Technical Chamber of Greece – Structural Eurocodes meeting

Development and basic aspects of

EN 1992 and EN 1998

Prof. A.J. Kappos

Dept. of Civil Engineering
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki

Athens, 11 October 2006

EN 1992 : 2003
Eurocode 2: Design of concrete
structures

1
 GENERAL STRUCTURE OF EUROCODE 2

EN 1992-1-1 GENERAL RULES AND RULES

FOR BUILDINGS
EN 1992-1-2 FIRE DESIGN
EN 1992-2 DESIGN ON CONCRETE
BRIDGES
EN 1992-3 SILOS AND TANKS

Content of EN 1992-
1992-1-1

1. General
2. Basis of design
2.1 Requirements
2.2 Principles of limit state design
2.3 Basic variables
2.4 Verification by the partial factor method
2.5 Design assisted by testing
2.6 Supplementary requirements for foundations
2.7 Requirements for fastenings
3. Materials
3.1 Concrete
3.2 Reinforcing steel
3.3 Prestressing steel
3.4 Prestressing devices
4. Durability and cover to reinforcement
4.1 General
4.2 Environmental conditions
4.3 Requirements for durability
4.4 Methods of verification

2
 EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)

5. Structural analysis
5.1 General
5.2 Geometric imperfections
5.3 Idealisation of the structure
5.4 Linear elastic analysis
5.5 Linear analysis with limited redistribution
5.6 Plastic analysis
5.7 Non-
Non-linear analysis
5.8 Second order effects with axial load
5.9 Lateral instability of slender beams
5.10 Prestressed members and structures
5.11 Analysis for some particular structural members
6. Ultimate limit states (ULS)
6.1 Bending with or without axial force
6.2 Shear
6.3 Torsion
6.4 Punching
6.5 Design with strut and tie models

EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)

6.6 Anchorages and laps

6.7 Partially loaded areas
6.8 Fatigue
7. Serviceability limit states (SLS)
7.1 General
7.2 Stress limitation
7.3 Crack control
7.4 Deflection control
8 Detailing of reinforcement and prestressing tendons - General
8.1 General
8.2 Spacing of bars
8.3 Permissible mandrel diameters for bent bars
8.4 Anchorage of longitudinal reinforcement
8.5 Anchorage of links and shear reinforcement
8.6 Anchorage by welded bars
8.7 Laps and mechanical couplers
8.8 Additional rules for large diameter bars
8.9 Bundled bars
8.10 Prestressing tendons

3
 EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)

9. Detailing of members and particular rules

9.1 General
9.2 Beams
9.3 Solid slabs
9.4 Flat slabs
9.5 Columns
9.6 Walls
9.7 Deep beams
9.8 Foundations
9.9 Regions with discontinuity in geometry or action
9.10 Tying systems
10. Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
structures
10.1 General
10.2 Basis of design, fundamental requirements
10.3 Materials
10.5 Structural analysis
10.9 Particular rules for design and detailing

EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)
11. Lightweight aggregated concrete structures
11.1 General
11.2 Basis of design
11.3 Materials
11.4 Durability and cover to reinforcement
11.5 Structural analysis
11.6 Ultimate limit states
11.7 Serviceability limit states
11.8 Detailing of reinforcement - General
11.9 Detailing of members and particular rules
11.10 Additional rules for precast concrete elements and structures
structures
11.12 Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
12. Plain and lightly reinforced concrete structures
12.1 General
12.2 Basis of design
12.3 Materials
12.5 Structural analysis: ultimate Limit states
12.6 Ultimate limit states
12.7 Serviceability limit states
12.9 Detailing of members and particular rules

4
 EN 1992-
1992-1-1 : Content (cont’
(cont’d)

Annexes
A (Informative)
Modification of partial factors for materials
B (Informative)
Creep and shrinkage strain
C (Normative)
Reinforcement properties
D (Informative)
Detailed calculation method for prestressing steel relaxation losses
losses
E (Informative)
Indicative Strength Classes for durability
F (Informative)
Reinforcement expressions for in-in-plane stress conditions
G (Informative)
Soil structure interaction
H (Informative)
Global second order effects in structures
I (Informative)
Analysis of flat slabs and shear walls
J (Informative)
Examples of regions with discontinuity in geometry or action

EN 1992-1-1: General Overview

z Comparative studies show that the overall economy of
construction of designs to EC2 are largely similar to those
currently designed using actual national design standards
z There is little practical difference in results of design for
bending
z The style of the Eurocodes and the way they are
implemented are appreciably different, and there are some
significant changes in aspects of the design process.
z There are associated changes arising through related
Eurocodes and product standards. These make a suite of
documents,
documents, including:

– EN206 Concrete: Performance, Production, Placing and

Compliance Criteria, and
– EN13670 Execution of Concrete Structures

5
 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
• SAFETY (STRUCTURAL RESISTANCE)
• SERVICEABILITY
• DURABILITY
- Design working life
- Inspection and maintenance levels
• ECONOMY
• AESTHETICS

Verification of safety and serviceabilty by the partial

factor method for :
ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES ULS
SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES SLS

Basis of design – partial safety factors

Action Comment Symbol Value
Shrinkage γSH 1.00
Favourable effect γP,fav
P,fav 1,00
Prestress ULS with external prestressing γP,unfav
P,unfav 1,30
Unfavourable local effects γP,unfav
P,unfav 1,20
Fatigue loads γF,fat 1,00
Materials Comment Symbol Value
Concrete Persistent and transient design
1.5
situations γC
Accidental design situation 1.2
Persistent and transient design
Steel 1.15
situations γS
(reinforcement)
reinforcement)
Accidental design situation 1,00
Steel Persistent and transient design
1.15
(prestressing)
prestressing) situations γS
Accidental design situation 1,00

6
 Structural Analysis
¾ Linear elastic analysis (ULS-
(ULS-SLS)
¾ Linear analysis with limited redistribution (ULS)
¾ Plastic analysis (ULS)
¾ Non-
Non-linear analysis (ULS-
(ULS-SLS)

Design value of prestressing forces

Pd = γ P Pm ,t γ P = 1

Pm,t mean value at time t.

