 165 147 162 150 159 153
2 1.2 157 169 145 165 149 161 153
3 1.8 157 171 143 166 148 162 152
4 2.4 158 174 142 168 148 163 153
5 3 158 176 140 169 147 164 152
6 3.6 159 179 139 171 147 165 153
7 4.2 160 181 139 173 147 167 153
8 4.8 160 183 137 174 146 167 153
9 5.4 161 185 137 176 146 169 153
10 6 161 186 136 176 146 169 153
11 6.6 162 188 136 178 146 170 154
12 7.2 163 190 136 180 146 172 154
13 7.8 163 191 135 180 146 172 154
14 8.4 164 193 135 182 146 173 155
15 9 164 194 134 182 146 173 155
16 9.6 165 196 134 184 146 175 155
17 10.2 166 198 134 186 146 176 156
18 10.8 166 198 134 186 146 176 156
19 11.4 167 200 134 187 147 177 157
20 12 167 201 133 188 146 178 156
21 12.6 168 202 134 189 147 179 157
22 13.2 169 204 134 190 148 180 158
23 13.8 169 205 133 191 147 180 158
24 14.4 170 206 134 192 148 181 159
25 15 170 207 133 193 147 182 158
26 15.6 171 208 134 194 148 183 159
27 16.2 172 210 134 195 149 184 160
28 16.8 172 210 134 195 149 184 160
29 17.4 173 212 134 197 149 185 161
30 18 173 212 134 197 149 185 161
31 18.6 174 214 134 198 150 186 162
32 19.2 175 215 135 199 151 187 163
33 19.8 175 215 135 199 151 187 163
34 20.4 176 217 135 201 151 189 163
35 21 176 217 135 201 151 189 163
113
36 21.6 177 219 135 203 151 190 164
37 22.2 178 220 136 204 152 191 165
38 22.8 178 220 136 204 152 191 165
39 23.4 179 221 137 205 153 192 166
40 24 179 222 136 205 153 192 166
41 24.6 180 223 137 206 154 193 167
42 25.2 181 224 138 207 155 194 168
43 25.8 181 225 137 208 154 195 167
44 26.4 182 226 138 209 155 196 168
45 27 182 226 138 209 155 196 168
46 27.6 183 227 139 210 156 197 169
47 28.2 184 228 140 211 157 198 170
48 28.8 184 229 139 211 157 198 170
49 29.4 185 230 140 212 158 199 171
50 30 185 230 140 212 158 199 171
51 30.6 186 231 141 213 159 200 172
52 31.2 187 232 142 214 160 201 173
53 31.8 187 232 142 214 160 201 173
54 32.4 188 233 143 215 161 202 174
55 33 188 233 143 215 161 202 174
56 33.6 189 235 143 217 161 203 175
57 34.2 190 236 144 218 162 204 176
58 34.8 190 236 144 218 162 204 176
59 35.4 191 237 145 219 163 205 177
60 36 191 237 145 219 163 205 177
61 36.6 192 238 146 220 164 206 178
62 37.2 193 239 147 221 165 207 179
63 37.8 193 239 147 221 165 207 179
64 38.4 194 240 148 222 166 208 180
65 39 194 240 148 222 166 208 180
66 39.6 195 241 149 223 167 209 181
67 40.2 196 242 150 224 168 210 182
68 40.8 196 242 150 224 168 210 182
69 41.4 197 243 151 225 169 211 183
70 42 197 242 152 224 170 211 183
71 42.6 198 243 153 225 171 212 184
72 43.2 199 244 154 226 172 213 185
73 43.8 199 244 154 226 172 213 185
74 44.4 200 245 155 227 173 214 186
75 45 200 245 155 227 173 214 186
76 45.6 201 246 156 228 174 215 187
114
77 46.2 202 247 157 229 175 216 188
78 46.8 202 246 158 229 175 216 188
79 47.4 203 247 159 230 176 217 189
80 48 203 247 159 230 176 217 189
81 48.6 204 248 160 231 177 218 190
82 49.2 205 249 161 232 178 219 191
83 49.8 205 248 162 231 179 218 192
84 50.4 206 249 163 232 180 219 193
85 51 206 249 163 232 180 219 193
86 51.6 207 249 165 233 181 220 194
87 52.2 208 250 166 234 182 221 195
88 52.8 208 250 166 234 182 221 195
89 53.4 209 251 167 235 183 222 196
90 54 209 250 168 234 184 222 196
91 54.6 210 251 169 235 185 223 197
92 55.2 211 251 171 235 187 223 199
93 55.8 211 251 171 235 187 223 199
94 56.4 212 252 172 236 188 224 200
95 57 212 251 173 236 188 224 200
96 57.6 213 252 174 237 189 225 201
97 58.2 214 252 176 237 191 226 202
98 58.8 214 252 176 237 191 226 202
99 59.4 215 252 178 238 192 227 203
100 60 215 252 178 238 192 227 203
101 60.6 216 252 180 238 194 227 205
102 61.2 217 253 181 239 195 228 206
103 61.8 217 252 182 238 196 228 206
104 62.4 218 252 184 239 197 229 207
105 63 218 252 184 239 197 229 207
106 63.6 219 252 186 239 199 229 209
107 64.2 220 252 188 240 200 230 210
108 64.8 220 252 188 240 200 230 210
109 65.4 221 252 190 240 202 231 211
110 66 221 251 191 239 203 230 212
111 66.6 222 251 193 240 204 231 213
112 67.2 223 251 195 240 206 232 214
113 67.8 223 250 196 240 206 232 214
114 68.4 224 250 198 240 208 232 216
115 69 224 249 199 239 209 232 216
116 69.6 225 249 201 240 210 233 217
117 70.2 226 249 203 240 212 233 219
115
118 70.8 226 247 205 239 213 233 219
119 71.4 227 247 207 239 215 233 221
120 72 227 245 209 238 216 233 221
121 72.6 228 244 212 238 218 233 223
122 73.2 229 243 215 238 220 234 224
123 73.8 229 241 217 237 221 233 225
124 74.4 230 239 221 236 224 233 227
RX 75 230 230 230 230 230 230 230
𝒀′ = 𝒅𝟏( )
𝑫
used:
(0.6)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.6𝐹
(0.3)𝐹𝑟 = 𝐿𝑂𝑆𝑖 ± 0.3𝐹
116
1. PATH ANALYSIS COMPUTATIONS AND GRAPHS OF LINK 1:
BAYAMBANG MUNICIPAL HALL TO CUYAPO BARANGAY HALL
a.) Unfaded
Link No.: 1
1. SITE (A): BAYAMBANG TO SITE (B): CUYAPO
2. Path length: 17 miles
3. Site elevation: (A) 69 ft (B) 100 ft
4. Antenna Height: (A) 151ft (B) 140 ft
5. Transmitter power output: 44dBm
6. Frequency: 8.385 GHz
Path Profile:
7. Maximum Earth Bulge along the path: 49 ft
8. Maximum Radius of the first Fresnel zone along the path: 226ft
Path Analysis:
9. Transmission line losses (A)
A. WG loss: (A): 0.12
B. Flex guide loss: 0
C. Connector losses: 0
D. Directional coupler loss: 0
E. Circulator or hybrid losses: 0
F. Radome loss: 0
G. Other losses: 3.996
H. Total Losses: 4.413
10. Antenna (A) diameter: 15m Antenna Gain: 49.4

