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Cogre International Conference on Large High Voltage Electric Systems 112 boulevard Haussmann ~ 75008 Paris 1978 Session — August 30 = 54 ember 7 33-07 ° POLLUTION MEASURING, CONTAMINATED INSULATORS TESTING AND CHOICE OF INSULATORS by R. KOSZTALUK, W. CZAPLAK K. KUCHARSKI Institute of Power, Wareaw Rosional Power Board, (Poland SUMMARY ‘This paper deals with pollution test techniques in Poland ; main pollution parameters measured, responsible for insulation requirements ; criteria for determining pollution zones and numerical values characteristic for the latter ; technique of field tests on insulators carried out in situ in substations and their results ; assessment of insu- lators based upon tests made in situ and laboratory tests; it also presents guidelines for adequate selection and appli- cation of insulators under pollution conditions. Contamination, Insulation selection, Insulator, Layer parameters, Pollution, Surface conductivity. REPORT 1. INTRODUCTION Research on sit pollution and tests made upon insulators exposed to pollution have been carried out in Poland for 25 yeats. The experience gained allowed for the specification and verification of greatly improved test methods and adequate selection of insulators. During the last 5 years much progress has been made in the investigations. The new approach to the sohition of these problems consists mainly in settlement of surface conductivity (measured on the insulators contaminated naturally) as a criterion of pollution level and insulation hazard ; establishment of probability of arca poll jon parameters as a criterion of areas classification ; increase of validity of field testing results compared to laboratory test results and settlement of the results of tests “in situ” as the basic criterion of insulator assessment. " 2, POLLUTION MEASUREMENTS UNDER NATURAL AMBIENT CONDITIONS ‘The natural pollutionlevel is determined on the basis of measurements of the following parameters : — amount of all deposits ; — conductivity of soluble components ; — surface conductivity of naturally contaminated insulators. ‘The measurements of the overall deposits and of their conductivity are applied for assessment of pollution hazard to which insulators are exposed [1,2]. ‘The measurements of the overall deposits and of their conductivity are applied for assessment of pollution tors [3, 4, 5]. ‘Typical diagrams of the yearly variation of the amount of deposit and of the conductivity are presented in Figures 1 and 2. Maximum values of the quantities are usually recorded in December, January and February. This ensues from our climate. Since 1969 the surface conductivity of naturally contaminated insulators has been recorded. Measurements ‘re made periodically (every three months) on overhead line insulators of cap and pin and long rod types as well 4s substation post insulators of various types. These insulators are mounted in pollution test stands sited in Silesia, Besides some tests are carried out on insulators selected at random and demounted from operating lines (5]. Surface conductivity measurements are made by means of a rod two-electrode probe. The current flowing between the electrodes under a known voltage ranging from 80 to 200 V, is recorded. The surface conductance is cal- culated and the respective conductivity values are read from diagrams. The surface conductivity measurement is made along the creepage path of the insulator in 2 to 3 planes, depending upon the heterogeneity of the pollution layer. Shang (she) 0 o aa 20 w Figure ae TW Figure 2 — Example of yearly vasltion of the conductivity 7 of 0.2 percent solution of soluble components. 33.07 On the basis of measuring results obtained up to date from about 2000 insulators itis stated that the surface conductivity depends in the first place on the insulator shape and on the contamination amount and kind, Surface conductivity values subside after a relatively short time lapse (2 to 3 weeks in severo pollution zones). Their later variability in time depends on changes of ambient conditions and in the first place on rain precipitation. Examples of measured conductivities are presented in Figures 3 and 4. a + [- | —— anit (bina) 2, a mew ima : em t o w ¥ w nts (mis) a} 0-1 ann » = 7 IZ s ® » 4 A Figure 4 — Metsu suse conductivity of fngsod ins PY GABLE, ators ype LP 75/17 and 18 75/21 mounted in vowy heavy ‘i Im polliton ones 3. POLLUTION ZONES Until now pollution zones have been discriminated according to records of the measurement of the maximum deposit and of its conductivity appearing throughout the measuring period [1]. At present the opinion prevails that it would be better to take into account values corresponding to the probability of their appearance (e.g. 0.98) instead of the maximum measured values. A detailed statistical analysis reveals that pollution measuring results obtained by indirect method (record of the deposit amount and of its conductivity) and by the direct method (measurement of the surface conductivity of insulators) show similar probability distributions. ‘These distributions approximate the theoretical Weibull’s distribution expressed by 4 F(x) = 1 ~ exp(-x) where q and r are Weibull’s distribution parameters, Figure 5 represents typical distribution functions of the total amount G of all deposits, the contamination conductivity and the surface conductivity x of naturally polluted insulators from the Silesian region.

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