Ultimate Limit States : bending with or without

axial force

Assumptions
¾ Plane sections remain plane
¾ Tensile strength of concrete ignored
¾ No relative slip between concrete and steel
¾ Possible strain distributions in cross-sections

7
 Possible strain distributions in the
Ultimate Limit State
(1- εc2/εcu2)h
or
(1- εc3/εcu3)h B
A s2

d C
h
Δεp εp(0)
Ap A
As1

εs , εp εc
ε ud εy 0 ε c2 εcu2
(εc3 ) (εcu3 )

A - Reinforcing steel tension strain limit

B - Concrete compression strain limit
C - Concrete pure compression strain limit

Ultimate limit state – Shear

VRd,c
Rd,c Design shear resistance of the member without
shear reinforcement
VRd,s Design value of the shear force which can be
sustained by the yielding shear reinforcement

VRd,max Design value of the maximum shear force which

can be sustained by the member limited by
crushing of the compression struts

General verification procedure : VEd ≤ VRd

1) VEd ≤ VRd,c
Rd,c

2) VEd ≤ VRd,s
Rd,s and VEd ≤ VRd,max
Rd,max

8
 Truss Model & Notation for Shear Reinforced Members

Ultimate limit state – Shear (contnd)

VRd,c
Rd,c
= [(0,18/γc)k(100 ρlfck)1/3 + 0,15 σcp] bwd

k = 1 + (200/d)1/2
d effective depth of the cross-section in mm

ρl = Asl / bw d < 0,02 Asl area of the tensile

reinforcement, bw smallest width of the cross-
section in the tensile area

σcp = NEd / Ac (> 0 compression)

Min. value VRd,c

Rd,c
= (0, 035k3/2.fck1/2 + 0,15σcp) bwd

9
 Ultimate limit state – Shear (contnd)

Inf. of VRd,s
Rd,s
= (Asw/s) z fywd cotθ

and VRd,max
Rd,max
= bw z ν fcd/(cotθ + tanθ )

ν = 0,6 [ 1- fck / 250 ]

1 < cot θ < 2,5 or 45°
45° > θ > 22°
22°
In case of a compression axial force : αcw VRd,max
Rd,max
Increased resistance 1,25 > αc w> 1 where 0 < σcm< 0,6fcd
Reduced resistance αcw < 1 where σcm> 0,6 fcd

Shear between web and flanges of T-

T-sections

1,0 ≤ cotθ
cotθf ≤ 2,0
(compression flange)
flange)

1,0 ≤ cotθ
cotθf ≤ 1,25
(tension flange)
flange)

Shear at the interface between concrete cast at

different times

C and µ are factors which depend on

the roughness of the interface

10
 Ultimate limit state verifications
TORSION
A zi
A - Centre-
Centre-line
B - Outer edge of effective cross-
cross-
C
section, circumference u, B
C - Cover TEd

PUNCHING tef/2

A - Basic control section tef

B - Basic control area Acont
C - Basic control perimeter u1
D – Loaded area Aload
B
D

d h
θ θ
2d
2d A

θ = arctan (1/2) rcont

= 26,6°
c C

Design with strut and tie models

For zones where a non-
non-linear strain distribution exists

Verification of struts (concrete)

concrete)

Ö struts without transverse tension

Ö struts with transverse tension

(compressed and cracked zones)

bef bef
a a
F F
Verification of ties :
D h=b z = h/2 h = H/2

B H
B – Continuity region
D
D – Discontinuity
b
F
b
F region
bef = b bef = 0,5H + 0,65a; a ≤ h

11
Examples of strut and tie models:
models:
• for half joints (§ 10 – precast concrete elements & structures)
• for a corbel (Annex J- regions with discontinuities)
discontinuities)

Serviceability limit state

¾ Functioning of the structure in normal use
¾ Comfort of people
¾ Appearance

The verification rules are deemed to ensure:

– the appropriate serviceability level
– the durability for the design working life

12
 Serviceability criteria
Ed ≤ Cd
The verifications relate to:
™ stress limitation
™ limitation of crack width
™ limitation of deformations
™ limitation of vibrations

Actions and material properties are taken into

account with their representative values (partial
factors equal to 1, unless otherwise specified)

EN 1998-1 : 2004
Eurocode 8 : Design of structures
for earthquake resistance

13
 Contents of EN 1998-1 : 2004
Eurocode 8: Design of structures for
earthquake resistance
FOREWORD
1 GENERAL
1.1 SCOPE
1.2 NORMATIVE REFERENCES
1.3 ASSUMPTIONS
1.4 DISTINCTION BETWEEN PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATION RULES
1.5 TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
1.6 SYMBOLS
1.7 S.I. UNITS
2 PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS AND COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
2.1 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
2.2 COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
3 GROUND CONDITIONS AND SEISMIC ACTION
3.1 GROUND CONDITIONS
3.2 SEISMIC ACTION

4 DESIGN OF BUILDINGS
4.1 GENERAL
4.2 CHARACTERISTICS OF EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT BUILDINGS
4.3 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
4.4 SAFETY VERIFICATIONS