11. EIRP: 88.987
12. Free-space loss (FSL): 139.6790398
13. Unfaded Isotropic Received Level (B): -50.69203977
14. Antenna (B) diameter: 15 Antenna Gain: 49.4
13. Transmission line losses (B) :
A. WG loss: (B): 0.12
117
F. Radome loss: 0
14. Unfaded Received Signal Level: -5.408039766

15. Receiver noise figure: 5
16. IF Bandwidth; BIF: (Hz) 40000000
17. Receiver thermal noise power: -92.97940009
18. Unfaded C/N: 87.57136032
19. Receiving Equipment Threshold: -80
20. Allowable Fade Margin: 74.59196023
21. Reliability requirement: 99.999
22. No.: -169
23. Eb : -80.72282894
24. Eb/No : 88.27717106
25. Modulation Type: 64-QAM
26. BER: <10x10-10
27. System Gain: 98.8
28. System Loss: 148.2080398
29. Net Path Loss: 49.40803977
30. Is the link Feasible?: Yes
Unfaded C/N = RSL – Pn
= -5.408039766 – (-92.97940009)
= 87.57136032
Fade Margin = Unfaded C/N – Rx Equipment Threshold
= 87.57136032 - 56
= 31.57136032
Figure 49 Link 1 Unfaded Availability
118
Reliability = 99.9 – [ ((38-31.57136032)(99.99-99.9))/(38-28)]
= 99.8421
Eb/No = Eb-No
= -80.72282894 - (-169)
= 88.27717106
Figure 50 Link 1 Unfaded Energy per Bit/Noise density Graph
Eb/No is greater than 20dB, so BER is equal to 10 x 10-10
System Gain = Antenna Gain in Tx+Antenna Gain in Rx
= 49.4 + 49.4
= 98.8
System Loss = Losses in Tx + Total Losses in Rx + Free Space Loss
= 4.413 + 4.116 + 139.6790398
= 148.2080398
Net Path Loss = System Loss – System Gain
= 148.2080398 - 98.8
= 49.40803977
119
b.) Faded
o Rayleigh Fading
Table 33 Rayleigh Fading Parameters (Link 1)

C (description of
f (last channel
P (unavailability) climate and d (path length mi.)
GHz)
terrain)
0.0001 0.2 8.385 17
𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑 3 𝐿2 (10−5 )
4
0.00001(105 ) 0.00001(105 )
𝐿= √ = √ = 0.07
𝑓 8.385
𝑐 4 𝑑3 0.2𝑥 4 173
𝐿𝑑𝐵 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 20 log 𝐿 = 20 log(0.07) = 𝟐𝟑. 𝟏𝟑 𝒅𝑩
o Siemen’s Type A Path
Table 30 - Siemen’s Type A Path Parameters (Link 1)
W (unavailability) f (last channel GHz) d (path length km)
0.00001 8.385 27.36
𝑊 = 16𝑥10−7 𝑓𝑑2 (10−𝐴/10 )
0.00001 0.00001
𝐴 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( −7 2
) = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟎𝟐 𝒅𝑩
16𝑥10 (𝑓)(𝑑 ) 16𝑥10 (8.385)(27.362 )
−7
120
o ITU-R Method
Table 34 - ITU-R Method Parameters (Link 1)
Clat Clong pL hr he d (km) f (GHz)