5 SPECIFIC RULES FOR CONCRETE BUILDINGS

5.1 GENERAL
5.2 DESIGN CONCEPTS
5.3 DESIGN TO EN 1992-1-1
5.4 DESIGN FOR DCM
5.5 DESIGN FOR DCH
5.6 PROVISIONS FOR ANCHORAGES AND SPLICES
5.7 DESIGN AND DETAILING OF SECONDARY SEISMIC ELEMENTS
5.8 CONCRETE FOUNDATION ELEMENTS
5.9 LOCAL EFFECTS DUE TO MASONRY OR CONCRETE INFILLS
5.10 PROVISIONS FOR CONCRETE DIAPHRAGMS
5.11 PRECAST CONCRETE STRUCTURES

14
6 SPECIFIC RULES FOR STEEL BUILDINGS
6.1 GENERAL
6.2 MATERIALS
6.3 STRUCTURAL TYPES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS6.4 STRUCTURAL
ANALYSIS
6.5 DESIGN CRITERIA AND DETAILING RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR COMMON TO ALL STRUCTURAL TYPES
6.6 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
6.7 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR FRAMES WITH CONCENTRIC
BRACINGS
6.8 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR FRAMES WITH ECCENTRIC
BRACINGS
6.9 DESIGN RULES FOR INVERTED PENDULUM STRUCTURES
6.10 DESIGN RULES FOR STEEL STRUCTURES WITH CONCRETE CORES OR
CONCRETE WALLS AND FOR MOMENT RESISTING FRAMES
COMBINED WITH CONCENTRIC BRACINGS OR INFILLS
6.11 CONTROL OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

7 SPECIFIC RULES FOR COMPOSITE STEEL – CONCRETE

BUILDINGS
7.1 GENERAL
7.2 MATERIALS
7.3 STRUCTURAL TYPES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS
7.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
7.5 DESIGN CRITERIA AND DETAILING RULES FOR DISSIPATIVE
STRUCTURAL BEHAVIOUR COMMON TO ALL STRUCTURAL TYPES
7.6 RULES FOR MEMBERS
7.7 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR MOMENT FRAMES
7.8 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR COMPOSITE
CONCENTRICALLY BRACED FRAMES
7.9 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR COMPOSITE ECCENTRICALLY
BRACED FRAMES
7.10 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS
MADE OF REINFORCED CONCRETE SHEAR WALLS COMPOSITE
WITH STRUCTURAL STEEL ELEMENTS
7.11 DESIGN AND DETAILING RULES FOR COMPOSITE STEEL PLATE
SHEAR WALLS
7.12 CONTROL OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

15
 8 SPECIFIC RULES FOR TIMBER BUILDINGS
8.1 GENERAL
8.2 MATERIALS AND PROPERTIES OF DISSIPATIVE ZONES
8.3 DUCTILITY CLASSES AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS
8.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
8.5 DETAILING RULES
8.6 SAFETY VERIFICATIONS
8.7 CONTROL OF DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION

9 SPECIFIC RULES FOR MASONRY BUILDINGS

9.1 SCOPE
9.2 MATERIALS AND BONDING PATTERNS
9.3 TYPES OF CONSTRUCTION AND BEHAVIOUR FACTORS
9.4 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
9.5 DESIGN CRITERIA AND CONSTRUCTION RULES
9.6 SAFETY VERIFICATION
9.7 RULES FOR “SIMPLE MASONRY BUILDINGS”

10 BASE ISOLATION
10.1 SCOPE
10.2 DEFINITIONS
10.3 FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENTS
10.4 COMPLIANCE CRITERIA
10.5 GENERAL DESIGN PROVISIONS
10.6 SEISMIC ACTION
10.7 BEHAVIOUR FACTOR
10.8 PROPERTIES OF THE ISOLATION SYSTEM
10.9 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
10.10 SAFETY VERIFICATIONS AT ULTIMATE LIMIT STATE
ANNEX A (INFORMATIVE) ELASTIC DISPLACEMENT RESPONSE SPECTRUM
ANNEX B (INFORMATIVE) DETERMINATION OF THE TARGET
DISPLACEMENT FOR NONLINEAR STATIC (PUSHOVER) ANALYSIS
ANNEX C (NORMATIVE) DESIGN OF THE SLAB OF STEEL-CONCRETE
COMPOSITE BEAMS AT BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS IN MOMENT RESISTING
FRAMES

16
 EUROCODE 8 (SEISMIC DESIGN):
SPECIFIC RULES FOR CONCRETE
BUILDINGS

Ductility classes
z New ductility classes (DC)
(changes dictated by national comments supported by a
number of background studies)
– DC ‘H’ (≈old ‘Μ’, increased q, CD for VSd in beams, ...)
– DC ‘Μ’ (≈old ‘L’, increased q, CD for VSd in beams, ...)
– DC ‘L’ (EC2, no brittle steel Α, q≤1.5)
z Basic value of behaviour factor (q0)
STRUCTURAL TYPE DCH DCM
Frame system, dual system, coupled wall system 4,5αu/α1 3,0αu/α1
Wall system 4,0αu/α1 3,0
Core system 3,0 2,0
Inverted pendulum system 2,0 1,5

17
z Overstrength
– α1 : seismic action at first yield (anywhere)
– αu : seismic action at development of overall structural
instability (collapse mechanism)
→ Obtained from pushover analysis (αu/α1≤1.5), or defaults:
z Frames (or frame-equivalent dual):
αu/α1=1.3 (1.1 for one-storey, 1.2 for one-bay frames)
z Wall (or wall-equivalent dual):
− Wall systems with only two uncoupled walls per horizontal
direction: αu/α1=1.0
− Other uncoupled wall systems: αu/α1=1.1
− Wall -equivalent dual, or coupled wall systems: αu/α1=1.2
z Final behaviour factor q=qo.kw ≥ 1,5