0 0 20 42.67 46.02 27.36 8.385
ITU-R Method Coefficient, C Parameters
Figure 51 - ITU-R Method, PL Value
𝐾 = 10−(6.5−𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑡−𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝐿1.5 = 10−6.5 201.5 = 2.828𝑥10−5
ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝑒 64.16 − 91.44
𝐸𝑝 = = = 0.122
𝑑 22.53
121
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐾𝑑 3.6 𝑓 0.89 (1 + 𝐸𝑝)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
0.001 = 2.828𝑥10−5 (62.60)3.6 (2.285)0.89 (1 + 0.435)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
𝑨 = 𝟒𝟑. 𝟕𝟕𝒅𝑩
Table 35 - Attenuation due to Atmospheric Absorption
 Attenuation due to Atmospheric Absorption = 0.26 dB
 Attenuation due to Atmospheric Gas
At 8GHz:
0.01𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥17𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
 Attenuation due to Oxygen
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [𝑓 2 (10−3 )]
𝑓2 + 0.229 (𝑓 − 57)2 + 7.5
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [8.852 (10−3 )]
8.385 + 0.229 (8.385 − 57)2 + 7.5
2
𝑳𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟕 𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.006 𝑥 62.6𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟖𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
 Attenuation due to Water Vapor
122
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑓 2 (10−4 )]
(𝑓 − 22.3) + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3) + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
2 2
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑥8.3852 (10−4 )]
(8.385 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 (8.385 − 183.3)2 + 6 (8.385 − 323.8)2 + 10
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 =
𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.002 𝑥 62.6𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
Figure 52 - Graph of Attenuation due to Rainfall and Fog/Cloud
 Attenuation due to Rainfall
Average Rainfall = 1200mm/yr = 0.4mm/hr
0.01𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑥62.6𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟔𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
123
 Loss due to Diffraction
h = LOS – (E.C.+Elevation+Trees&Growth) = 240 – (179) = 61
F1 = LOS – 1st Fresnel zone = 240 – 133 = 107
61
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = −20 + 10 = −1.40𝑑𝐵
107
Figure 53 - Graph of Attenuation due to Woodland
 Attenuation due to Woodland
Trees/ Woodland along path = 1 mi
Attenuation dB/km = 0.4dB/mi
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 1𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
124
 Actual LOS Path Loss using Rayleigh Fading
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝐹𝑆𝐿 + 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ + 𝐴𝑎𝑏𝑠 + 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 + 𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 + 𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 + 𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 + 𝐴𝑓𝑜𝑔 + 𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙.
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 139.68 + 23.14 + 0.26 + 0.17 + 0.18 + 0.27 + 0.02 + 9 + 0.4
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟑. 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝑩
 Actual LOS Path Loss using Siemen’s type A
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 139.68 + 30.01 + 0.26 + 0.17 + 0.18 + 0.27 + 0.02 + 9 + 0.4
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝑩
 Actual LOS Path Loss using ITU-R Method
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 139.68 + 43.76 + 0.26 + 0.17 + 0.18 + 0.27 + 0.02 + 9 + 0.4
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟕𝟒 𝒅𝑩
 Faded Isotropic Received Level (IRL) using Rayleigh Fading
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 𝐸𝐼𝑅𝑃 − 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 83.89 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 172.88𝑑𝐵 = −𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟗𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Faded Isotropic Received Level (IRL) using Siemen’s type A
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 83.89𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 179.76𝑑𝐵 = −𝟗𝟓. 𝟖𝟕𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Faded Isotropic Received Level (IRL) using ITU-R Method
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = 83.89𝑑𝐵𝑚 − 193.51𝑑𝐵 = −𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Faded Received Signal Level (RSL) using Rayleigh Fading
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = 𝐼𝑅𝐿 + 𝐺𝑟 − 𝑇𝐿𝑟
125
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −88.99 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 49.4𝑑𝐵 − 4.11𝑑𝐵 = −𝟑𝟖. 𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Faded Received Signal Level (RSL) using Siemen’s type A
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −95.87 𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 49.4𝑑𝐵 − 4.11𝑑𝐵 = −𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Faded Received Signal Level (RSL) using ITU-R method
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −104.52𝑑𝐵𝑚 + 49.4𝑑𝐵 − 4.11𝑑𝐵 = −𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟐𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Faded Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N) using Rayleigh Fading
𝐶
= 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑃𝑛
𝑁
𝐶
= −38.6𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−92.98𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝟓𝟒. 𝟑𝟖𝒅𝑩
𝑁
 Faded Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N) using Siemen’s type A
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= −45.77𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−92.8𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟏𝒅𝑩
𝑁
 Faded Carrier to Noise Ratio (C/N) using ITU-R method
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= −59.52𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−92.8𝑑𝐵𝑚) = 𝟑𝟑. 𝟐𝟖𝒅𝑩
𝑁
 Noise spectral density, No: -169 dBm/Hz
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 𝑁𝐹
126
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 5𝑑𝐵
𝑵𝒐 = −𝟏𝟔𝟗𝒅𝑩𝒎
• Fade Margin
Rayleigh:
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 𝑅𝑥(𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑)
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = −38.89 − (−80)
=41.11
Siemens:
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = −45.77 − (−80)
= 34.23
ITU-R:
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = −59.52 − (−80)
=20.48
 Energy per bit, Eb using Rayleigh Fading
𝐸𝑏 = 𝑅𝑆𝐿 − 10 log(𝑏𝑖𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝐸𝑏 = −38.6 − 10 log(34000000)
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟑. 𝟗𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Energy per bit, Eb using Siemen’s type A
𝐸𝑏 = −45.77 − 10 log(34000000)
127
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟖 𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Energy per bit, Eb using ITU-R Method
𝐸𝑏 = −59.52 − 10 log(34000000)
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟖𝟑 𝒅𝑩𝒎
 Energy/bit per noise spectral density, Eb/No using Rayleigh Fading
𝐸𝑏
= 𝐸𝑏 − 𝑁𝑜
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −113.91 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟓. 𝟎𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
 Energy/bit per noise spectral density, Eb/No using Siemen’s type A
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −121.08 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟒𝟕. 𝟗𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
 Energy/bit per noise spectral density, Eb/No using ITU-R Method
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −134.08 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟗𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
128
 System Gain: 69.2 dB
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺𝑡 + 𝐺𝑟 = 49.4 + 49.4
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟖𝒅𝑩
 System Loss using Rayleigh Fading
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝐿𝑡 + 𝑇𝐿𝑟 + 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟎𝒅𝑩
 System Loss using Siemen’s type A
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟖. 𝟐𝟖 𝒅𝑩
 System Loss using ITU-R method
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑇𝐿𝑡 + 𝑇𝐿𝑟 + 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑂𝑆 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 1.42 + 1.1 + 188.37
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟐. 𝟎𝟑 𝒅𝑩
 Net Path Loss using Rayleigh Fading
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟖𝟐. 𝟔𝟎 𝒅𝑩
 Net Path Loss using Siemen’s type A
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟖𝟗. 𝟒𝟖𝒅𝑩
 Net Path Loss using ITU-R method
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑡ℎ 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 = 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐿𝑜𝑠𝑠 − 𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 190.89𝑑𝐵 − 69.2 𝑑𝐵
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟑. 𝟐𝟑 𝒅𝑩
 Time Availability (x) using Rayleigh Fading
129
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 54.08 54.08 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
 Time Availability (x) using Siemen’s type A
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 47.2 47.2 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟖%
 Time Availability (x) using ITU-R method
99.99 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.9
=
38 − 33.46 33.46 − 28
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟓%
c.) Improved
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
Frequency Band (Tx): 7.9 to 8.089 GHz
No. Of Channels : 8
Frequency Diversity(%) = ((8.031 – 7.915) / 8.031) x 100 = 1.444402939
Fade Margin = 20.48
Figure 54 Graph for Determining Availability
130
SPACE DIVERSITY
Isd = (7.0 x 〖10〗^(-5) fs^2 x 〖10〗^(F/10))/D
f = 8.385 GHz s = Max. Tower Height –Antenna Height = 300 - 140
F = 20.48
Isd = 98.71704595
Udiv = Puna/ Isd = (0.0005/98.71704595)
Udiv = 5.06498E-06
New Availability = 100 - Udiv
= 100 - 5.06498E-06
= 99.99999494
131
Figure 55 Image and Information about the Transceiver used for the link
132
Table 36 Information about the Satellite used for Link 1
Table 37 Information about the Rigid Waveguide used for Link 1
133
Table 38 Information about the Flexible Waveguide used for Link 1
134
Table 39 Information about the Tower used for Link 1
Figure 56 Diagram of the Tower used for Link 1
135
CUYAPO BARANGAY HALL TO TALAVERA MUNICPAL HALL
a.) Unfaded
Link No.: 2
1. SITE (A): CUYAPO TO SITE (B): TALAVERA
2. Path length: 21.6 mi
3. Site elevation: (A) 100ft (B) 155ft
4. Antenna Height: (A) 206ft (B) 350ft
5. Transmitter power output: (dBm) (A) 50
Path Profile:
8. Maximum Radius of the first Fresnel zone along the path: 91ft
Path Analysis:
9. Transmission line losses (A):
A. WG loss: (A): 0.04
F. Radome loss: 0
136
10. Antenna (A) diameter: 15m Antenna Gain: 43.2
11. EIRP: 91.234
13. Transmission line losses (B) :
A. WG loss: : 0.1
F. Radome loss: 0
18. Unfaded C/N: 91.79140009
22. No.: -169
23. Eb : -76.50278917
137
24. Eb/No : 92.49721083
26. BER: <10x10^-10
27. System Gain: 88.9503927
28. System Loss: 140.1383927
29. Net Path Loss: 51.188
= -1.188 – (-92.97940009)
= 91.79140009
Fade Margin = Unfaded C/N – 56dB
= 91.79140009 - 56
= 35.7914009
Reliability = 99.9 – [ ((38-35.7914009)(99.99-99.9))/(38-28)]
= 98.98
Eb/No = Eb-No
= -76.50278917 - (-169)
= 92.49721083
138
System Gain = Antenna Gain in Tx + Antenna Gain in Rx
= 43.2+ 45.7503927
= 88.9503927
= 3.322 + 1.966 + 134.8503927
= 140.1383927
= 140.1383927- 88.9503927
= 51.188
139
b.) Faded
o Rayleigh Fading
Table 40 - Rayleigh Fading Parameters (Link 2)