New structural systems

z Large lightly reinforced wall system:
– comprises at least two walls with horizontal dimension
not less than 4m and 2hw/3, which collectively support
at least 20% of the total gravity load above in the
seismic design situation
– has a fundamental period T1, for assumed fixity at the
base against rotation, less or equal to 0.5sec
– If a structural system does not qualify as a system of
large lightly reinforced walls, then all its walls should
be designed and detailed as ductile walls
z Frame, dual or wall systems without a minimum torsional
rigidity (eo<0.3r) should be classified as torsionally
flexible (core) systems

18
 Design criteria
z Local resistance condition: Ed ≤ Rd
z Capacity design rule: Ed from equilibrium conditions,
assuming plastic hinges with their possible overstrengths
formed in adjacent areas
→ to avoid brittle or undesirable failure mechanisms
z Local ductility condition: high plastic rotational capacities
in potential plastic hinge regions
– sufficient curvature ductility (post-failure 85%-moment
resistance level) in all critical regions of primary elements
μφ=2qo-1 if T1≥TC
μφ=1+2(qo-1)TC/T1 if T1<TC
(based on μφ=2μδ-1 and μδ=q if T1≥TC, μδ=1+(q-1)TC/T1 if T1<TC)
Note that q<qo for irregular structures (no reduction in μφ,req!)

z Structural redundancy: high degree of redundancy

accompanied by redistribution capacity (otherwise
lower q-factor)
z Secondary seismic members and resistances:
– resistances or stabilising effects not explicitly taken into
account (e.g. membrane reactions of slabs mobilised by
upwards deflections of structural walls)
– non-structural elements (esp. masonry infills!)
z Specific additional measures (to reduce uncertainty):
– minimize geometric errors (min dimensions, max b/h etc.)
– minimize ductility uncertainties (min μφ, minρl, νmax)

19
 Safety verifications
z For ULS verifications, partial safety factors for
materials γc and γs shall account for strength
degradation due to the cyclic deformations
z γc=1.5 and γs=1.15 (as in EC2) can be taken
(convenient for practice!) assuming that
– due to local ductility provisions the ratio between the
residual strength after degradation and the initial one is
roughly equal to the ratio between the γM-values for
accidental and fundamental load combinations
– if strength degradation is appropriately accounted in the
evaluation of the material properties, the γM-values
adopted for the accidental design situation may be used

Design to Eurocode 2 (EN1992-1)

z Recommended only for low seismicity areas

z In primary elements, reinforcing steel of class
B or C (table C.1 EN1992-1) shall be used
z Behaviour factor up to q=1.5 may be used in
deriving the seismic actions, regardless of the
structural system and of regularity in elevation

20
 Properties of reinforcement (EC2 – Annex C)

Note: The values for the fatigue stress range with an upper limit of β fyk and for the minimum relative rib area
for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended values are given in Table C.2N. The
value of β for use in a Country may be found in its National Annex. The recommended value is 0,6.

Design for DC M:
Geometrical constraints and materials
z Material requirements
– use of concrete <C16 not allowed in primary elements
– use of concrete >C50 (HSC) for DC M is not covered
– only ribbed bars are allowed as longitudinal reinforcing
steel in critical regions of primary elements
– in primary elements, reinforcing steel of class B or C
(table C.1 EN1992-1) shall be used
– welded wire meshes of steel B or C are allowed (should
be ribbed if used as longitudinal reinforcement)

21
z Geometrical constraints
BEAMS
– eccentricity of beam axis < bc/4
– width bw ≤ min {bc + hw ; 2bc }
COLUMNS
– unless θ≤0.1, in primary columns b≥0.1lo
(lo: distance from end to point of contraflexure)
DUCTILE WALLS
– web thickness bwo ≥ max{150mm, hs/20}
(hs: clear storey height)
– additional requirements for confined boundary elements
LARGE LIGHTLY REINFORCED WALLS
– web thickness bwo ≥ max{150mm, hs/20}

Design for DC M:
Design action effects
z Moments and axial forces from analysis, except in
primary ductile walls; redistribution of M permitted
z Shear forces from capacity design
(shears Vmax,i, Vmin,i calculated for end moments Mi,d)
– Beams
M i , d = γRd M Rb, i min(1,
∑ M Rc )
(γRd=1.0) ∑ M Rb

22
 – Columns

M i , d = γ Rd M Rc, i min(1,
∑ M Rb )
∑ M Rc
(γRd=1.1)

to account for overstrength

due to strain-hardening and
confinement

z Ductile walls:
– Redistribution between primary walls, up to 30%
– Redistribution between coupling beams, up to 20%

– Design bending moment diagram (slender walls):

b a a

MEd
MEd
a = from analysis
M'Ed b = design envelope
M'Ed
al al al = tension shift
wall systems dual systems

23
 – Design shear force diagram (dual systems with
slender walls):
Vwall,top>Vwall,base/2

design
envelope

c 2
h
3 w
b
a=from analysis
b=magnified a
c=design envelope

(b) 1h
3 w

Vwall,base

z Special provisions for large lightly reinforced walls:

– to ensure that flexural yielding precedes attainment of
ULS in shear, shear force V′Ed from analysis is increased

q +1
VEd = VEd
'
2

– additional dynamic axial forces developed due to

uplifting shall be taken into account in the ULS
verification (M, N) → may be taken as 50% of the axial
force in the wall due to the gravity loads (g+ψ2q)
– if q≤2, these dynamic axial forces may be neglected

24
 Design for DC M:
ULS verifications and detailing
z Beams
– bending and shear resistances are computed according
to EN1992-1

− part of top-
a c
2hf 2hf hf 4hf 4hf hf
reinforcement in T-
beams (& Γ-beams)
may be placed
outside the web,
b d
within effective hf
2hf 2hf
hf

flange width beff

– Detailing of DCM beams for local ductility

z critical regions:

<50mm

hw

lcr lcr

within lcr, μφ,req is provided through:

0.018?
z additional ρ′≥ ½ρ at bottom of supports
0,0018 f cd
z tension reinforcement ρ ≤ ρ m ax = ρ '+ ⋅
μφ ε sy ,d f yd
z within lcr, hoops with: ⎛ f ctm ⎞
ρ ≥ ρ m in = 0,5⎜⎜ ⎟
⎟
dbw ≥6mm and spacing ⎝ f yk ⎠

s = min{hw/4; 24dbw; 225mm; 8dbL}

25
z Columns
– bending and shear resistances are computed
according to EN1992-1
– simplified biaxial bending check with 0.7MRd,uniax
– in primary columns normalised axial force νd ≤0.65
– Detailing of DCM columns for local ductility
z long. reinforcement ratio 1%≤ ρl≤4%
z at least one intermediate bar (between corner bars)
z critical (end) regions: lcr = max {hc ; lcl / 6; 450 mm}
z if lcl/hc<3 (short column), the entire height lcl=lcr
z within lcr, μφ,req (e.g. =2qo-1) is provided
z if μφ,req involves εcu≥0.0035 → confinement required!

z confinement reinforcement within lcr (DC M)

bc
α.ωwd ≥ 30.μφ ⋅ ν d ⋅ ε sy, d ⋅ − 0,035 bi
bo
bo bc
⎡ volume of confining hoops f yd ⎤
⎢ω wd = ⋅ ⎥ s
⎣ volume of concrete core f cd ⎦ ho
hc
confinement effectiveness factor α=αn⋅αs

for rectangular cross sections:

α n = 1 − ∑ bi2 / 6bo ho bc
n

α s = (1 − s / 2bo )(1 − s / 2ho )

min ωwd = 0.08
for circular cross sections with spiral reinforcement:

αn =1
α s = (1 − s / 2 Do )

26
 z to prevent early local buckling of longitudinal bars
– within lcr : s = min{bo/2; 175mm; 8dbL}
– distance between supported bars smax ≤ 200 mm

z transverse reinforcement within lcr at the base of

primary columns may be determined as specified in
EN1992-1, provided that νd ≤ 0.2 and q ≤ 2.0

z Beam-column joints
– horizontal confinement reinforcement in joints of
primary beams with columns shall not be less than
that provided within lcr of columns
– if beams with bw≥bc frame into all four sides of the
joint, spacing of horizontal confinement
reinforcement in the joint may be increased to
twice that required above, but s≤150 mm
– at least one intermediate (between column corner
bars) vertical bar shall be provided at each side of a
joint of primary beams and columns

27
z Ductile walls
– bending and shear resistances computed according to
EN1992-1
– in primary walls, normalised axial force νd ≤ 0.4
– vertical web reinforcement shall be included in
calculation of flexural resistance of wall sections
– flexural resistance of composite sections (L, T, U, I or
similar) based on effective flange width, min of:
z actual flange width
z ½ distance to adjacent web of the wall
z 25% of total height of wall above the level considered

– Detailing of DCM walls for local ductility

z height of critical region hcr above the base

⎧2 ⋅ l w
⎪
hcr = max [l w, H w / 6] but hcr ≤ ⎨⎧hs for n ≤ 6 storeys
⎪⎨ 2 ⋅ h for n ≥ 7 storeys
⎩⎩ s

z required μφ as in columns, but using qo multiplied by

MEd/MRd at base of wall (e.g. μφ=2qoMEd/MRd-1), to be
provided by confinement of boundary elements
– for walls with rectangular section
f yd ,v
αω wd ≥ 30 μ φ (ν d + ων )ε sy ,d
bc
− 0,035 where ω v = ρ v
bo f cd

– for barbelled walls, N and ωv refer to hcbcfcd if xu≤lc,

otherwise analysis with confined concrete model needed

28
 z confinement of boundary elements should extend
– vertically: over hcr
– horizontally: over lc (assuming εcu2=0.0035)

not good
practice

– minlc≥ {0,15⋅lw or 1,50.bw}

z no confined boundary element is required over wall
flanges with thickness hf >hs/15 and width bf > hs/5

z in boundary elements: minρl=0.5% (=½ minρl,col)

z thickness bw≥200, also:

z above hcr EC2 applies,

but if εc>0.002,
minρl=0.5%
z ωw in boundary elements may conform to EC2 only, if:
– axial load νd ≤ 0.15
– axial load νd ≤ 0.20 and q reduced by 15%

29
z Large lightly reinforced walls
– bending resistances computed according to EN1992-1
– when VEd≤VRd,c=[CRd,ck(100ρl fck)1/3 + 0.15σcp]bwd
ρw,min in the web is not required
– sliding shear check is done according to EN1992-1, but
anchorage length of clamping bars increased by 50%
– hoop and cross-tie vertical spacing ≤min{100mm, 8dbL)
– vertical bars engaged by hoop or cross-tie with d≥6mm,
within boundary elements with lc ≥min{bw 3bwσcm/fcd},
(σcm: mean value of concrete stress in compression zone)
– horiz. + vert. ties according to EN1992-1 provided
z along all intersections of walls
z around openings in the wall
z at all floor levels