C (description of
f (last channel
GHz)
terrain)
0.0001 0.2 3.785 21.6

𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑 3 𝐿2 (10−5 )
4
0.00001(105 )
𝐿= √ = 0.072
𝑓 3
𝑐4𝑑
𝐿𝑑𝐵 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 20 log 𝐿 = 20 log(0.07) = 𝟐𝟐. 𝟖 𝒅𝑩
0.00001 3.785 34.76
𝑊 = 16𝑥10−7 𝑓𝑑2 (10−𝐴/10 )
0.00001
𝐴 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟔𝟒 𝒅𝑩
16𝑥10−7 (𝑓)(𝑑 2 )
140
o ITU-R Method
0 0 20 106.68 62.78 34.76 3.785
𝐾 = 10−(6.5−𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑡−𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝐿1.5 = 2.828𝑥10−5
ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝑒
𝐸𝑝 = = 1.26
𝑑
141
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐾𝑑 3.6 𝑓 0.89 (1 + 𝐸𝑝)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟕𝒅𝑩
At 8GHz:
0.002𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥21.6𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟑𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [𝑓 2 (10−3 )]
𝑓2 + 0.229 (𝑓 − 57)2 + 7.5
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [3.7852 (10−3 )]
3.785 + 0.229 (3.785 − 57)2 + 7.5
2
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.006 𝑥 34.76𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
142
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑓 2 (10−4 )]
(𝑓 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3)2 + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑥3.7852 (10−4 )]
(3.785 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 3.785 − 183.3)2 + 6 (3.785 − 323.8)2 + 10
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.003 𝑥 34.76𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
143
0.33𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝑥34.76𝑘𝑚 = 𝟏𝟏. 𝟒𝟕𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
164.64
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = −20 + 10 = −1.20𝑑𝐵
294
144
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 0.4𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟕𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟏𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟕𝟖. 𝟓𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟖𝟒. 𝟑𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟗𝟓. 𝟖𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
145
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟑𝟕. 𝟐𝟖 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟒𝟑. 𝟏𝟐𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟓𝟒. 𝟔𝟓𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟓. 𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟒𝟗. 𝟖𝟔𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟑𝟖. 𝟑𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑁
146
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 𝑁𝐹
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 5𝑑𝐵
• Fade Margin
Rayleigh:
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = −37.28 − (−80)
=42.72
Siemens:
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = −43.12 − (−80)
= 36.88
ITU-R:
𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = −54.65 − (−80)
=25.35
147
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟐. 𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟐𝟗. 𝟗𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −112.6 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟔. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −118.44 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟎. 𝟓𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
148
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −129.97 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟑 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝑆𝑦𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑚 𝐺𝑎𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺𝑡 + 𝐺𝑟 = 43.2 + 45.75
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟖𝟖. 𝟗𝟓𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟎𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎. 𝟖𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟒𝟎 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟕. 𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝑩
149
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟑. 𝟒𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟒. 𝟗𝟓 𝒅𝑩
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 55.7 55.7 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 49.85 49.85 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 38.32 38.32 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟎𝟐%
150
c.) Improved
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
Frequency Band: 3,.4 to 3.8 GHz
No. Of Channels : 6
Frequency Diversity(%) = ((3.505750 –3.415) / 3.505750) x 100 = 2.5886
Fade Margin = 25.35
Since fade margin is 25.35 dB, the improved availability is still below
99.999%
151
Figure 63 Image and Information about the Transceiver used for the Link 2
152
Table 44 Information about the Antenna used in Link 2
Table 45 Information about the Flexible Waveguide used in Link 2
153
Table 46 Information about the Rigid Waveguide used in Link 2
154
Table 47 Information about the Tower used in Link 2
Figure 64 Image of the Tower used in Link 2
155
TALAVERA MUNICPAL HALL to GAPAN CITY HALL
a.) Unfaded
Link No.: 3
1. SITE (A): TALAVERA TO SITE (B): GAPAN
2. Path length: 20.3mi
3. Site elevation: (A) 155 (B) 69
4. Antenna Height: (A) 150 (B) 192
5. Transmitter power output: (A) 46dBm
Path Profile:
8. Maximum Radius of the first Fresnel zone along the path: 155 ft
Path Analysis:
A. WG loss: (A): 0.12
F. Radome loss: 0
10. Antenna (A) diameter: 15 Antenna Gain: 47.6

11. EIRP: 91.11
13. Transmission line losses :
A. WG loss: (B): 0.12
F. Radome loss: 0
G. Other losses: 3
156
18. Unfaded C/N: 88.80043133
22. No.: -169
23. Eb : -79.49375792
24. Eb/No : 89.50624208
26. BER: <10x10^-10
28. System Loss: 145.3789688
29. Net Path Loss: 50.17896875
= -4.178968754 – (-92.97940009)
=88.80043133
= 88.80043133- 56
= 32.80043133
Reliability = 99.99 – [ ((38-32.80043133)(99.99-99.9))/(38-28)]
= 99.9432
Eb/No = Eb-No
= -79.49375792 - (-169)
= 92.49721083
157
= 47.6 + 47.6
= 95.2
= 2.49 + 3.12 + 139.7689688
= 145.3789688
= 140.1383927- 88.9503927
=50.17896875
158
b.) Faded
o Rayleigh Fading
Table 48 - Rayleigh Fading Parameters (Link3)

C (description of
f (last channel
GHz)
terrain)
0.0001 0.2 7.095 20.3

𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑 3 𝐿2 (10−5 )
4
0.00001(105 )
𝐿= √ = 0.058
𝑓 3
𝑐4𝑑
𝐿𝑑𝐵 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 20 log 𝐿 = 20 log(0.07) = 𝟐𝟒. 𝟕𝟐 𝒅𝑩
0.00001 7.095 32.67
𝑊 = 16𝑥10−7 𝑓𝑑2 (10−𝐴/10 )
0.00001
𝐴 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟑𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒅𝑩
16𝑥10−7 (𝑓)(𝑑 2 )
159
o ITU-R Method
0 0 20 58.52 45.72 32.67 7.095
𝐾 = 10−(6.5−𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑡−𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝐿1.5 = 2.828𝑥10−5
ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝑒
𝐸𝑝 = = 0.39
𝑑
160
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐾𝑑 3.6 𝑓 0.89 (1 + 𝐸𝑝)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
𝑨 = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝑩
At 8GHz:
0.002𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥20.3𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟒𝟎𝟔𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [𝑓 2 (10−3 )]
𝑓2 + 0.229 (𝑓 − 57)2 + 7.5
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [7.0952 (10−3 )]
7.095 + 0.229 (7.095 − 57)2 + 7.5
2
𝑳𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.006 𝑥 32.67𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟏𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
161
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑓 2 (10−4 )]
(𝑓 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3)2 + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑥7.0952 (10−4 )]
(7.095 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 7.095 − 183.3)2 + 6 (7.095 − 323.8)2 + 10
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝒅𝑩
𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.0006 𝑥 32.67𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
162
0.33𝑑𝐵
𝑘𝑚
164.64
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = −20 + 10 = −1.20𝑑𝐵
294
163
Trees/ Woodland along path = 0.2 mi
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 0.2𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟗𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓. 𝟔𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟖𝟒. 𝟕𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟗𝟎. 𝟖𝟑 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟏𝟎𝟒. 𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝑩𝒎
164
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟑𝟗. 𝟔𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟒𝟓. 𝟕𝟐 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟓𝟗. 𝟒𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟑. 𝟑𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟑𝟑. 𝟓𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
165
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 𝑁𝐹
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 5𝑑𝐵
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟒. 𝟗𝟑 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟐𝟏. 𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟑𝟒. 𝟕𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −112.6 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟒. 𝟎𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
166
𝐸𝑏
= −118.44 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟒𝟕. 𝟗𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −129.97 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟑𝟒. 𝟐𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
• Fade Margin
Rayleigh:
Fade Margin=RSL-Rx(threshold)
Fade Margin= -36.91 -(-80)
=43.09
Siemens:
Fade Margin= -45.72 -(-80)
=34.28
ITU-R:
Fade Margin= -59.47 -(-80)
=20.53
167
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟓. 𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟓𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟐𝟎𝟏. 𝟑 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟐𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟑𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟏 𝒅𝑩
168
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 53.37 53.37 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 47.26 47.26 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟖%
99.99 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.9
=
38 − 33.51 33.51 − 28
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟒𝟗%
c.) Improved
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
No. Of Channels : 8
Frequency Diversity(%) = ((6.600 –6.44) / 6.6) x 100 = 2.42
Fade Margin = 25.35
Since fade margin is 20.33 dB, the