Design for DC H
z generally similar to DCM, but more stringent detailing
z more detailed verification of beam-column joints
z if VEd > VE m ax = (2 + ζ ) ⋅ f ctd ⋅ bw ⋅ d , cross-inclined
reinforcement required to resist shear in beams
z explicit calculation of joint resistance
2
ν ⎛ V jhd ⎞
V jhd ≤ ηf cd 1 − d b j hc ⎜ ⎟
Ash ⋅ f ywd ⎜ b j ⋅ h jc ⎟
η ≥
⎝ ⎠
− f ctd
b j ⋅ h jw f ctd + ν d f cd

z explicit calculation of sliding shear resistance of walls

V Rd , S = Vdd + Vid + V fd Vid = ΣAsi ⋅ f yd ⋅ cos ϕ

⎧⎪1,3 ⋅ ΣAsj ⋅ f cd ⋅ f yd
Vdd = min ⎨
[( )
⎧μ f ⋅ ΣAsj ⋅ f yd + N Sd ⋅ ξ + M Ed / z
V fd = min ⎨
]
⎪⎩0,25 ⋅ f yd ⋅ ΣAsj ⎩0,5ν ⋅ f cd ⋅ ξ ⋅ l w ⋅ bwo

30
Provisions for anchorages and splices
– hoops should be closed stirrups with 135° hooks and
10dbw long extensions
z Anchorage of reinforcement
Columns
– anchorage length lbd of column bars in critical regions
based on As,req/As,prov = 1
– first 5dbL of column bar within a joint not included in lbd
– if NEd is tensile in a column, lbd increased by 50%
Beams
– the part of beam bars bent in joints for anchorage should
be placed inside the corresponding column hoops

– to prevent bond failure → limit dbLpassing through joints

z interior beam-column joints d bL ≤ 7,5 ⋅ f ctm ⋅ 1 + 0,8 ⋅ ν d
hc γ Rd ⋅ f yd 1 + 0.75 k D ⋅ ρ' / ρ max

d bL 7,5 ⋅ f ctm
z exterior beam-column joints ≤ ⋅ (1 + 0,8 ⋅ ν d )
hc γ Rd ⋅ f yd
DC H DC M
kD 1 2/3
γRd 1.2 1.0

– if limit on dbL difficult to satisfy, use special measures

– top or bottom bars passing through interior joints, shall
terminate at distance ≥ lcr from the face of the joint

31
 hc
Additional measures for
anchorage in exterior lb > 5dbL for DCH

beam-
beam-column joints
a) exterior stubs
hc

b) plates welded to end

of bars
anchor
plate

c) transverse bars
inside the bend dbw>0.6dbl
> 10 dbl

hoops around
column bars

dbl

z Splicing of reinforcement
– lap-splicing by welding not allowed within the lcr
– splicing by mechanical couplers allowed in columns
and walls, if covered by appropriate (cyclic) testing
– spacing of transverse reinforcement in the lap zone:
s = min{b/4; 100mm}
– required area of transverse reinforcement Ast within the
lap zone (
Ast = s (d bl / 50 ) f yl, d /f ywd )
area of one leg of transverse reinforcement

32
 Design and detailing of secondary
seismic elements
z designed/detailed to maintain bearing capacity, when
subjected to max deformations under seismic actions
z does not apply to non-seismic members (e.g. slab ribs)
z max deformations calculated from analysis, in which the
contribution of secondary elements to lateral stiffness is
neglected and primary elements are modelled with their
cracked flexural and shear stiffness
z verification: Md≤MRd and Vd≤VRd where Md, Vd
calculated from above max deformations and cracked
flexural and shear stiffness of secondary elements

Local effects due to masonry or

concrete infills
z the entire length of columns in infilled ground floors
considered as critical length and confined accordingly
z if hinf<lcl,col, lcr=lcl plus special measures:
– design shear calculated from CD based on lcl and γRdMRc
– corresponding ties placed within lcl+hc
– if ‘free’ length < 1.5hc, diagonal reinforcement needed
z if masonry infill on one side of column only, lcr=lcl
z length lc of column over which the diagonal strut force
of the infill is applied, should be verified in shear for
min of horiz. component of strut force and CD shear

33
 Seismic performance of multistorey R/C
buildings designed to the prEN-1998-1:

z Trial application of the new provisions to four typical multi-

storey buildings, 6-storey and 10-storey
– with reinforced concrete (R/C) frame system
– with dual (frame+wall) system
z Similar buildings previously designed (Kappos / Athana-
ssiadou, EEE, 1997) for old ductility classes H and M
– comparisons between the old and new designs
– in terms of cost of materials and of seismic performance

Design of 6-storey buildings

¾ Codes:
EC2 , EC8 (prEN)
¾ Materials:
C20/25 S400
¾ Design PGA:
αg=0.25
¾ Code spectrum
Type 1(Μs>5.5)
¾ Effective Stiffness:
EIeff=0.5EIg

34
 Behaviour factors q
¾ q=1.5, for DC “L”
¾ q= kw·qo, for DC “M” and “H”
- frame system / DC “M”: q=3.90
- dual system / DC “M”: q=3.6
- frame system / DC “H”: q=5.85
- dual system / DC “H”: q=5.40

→ Very similar q-factors for both systems!

detailing of frame system / DC“L”

εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα
1ου - 2ου ορόφου εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
2 Φ 22 3Φ20
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 2Φ16 2Φ18
4Φ16 4Φ16
2Φ22
2Φ18
2Φ14 3Φ20 2Φ16
4Φ14
Φ8/155 Φ8/190
Φ6/110
Φ6/170
2Φ10
2Φ10
3Φ14 εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3ου ορόφου
4Φ16 3Φ16
4Φ20 2Φ18

4Φ20 εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα

Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
3ου-4ου ορόφου 3ου-4ου ορόφου
2Φ18 3Φ18
4Φ16 4Φ16 Φ8/105

3Φ18
2Φ14
4Φ14 Φ8/210
Φ6/165
Φ6/115 εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα
4ου ορόφου
2Φ14
4Φ20 2Φ18
2Φ14 2Φ16 2Φ16 2Φ14 4Φ20

2Φ18 εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα

Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
Φ8/215 5ου - 6ου ορόφου
5ου-6ου ορόφου 5ου-6ου ορόφου
4Φ16 1Φ16 2Φ18
2Φ16 1Φ14

2Φ18
εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα 1Φ16

Φ6/210
5ου - 6ου ορόφου Φ8/180
Φ6/195
4Φ20

3Φ14 4Φ20
2Φ14
Φ8/215

35
 detailing of frame system / DC “M”
εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου - 2ου ορόφου 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3Φ16 2Φ163Φ14 1ου - 2ου ορόφου 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
4Φ18
1Φ16 2Φ18

Φ6/110 Φ6/110 2Φ18

4Φ18 1Φ16
Φ8/100
2Φ14 3Φ14 Φ8/120

εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
3Φ16 2Φ16 2Φ14
4Φ18
1Φ16 2Φ18

2Φ18
4Φ18 1Φ16
Φ6/110 Φ6/110
Φ6/100
Φ6/120
2Φ14 3Φ14

εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού

εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
5ου - 6ου ορόφου 5ου - 6ου ορόφου 5ου - 6ου ορόφου 5ου - 6ου ορόφου
3Φ14 2Φ16 2Φ14 1Φ18 2Φ20
3Φ14

2Φ20
1Φ18 3Φ14
Φ6/110
Φ6/110 Φ6/110 Φ6/140
2Φ14 3Φ14

detailing of frame system / DC “H”

Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη Πόδας εσωτερικού Πόδας εξωτερικού
υποστυλώματος 1ου ορόφου υποστυλώματος 1ου ορόφου
1ου-2ου ορόφου δοκού 1ου-2ου ορόφου
2Φ14 2Φ12 4Φ14 4Φ20
2Φ20 1Φ18

2Φ20
4Φ20 1Φ18
Φ6/70 Φ6/80 Φ8/100 Φ8/90

2Φ14 Κεφαλή εσωτερικού υποστυλώματος Κεφαλή εξωτερικού υποστυλώματος

2Φ14
1ου- 2ου ορόφου 1ου- 2ου ορόφου
4Φ20
2Φ20 1Φ18
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη
3ου-4ου ορόφου δοκού 3ου-4ου ορόφου 2Φ20
3Φ14 4Φ14 4Φ20 1Φ18
Φ8/105
Φ8/120

Φ6/80 Φ6/80
Εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα Εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα
3ου - 4ου ορόφου 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
4Φ18
2Φ18 1Φ16

2Φ14 2Φ14
2Φ18
4Φ18 1Φ16
Φ8/90
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη Φ8/105
5ου-6ου ορόφου δοκού 5ου-6ου ορόφου
4Φ12 6Φ12

Εσωτερικό υποστύλωμα Εξωτερικό υποστύλωμα

5ου - 6ου ορόφου 5ου - 6ου ορόφου
Φ6/70 Φ6/70 2Φ20 1Φ18
3Φ14
2Φ20
1Φ18 3Φ14
3Φ12 3Φ12 Φ8/105 Φ6/75

36
 detailing of dual system / DC “L”
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού υποστύλωμα
Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου - 2ου ορόφου
3Φ12
2Φ16 2Φ14 5Φ16

3Φ14
3Φ12
Φ6/180 Φ6/160

Φ8/140
2Φ10 2Φ10

2Φ16 1Φ14 2Φ16 2Φ14

υποστύλωμα
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
3ου - 4ου ορόφου
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 2Φ14 2Φ12
4Φ16 5Φ16 2Φ14

4Φ14
Φ6/175
2Φ12
Φ6/145
Φ8/140

3Φ16 4Φ16

υποστύλωμα
Εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
5ου - 6ου ορόφου
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου 4Φ14
4Φ16 4Φ16 1Φ14

4Φ14
4Φ14
Φ6/175 Φ6/150

Φ8/165

2Φ16 2Φ14
3Φ16

detailing of dual system / DC “L”

τοίχωμα 1ου ορόφου

4Φ8/m²

Φ12/170 Φ8/190

τοίχωμα 2ου ορόφου

4Φ8/m²

Φ10/300 Φ8/210

τοίχωμα 3ου ορόφου

4Φ8/m²

Φ10/300 Φ8/240

τοίχωμα 4ου ορόφου

4Φ8/m² Τοίχωμα 1ου ορόφου

Φ10/300 Φ8/300
Φ ²
τοίχωμα 5ου - 6ου ορόφου
7Φ18 Φ8/190 Φ8/400

4Φ8/m² Τοίχωμα 2ου ορόφου

Φ10/300 Φ8/400 Φ ²

Φ8/210 Φ8/400
4Φ14
Τοίχωμα 3ου ορόφου

Φ ²

Φ8/245 Φ8/400
4Φ14
Τοίχωμα 4ου ορόφου

Φ ²

Φ8/305 Φ8/400
4Φ14
Τοίχωμα 5ου - 6ου ορόφου

Φ ²

Φ8/400 Φ8/400
4Φ14

37
 detailing of dual system / DC “Μ”
Εξωτερική στήρίξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου-2ου ορόφου 1ου-2ου ορόφου