improved availability is still below
99.999%
169
170
Table 52 Information about the Antenna used for the Link 3
Table 53 Information about the Flexible Waveguide used for the Link 3
171
Table 54 Information about the Rigid Waveguide used for the Link 3
172
Figure 71 Information about the Flexible Waveguide used for the Link 3
173
GAPAN CITY HALL to ARAYAT MUNICIPAL HALL
a.) Unfaded
Link No.: 4
1. SITE (A): GAPAN TO SITE (B): ARAYAT
2. Path length: 15.2 mi
3. Site elevation: (A) 69ft (B) 35ft
4. Antenna Height: (A) 171ft (B) 105ft
5. Transmitter power output: 46 dBm
6. Frequency: 8.385GHz
Path Profile:
8. Maximum Radius of the first Fresnel zone along the path: (ft) 183 ft
Path Analysis:
A. WG loss: (A): 0.1
F. Radome loss: 0
174
11. EIRP: 90.099
A. WG loss: (B): 0.1
F. Radome loss: 0
18. Unfaded C/N: 89.72446699
22. No.: -169
23. Eb : -78.56972227
24. Eb/No : 90.43027773
175
26. BER: <10x10^-10
28. System Loss: 144.4549331
29. Net Path Loss: 49.2549331
= -3.254933098 – (-92.97940009)
=89.72446699
= 89.72446699 - 56
= 33.72446699
Reliability = 99.99 – [ ((38-33.72446699)(99.99-99.9))/(38-28)]
= 99.9515202
Eb/No = Eb-No
= -78.56972227 - (-169)
= 90.43027773
176
= 47.6 + 47.6
= 95.2
= 3.501 + 2.247 + 138.7069331
= 144.4549331
= 144.4549331 - 95.2
=49.2549331
177
b.) Faded
o Rayleigh Fading

C (description of
f (last channel
GHz)
terrain)
0.0001 0.2 8.385 15.2
𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑 3 𝐿2 (10−5 )
4
0.00001(105 )
𝐿= √ = 0.082
𝑓
𝑐 4 𝑑3
𝐿𝑑𝐵 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 20 log 𝐿 = 20 log(0.07) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟖 𝒅𝑩
Table 57 - Siemen’s Type A Path Parameters (Link 4 )
0.00001 8.385 24.46
𝑊 = 16𝑥10−7 𝑓𝑑2 (10−𝐴/10 )
0.00001
𝐴 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟐𝟗. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝑩
16𝑥10−7 (𝑓)(𝑑 2 )
178
o ITU-R Method
0 0 20 32.004 52.12 24.46 8.385
𝐾 = 10−(6.5−𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑡−𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝐿1.5 = 2.828𝑥10−5
ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝑒
𝐸𝑝 = = 0.82
𝑑
179
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐾𝑑 3.6 𝑓 0.89 (1 + 𝐸𝑝)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟎𝟕 𝒅𝑩
At 8GHz:
0.01𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥15.2𝑚𝑖 = 0.152 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [𝑓 2 (10−3 )]
𝑓2 + 0.229 (𝑓 − 57)2 + 7.5
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [8.3852 (10−3 )]
78.385 + 0.229 (8.385 − 57)2 + 7.5
2
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.006 𝑥 24.46𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟒𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
180
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑓 2 (10−4 )]
(𝑓 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3)2 + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑥8.3852 (10−4 )]
(8.385 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 8.385 − 183.3)2 + 6 (8.385 − 323.8)2 + 10
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝒅𝑩
𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.0008 𝑥24.46𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟐𝟎𝟐𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
181
0.33𝑑𝐵
𝑘𝑚
104
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = −20 + 10 = −26.49𝑑𝐵
57
182
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 1𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟔𝟗. 𝟒𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟖𝟑 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟖𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟕𝟗. 𝟑𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟖𝟔. 𝟕𝟒 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟗𝟔. 𝟕𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
183
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟑𝟓. 𝟐𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟒𝟐. 𝟔𝟒 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟓𝟐. 𝟔𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟕. 𝟕𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟎. 𝟑𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟒𝟎. 𝟑𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
184
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 𝑁𝐹
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 5𝑑𝐵
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟗𝟓 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟐𝟕. 𝟗𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −110.58 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟖. 𝟒𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
185
𝐸𝑏
= −117.95 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟏. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −127.97 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟒𝟏. 𝟎𝟐𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
• Fade Margin
Rayleigh:
Fade Margin= -35.27 -(-80)
=44.73
Siemens:
Fade Margin= -42.64 -(-80)
=37.36
ITU-R:
Fade Margin= -52.66 -(-80)
=27.34
186
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟐. 𝟓𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟐. 𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟕𝟗. 𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟖𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟗𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝒅𝑩
187
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 57.71 57.71 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 50.34 50.34 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 40.32 40.32 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟐%
c.) Improved
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
No. Of Channels : 4
Fade Margin = 27.34
Figure 77 Graph for Determining

Availability

99.999%
188
SPACE DIVERSITY
Isd = (7.0 x 〖10〗^(-5) fs^2 x 〖10〗^(F/10))/D
F = 27.34 D = 15.2
Isd = 535.7935539
Udiv = Pund/ Isd = (0.0005/98.71704595)
Udiv = 9.33195E-07
= 100 - 5.06498E-06
= 99.99999907
189
190
191
192
193
ARAYAT MUNICIPAL HALL to BALIUAG MUNICIPAL HALL
a.) Unfaded
Link No.: 5
1. SITE (A): ARAYAT TO SITE (B): BALIUAG
2. Path length: 16
5. Transmitter power output: (A) 46 dBm
Path Profile:
8. Maximum Radius of the first Fresnel zone along the path: 57 ft
Path Analysis:
A. WG loss: (A): 0.1
F. Radome loss: 0
194
11. EIRP: 90.498
13. Transmission line losses
A. WG loss: (B): 0.1
F. Radome loss: 0
18. Unfaded C/N: 90.86295244
22. No.: -169
23. Eb : -77.43123682
24. Eb/No : 91.56876318
195
26. BER: <10x10^-10
28. System Loss: 143.3164476
29. Net Path Loss: 48.11644765
= -2.116447649– (-92.97940009)
= 90.86295244
= 90.86295244- 56
= 34.86295244
Reliability = 99.99 – [ ((38-34.86295244)(99.99-99.9))/(38-28)]
= 99.96176657
Eb/No = Eb-No
= -77.43123682 - (-169)
= 91.56876318
196
= 47.6 + 47.6
= 95.2
= 3.102 + 2.513 + 137.7014476
= 143.3164476
= 143.3164476 - 95.2
= 48.11644765
197
b.) Faded
 Fade Margin
o Rayleigh Fading

C (description of
f (last channel
GHz)
terrain)
0.0001 0.2 7.095 16
𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑 3 𝐿2 (10−5 )
4
0.00001(105 )
𝐿= √ = 0.083
𝑓
𝑐 4 𝑑3
𝐿𝑑𝐵 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 20 log 𝐿 = 20 log(0.07) = 𝟐𝟏. 𝟔𝟐 𝒅𝑩
0.00001 7.095 25.75
𝑊 = 16𝑥10−7 𝑓𝑑2 (10−𝐴/10 )
0.00001
𝐴 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟐𝟖. 𝟕𝟕 𝒅𝑩
16𝑥10−7 (𝑓)(𝑑 2 )
198
o ITU-R Method
0 0 20 36.27 45.72 25.74 7.095
𝐾 = 10−(6.5−𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑡−𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝐿1.5 = 2.828𝑥10−5
199
ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝑒
𝐸𝑝 = = 0.37
𝑑
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐾𝑑 3.6 𝑓 0.89 (1 + 𝐸𝑝)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
𝑨 = 𝟒𝟎. 𝟗𝟖 𝒅𝑩
At 8GHz:
0.002𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥16𝑚𝑖 = 0.032 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [𝑓 2 (10−3 )]
𝑓2 + 0.229 (𝑓 − 57)2 + 7.5
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [7.0952 (10−3 )]
77.095 + 0.229 (7.095 − 57)2 + 7.5
2
𝑳𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟓 𝒅𝑩/𝒌𝒎
200
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.006 𝑥 25.75𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔𝟖𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑓 2 (10−4 )]
(𝑓 − 22.3) + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3) + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
2 2
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑥7.0952 (10−4 )]
(7.095 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 7.095 − 183.3)2 + 6 (7.095 − 323.8)2 + 10
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟔𝟖𝒅𝑩
𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.0008 𝑥25.75𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟕𝟓𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
201
0.33𝑑𝐵
𝑘𝑚
60
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = −20 + 10 = −161.43𝑑𝐵
7
202
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 0.5𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟐 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟒𝟑 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟓. 𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟖𝟕. 𝟕𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟕𝟕. 𝟗𝟒 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟖𝟓. 𝟎𝟖 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟗𝟕. 𝟐𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
203
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟑𝟑. 𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟒𝟎. 𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟓𝟐. 𝟕𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟗. 𝟓𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟐. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟒𝟎. 𝟏𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
204
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 𝑁𝐹
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 5𝑑𝐵
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟕𝟓 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟓. 𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟐𝟖. 𝟏𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −108.75 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟔𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
205
𝐸𝑏
= −115.9 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟑. 𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −128.11 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟒𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
Fade Margin
Rayleigh:
Fade Margin= -33.44 -(-80)
=46.56
Siemens:
Fade Margin= -40.58 -(-80)
=39.52
ITU-R:
Fade Margin= -52.79 -(-80)
=27.21
206
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟒. 𝟎𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟏. 𝟏𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟗𝟑. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟕𝟖. 𝟖𝟓 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟖𝟓. 𝟗𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐 𝒅𝑩
207
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 59.54 59.54 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 52.39 52.39 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 40.18 40.18 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟗𝟗𝟏𝟗%
c.) IMPROVED FADING
FREQUENCY DIVERSITY
No. Of Channels : 8
Fade Margin = 27.21
Figure 85 Graph for Determining

Availability

99.999%
208
SPACE DIVERSITY
Isd = (7.0 x 〖10〗^(-5) fs^2 x 〖10〗^(F/10))/D
F = 27.21 D = 16
Isd = 534.9184862
Udiv = Pund/ Isd = (0.0005/98.71704595)
Udiv = 9.34722E-07
= 100 - 5.06498E-06
= 99.99999907
209
210
Table 68 Information about the Antenna used for the Link 5
211
Table 70 Information about the Rigid Waveguide used for the Link 5
212
Figure 87 Information about the Flexible Waveguide used for the Link 5
213
BALIUAG MUNICIPAL HALL to DUHAT BARANGAY HALL
a.) Unfaded
Link No.: 6
1. SITE (A): BALIUAG TO SITE (B): DUHAT
2. Path length: 12.5
5. Transmitter power output: (A) 44 dBm
Path Profile:
8. Maximum Radius of the first Fresnel zone along the path: (ft) 57 ft
Path Analysis:
A. WG loss: (A): 0.12
F. Radome loss: 0
214
11. EIRP: 90.107
A. WG loss: (B): 0.12
F. Radome loss: 0
18. Unfaded C/N: 90.38513849
22. No.: -169
23. Eb : -77.90905077
24. Eb/No : 91.09094923
215
26. BER: <10x10^-10
27. System Gain: 97
28. System Loss: 143.5942616
29. Net Path Loss: 46.5942616
= -2.594261599– (-92.97940009)
= 90.38513849
= 90.38513849- 56
= 34.38513849
Reliability = 99.99 – [ ((38-34.86295244)(99.99-99.9))/(38-28)]
= 99.95746625
Eb/No = Eb-No
= -77.90905077 - (-169)
= 91.09094923
216
= 47.6 + 47.6
= 95.2
= 3.102 + 2.513 + 137.7014476
= 143.3164476
= 143.3164476 - 95.2
= 46.5942616
217
b.) Faded
o Rayleigh Fading

C (description of
f (last channel
GHz)
terrain)
0.0001 0.2 8.385 12.5
𝑓
𝑃 = 𝑐 ( ) 𝑑 3 𝐿2 (10−5 )
4
0.00001(105 )
𝐿= √ = 0.11
𝑓 3
𝑐4𝑑
𝐿𝑑𝐵 𝐹𝑎𝑑𝑒 = 20 log 𝐿 = 20 log(0.07) = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟏𝟑 𝒅𝑩
0.00001 8.385 20.12
𝑊 = 16𝑥10−7 𝑓𝑑2 (10−𝐴/10 )
0.00001
𝐴 = 10𝑙𝑜𝑔 ( ) = 𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟓 𝒅𝑩
16𝑥10−7 (𝑓)(𝑑 2 )
218
o ITU-R Method
0 0 20 28.04 48.46 20.12 8.385
𝐾 = 10−(6.5−𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑡−𝐶𝑙𝑜𝑛) 𝑝𝐿1.5 = 2.828𝑥10−5
ℎ𝑟 − ℎ𝑒
𝐸𝑝 = = 1.015
𝑑
219
𝑃𝑤 = 𝐾𝑑 3.6 𝑓 0.89 (1 + 𝐸𝑝)−1.4 10−𝐴/10 %
𝑨 = 𝟑𝟓. 𝟒 𝒅𝑩
At 8GHz:
0.01 𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑠 = 𝑥12.5𝑚𝑖 = 0.125 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [𝑓 2 (10−3 )]
𝑓2 + 0.229 (𝑓 − 57)2 + 7.5
6.09 4.81
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [7.19𝑥10−3 + + ] [8.3852 (10−3 )]
78.385 + 0.229 (8.385 − 57)2 + 7.5
2
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑜𝑥𝑦𝑔𝑒𝑛 = 0.0067 𝑥 20.12𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
220
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑓 2 (10−4 )]
(𝑓 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 (𝑓 − 183.3)2 + 6 (𝑓 − 323.8)2 + 10
3 9 4.3
𝐿𝑑𝐵/𝑘𝑚 = [0.067 + + + ] [12𝑥8.3852 (10−4 )]
(8.385 − 22.3)2 + 7.3 8.385 − 183.3)2 + 6 (8.385 − 323.8)2 + 10
𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟎𝟖𝟑𝒅𝑩
𝒌𝒎
𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤.𝑣𝑎𝑝𝑜𝑟 = 0.00083 𝑥20.12𝑘𝑚 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏𝟔𝟔𝒅𝑩
𝑘𝑚
221
0.33𝑑𝐵
𝑘𝑚
95
𝐿𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓 = −20 + 10 = −28𝑑𝐵
50
222
0.4𝑑𝐵
𝐴𝑤𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 𝑥 0.7𝑚𝑖 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝑚𝑖
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟏. 𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐿 = 𝟏𝟕𝟗. 𝟖𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟕𝟑. 𝟒𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟖𝟏. 𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐼𝑅𝐿 = −𝟖𝟗. 𝟕𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
223
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟐𝟕. 𝟑𝟕 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟑𝟓. 𝟓𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑅𝑆𝐿 = −𝟒𝟑. 𝟔𝟓 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟔𝟓. 𝟔 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟓𝟕. 𝟑𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
𝐶
𝑁
𝐶
= 𝟒𝟗. 𝟑𝟑 𝒅𝑩
𝑁
224
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 𝑁𝐹
𝑁𝑜 = −174 + 5𝑑𝐵
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟎𝟐. 𝟔𝟗 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝑬𝒃 = −𝟏𝟏𝟖. 𝟗𝟔 𝒅𝑩𝒎
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −102.69 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟔𝟔. 𝟑𝟏 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
225
𝐸𝑏
= −110.91 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟖. 𝟎𝟗 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
𝐸𝑏
𝑁𝑜
𝐸𝑏
= −118.96 𝑑𝐵𝑚 − (−169𝑑𝐵𝑚)
𝑁𝑜
𝑬𝒃
= 𝟓𝟎. 𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒐
Fade Margin
Rayleigh:
Fade Margin= -27.37 -(-80)
=52.63
Siemens:
Fade Margin= -35.59 -(-80)
=40.48
ITU-R:
Fade Margin= -43.65 -(-80)
=36.35
226
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑮𝒂𝒊𝒏 = 𝟗𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟎. 𝟏𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟖. 𝟑𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝑺𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒆𝒎 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟔. 𝟒𝟒 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟔𝟖. 𝟑𝟕 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟕𝟔. 𝟓𝟖 𝒅𝑩
𝑵𝒆𝒕 𝑷𝒂𝒕𝒉 𝑳𝒐𝒔𝒔 = 𝟏𝟖𝟒. 𝟔𝟒 𝒅𝑩
227
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 65.6 65.6 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 57.39 57.39 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
99.999 − 𝑥 𝑥 − 99.99
=
48 − 49.33 49.33 − 38
𝒙 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎%
c.) IMPROVED FADING
No need to improve the fading as the Faded C/N values acquired

were all above 48 dB, thus satisfying the required availability.
228
229
230
231
232
SUMMARY
The Line-of-Sight microwave link design is located at Central Luzon
area, connecting the municipalities/cities such as Pampanga, Nueva
Ecija and Bulacan.
It has 7 sites, which are located at the following places:
Bayambang Municpal Hall, Cuyapo Town Hall, Talavera Municipal Hall,
Gapan City Hall, Arayat Municpal Hall, Baliuag Municipal Hall and Duhat
Barangay Hall.
The topology used was bus topology with 6 links.
Link 1 has a path length of 17.0 miles which connects Bayambang

Municipal Hall to Cuyapo Town Hall.
Link 2 has a path length of 21.6 miles which connects Cuyapo Town Hall to
Talavera Municipal Hall.
Link 3 has a path length of 20.3 miles which connects Talavera Municipal
Hall to Gapan City Hall.
Link 4 has a path length of 15.2 miles which connects to Gapan City Hall
to Arayat Municpal Hall.
Link 5 has a path length of 16 miles which connects to Arayat Municipal

Hall to Baliuag Municipal Hall.
Link 6 has a path length of 12.5 miles which connects to Baliuag

Municipal Hall to Duhat Barangay Hall.
233
CONCLUSION
The computed value of unfaded C/N is 87.57136032 dB in which the
availability attained the requirement of 99.999%. The value of C/N
decreased to 33.45783655 dB due to fading which resulted to the
decreased in availability but the BER value is still 10 x 10-10. Since the
value of C/N was below 48 dB, frequency diversity was used to improve
the availability of the link, but we still did not reach the requirement which
is equal to 99.999%, thus we used Space Diversity and the required
availability was achieved.

decreased in availability of 99.99% but the BER value is still 10 x 10-10. Since
the value of C/N was below 48 dB, frequency diversity was used to
improve the availability of the link. As we used this diversity, it wasn’t able
to achieve the required availability

decreased between the availability of 99.99% but the BER value is still 10 x
10-10. Since the value of C/N was below 48 dB, frequency diversity was
used to improve the availability of the link but it still wasn’t able to achieve
the requirement.

availability obtained the requirement of 99.999%. The value of C/N
decreased between the availability of 99.99% but the BER value is still 10 x
10-10. Since the value of C/N was below 48 dB, frequency diversity wasn’t
able to satisfy the required availability thus Space Diversity was used to
improve the availability of the link in which we passed the requirement
equal to 99.999%.

decreased in between the availability of 99.99% but the BER value is still 10
x 10-10. Since the value of C/N was below 48 dB, frequency diversity was
234
used but it wasn’t able to satisfy the required availability so Space
Diversity was used instead to improve the availability of the link in which
we passed the requirement equal to 99.999%.

decreased to 49.33220032 dB which is also able to satisfy the required
availability.
235
GLOSSARY
Antenna Bandwidth
The frequency range within which the antenna performance meet

specifications.
Antenna Gain.
A measure of directivity properties and the efficiency of the antenna. It is

defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in the peak intensity direction
to the intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the
antenna were radiated isotropically. The difference between the antenna
gain and the directivity is that the antenna efficiency is taken into
account in the former parameter. Antenna gain is measured in dBi, i.e.
decibels relative to isotropic antenna.
Antenna Height
The vertical distance measured from the base of the antenna support
structure at grade to the highest point of the structure. If the support
structure is on a sloped grade, then the average between the highest
and lowest grades shall be used in calculating the antenna height.
Attenuation
A general term that refers to any reduction in the strength of a signal. It is

a natural consequence of signal transmission over long distances
Diffraction
Described as the interference of waves according to the Huygens Fresnel

principle. These characteristic behaviors are exhibited when a wave
encounters an obstacle or a slit that is comparable in size to its
wavelength
236
Earths curvature
A conception or representation of the shape of the earth as a planet on

the whole. This conception has changed during the historical
development of knowledge and is defined by general agreement.
Effective Isotropic Radiated Power
Effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) is the actual RF power as

measured in the main lobe (or focal point) of an antenna. It is equal to
the sum of the transmit power into the antenna (in dBm) added to the dBi
gain of the antenna. Since it is a power level, the result is measured in
dBm.
Electromagnetic interference (EMI)
Disturbance that affects an electrical circuit due to either

electromagnetic induction or electromagnetic radiation emitted from an
external source
Fading
Defined as the variation of the strength of a received radio carrier signal

due to atmospheric changes and/or ground and water reflections in the
propagation path. Four fading types are considered while planning links.
They are all dependent on path length and are estimated as the
probability of exceeding a given (calculated) fade margin
Fade Margin
Number of decibels of attenuation which may be added to a specified

radio-frequency propagation path before the signal-to-noise ratio of a
specified channel falls below a specified minimum in order to avoid
fading. Allowance made in radio system planning to accommodate
estimated fading.
Free Space Loss
237
The signal attenuation that would result if all absorbing, diffracting,
obstructing, refracting, scattering, and reflecting influences were
sufficiently removed so as to have no effect on propagation.
Fresnel Zone
It is used by propagation theory to calculate reflections and diffraction

loss between a transmitter and receiver. Circular portions of a wave front
transverse to a line between an emitter and a point where the
disturbance is being observed; the nth zone includes all paths whose
lengths are between n-1 and n half-wavelengths longer than the line-of-
sight path. Also known as half-period zones.
Line of Sight
An imaginary line from the eye to a perceived object or an unobstructed

path between sending and receiving antennas.
Link Budget
The accounting of all of the gains and losses from the transmitter, through
the medium (free space, cable, waveguide, fiber, etc.) to the receiver in
a telecommunication system. It accounts for the attenuation of the
transmitted signal due to propagation, as well as the antenna gains, feed
line and miscellaneous losses. Randomly varying channel gains such as
fading are taken into account by adding some margin depending on the
anticipated severity of its effects
Microwave
Microwaves are a form of electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths

ranging from as long as one meter to as short as one millimeter; with
frequencies between 300 MHz (0.3 GHz) and 300 GHz. These are the ultra-
high, super high and extremely high frequencies directly above the lower
frequency ranges.
Multipath Fading
238
The dominant fading mechanism for frequencies lower than 10GHz.A
reflected wave causes a multipath, i.e. when a reflected wave reaches
the receiver as the direct wave that travels in a straight line from the
transmitter.
Multipath Interference
When signals arrive at a remote antenna after being reflected off the
ground or refracted back to earth from the sky (sometimes called
ducting), they will subtract (or add) to the main signal and cause the
received signal to be weaker (or stronger) throughout the day
Parabolic Antenna
A parabolic antenna is an antenna that uses a parabolic reflector, a

curved surface with the cross-sectional shape of a parabola, to direct the
radio waves. The most common form is shaped like a dish and is popularly
called a dish antenna or parabolic dish. The main advantage of a
parabolic antenna is that it has high directivity.
Rain Attenuation.
Attenuation of radio waves when passing through moisture-bearing cloud

formations or areas in which rain is falling; increases with the density of the
moisture in the transmission path.
Receive Signal Level
Receive signal level is the actual received signal level (usually measured
in negative dBm) presented to the antenna port of a radio receiver from
are mote transmitter.
Receiver Sensitivity
Receiver sensitivity is the weakest RF signal level (usually measured in

negative dBm) that a radio needs receive in order to demodulate and
decode a packet of data without errors.
239
Receiver sensitivity threshold
Is the signal level at which the radio runs continuous errors at a specified
bit rate
Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is the ratio (usually measured in dB) between

the signal level received and the noise floor level for that particular signal.
The SNR is really the only thing receiver demodulators really care about.
Unless the noise floor is extremely high, the absolute level of the signal or
noise is not critical.
Transmit Power
The transmit power is the RF power coming out of the antenna port of a
transmitter. It is measured in dBm, Watts or milliWatts and does not include
the signal loss of the coax cable or the gain of the antenna
240
241

Antenna Design in Luzon Research

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Antenna Design in Luzon Research

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A microwave link is a communications system that uses a beam of radio waves in

Since many factors affects microwave radio signals, it is necessary to consider

Microwave links provide the bulk of the interconnectivity between sites in

A microwave link fundamentally consists of a transmitter and a receiver. The

This study aims to develop a Line-of-Sight Microwave Link Design :

Figure 1. Map of Central Luzon

Figure 2. Bus Topolgy of the proposed Microwave Radio Linlk

The following Links are:

Link 1: Bayambang Municipal Hall to Cuyapo Town Hall

Link 2: Cuyapo Town Hall to Talavera Municipal Hall

Link 3: Talavera Municipal Hall to Gapan City Hall

Link 4: Gapan City Hall to Arayat Municipal Hall

Link 5: Arayat Municipal Hall to Baliuag Municipal Hall

Link 6: Baliuag Municipal Hall to Duhat Barangay Hall

Figure 3 Whole Link of the Proposed Design

Link 1 (Bayambang to Cuyapo) - Upper Band (17miles)

Freq Recommendations Channel Polarity

Table 2 Frequency Assignments for the Low Band channels

Figure 4 Frequency Assignment for Low Band Frequency with Spacing

Table 3 Frequency Assignments for the Middle Band channels

Figure 5 Frequency Assignment for Middle Band Frequency with

Table 4 Frequency Assignments for the High Band channels

Figure 6 Frequency Assignment for High Band Frequency with Spacing

A. Bayambang, Pangasinan to Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija

a. Bayambang, Pangasinan Information List

1. Brief discussion about the city

Bayambang is the seat of the Pangasinan State University,

2. Precise location of the site

The site is located at latitude 15°50'37.67"N, 120°24'58.14"E,

elevating at 69 feet above the sea level.

Bayambang in the early days had a big territorial

coverage. The municipalities of Bautista, Alcala, Sto. Tomas

and Rosales were once part of the old Bayambang. Today,

its size had been reduced after the aforementioned

municipalities’ attained municipal status. Bayambang was

founded in the 16th century by an Aeta known as Agalet.

Figure 7 Bayambang Site layout plan

Bayambang site shelter is 30 feet away from the antenna

The Central Pangasinan Electric Cooperative, INC.

provides electric power to the locality.

6. Local zoning restrictions

The closest airport to Bayambang site is Lingayen Airport.

This airport 25.08 miles away from the site.

7. Geologic Seismic data

Figure 8 PHIVOLCS Fault Line Map of Bayambang, Pangasinan

although the red line is the east-west valley fault line.

Table 5 Weather data of Bayambang, Pangasinan

This city has a tropical climate. There is significant

rainfall throughout the year in Bayambang. Even the driest

month still has a lot of rainfall. The average annual

temperature is 27.0 °C in Bayambang. In a year, the average

rainfall is 2430 mm.

There is a nearby radio station on the site.

b. Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija Information List

1. Brief discussion about the city

Cuyapo is a first class municipality in the province of

Nueva Ecija, Philippines. According to the 2010 census, it has

a population of 59,396 people. According to the Kulantong

of the Philippine Independent Church of Cuyapo.

2. Precise location of the site

The site is located at latitude 15°46’37.28”N, longitude

121°40’05.35”E, and 105 ft above sea level.

Cuyapo Station is located in Cuyapo, Nueva Ecija,

be constructed is in a loam soil and surrounded by urban