2Φ14 2Φ12 4Φ16 Υποστύλωμα 1ου-2ου ορόφου

2Φ18 1Φ16
Φ6/95 Φ6/125 2Φ18
1Φ16
Φ8/115
2Φ14 2Φ16

Εξωτερική στήρίξη δοκού

Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
3ου-4ου ορόφου
3ου-4ου ορόφου
Υποστύλωμα 3ου-4ου ορόφου
2Φ14 2Φ12
3Φ16 2Φ14 2Φ18 1Φ16

2Φ18
Φ6/95
Φ6/110 1Φ16
Φ6/110

2Φ14
3Φ14

Εξωτερική στήρίξη δοκού Εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού

5ου-6ου ορόφου 5ου-6ου ορόφου Υποστύλωμα 5ου-6ου ορόφου
2Φ14 2Φ12 2Φ16 3Φ14
2Φ18 1Φ16

2Φ18
Φ6/95 Φ6/110 1Φ16
Φ6/125

2Φ14 3Φ14

detailing of dual system / DC “M”

Τοίχωμα 1ου ορόφου
(1ος τρόπος όπλισης)

Φ ²

Φ8/150 8Φ14 Φ8/300 Φ8/400

Τοίχωμα 1ου ορόφου

(2ος τρόπος όπλισης)

Φ ²

Φ6/60 8Φ14 Φ8/300 Φ8/400

Τοίχωμα 2ου ορόφου

Φ ²

4Φ12 Φ8/330 Φ8/300

Τοίχωμα 3ου ορόφου

Φ ²

4Φ12 Φ8/370 Φ8/300

Τοίχωμα 4ου-6ου ορόφου

Φ ²

4Φ12 Φ8/400 Φ8/300

38
 detailing of dual system / DC “Η”
εξωτερική στήριξη δοκού
υποστύλωμα
2Φ14 2Φ12 πόδας ισογείου

1Φ16 2Φ18

Φ6/70
2Φ18
1Φ16
Φ8/80 τοίχωμα 1ου ορόφου
2Φ14

Φ 4Φ8/m²
εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού
1ου - 2ου ορόφου 12Φ14 Φ8/200 Φ8/130
υποστύλωμα
2Φ14 3Φ12
κεφαλή ισογείου τοίχωμα 2ου ορόφου

4Φ8/m²
1Φ16 2Φ18
Φ 8Φ14 Φ8/200 Φ8/145
Φ6/70 2Φ18
1Φ16
τοίχωμα 3ου - 4ου ορόφου
3Φ12 Φ8/90
4Φ8/m²

εσωτερική στήριξη δοκού

4Φ12 Φ8/200 Φ8/145
3ου - 6ου ορόφου

2Φ16 2Φ14 υποστυλώματα τοίχωμα 5ου - 6ου ορόφου

2ου - 6ου ορόφου
4Φ8/m²
1Φ16 2Φ18
4Φ12 Φ8/200 Φ8/175
Φ6/70
2Φ18
1Φ16
3Φ14
Φ8/90

Quantities of materials
concrete volume
Όγκος σκυροδέματος inν συστημάτω
πλαισιακώ frameν concrete volume in dual
Όγκος σκυροδέματος διπλώ ν συστημάτω ν

38,292 37,9 46,704

40 36,033 50 45,054 45,054

40
30

30
20
20

10
10

0 0
DC "L" DC "M" DC "H" DC "L" DC "M" DC "H"

totalΒάρος συνολικού οπλισμού πλαισιακώ ν

reinforcement in frame total
Βάρος reinforcement
συνολικού οπλισμού διπλώ νin dualν
συστημάτω
συστημάτω ν

40
60 52,559
29,809
50 28,127
30 25,39
37,24
40 35,013

30 20

20
10
10

0 0
DC "L" DC "M" DC "H" DC "L" DC "M" DC "H"

39
 Design of 10-storey buildings for DC “H”
FR (T=0.96s) FW (T=0.64s)

q=5.85 q=5.40
PGA=0.25g, C20/25 concrete, S400 steel

27.18 79.7 80.92

30 25.21 90
66.9
25 19.24 75
20 60
15 45
10 30
5 15
0 0
new DC H old DC M old DC H newDC H old DC M old DC H

Concrete volume Total weight of reinforcement

27.18
75 30 25.21
54.49 53.47
60 47.66 25 19.24
20
45
15
30
10
15 5
0 0
newDC H old DC M old DC H new DC H old DC M old DCH

Weight of longit. reinforcement Weight of transv. reinforcement

Required quantity of materials in the frame structures

40
 75 75 65.16 64.42
58.74 59.48 60.7 55.73
60 60
45 45
30 30
15 15
0 0
newDC H old DC M old DC H newDC H old DC M old DC H

Concrete volume Total weight of reinforcement

27.35
50 40.8 28
37.07
40 32.48 25.06
26
30 23.25
24
20
10 22

0 20
newDC H old DC M old DC H newDC H old DC M old DC H

Weight of longit. reinforcement Weight of transv. reinforcement

Required quantity of materials in the dual structures

Design to new DC’H’ results in:

z 16% less reinforcement in the frame (FR)

z 14% less reinforcement in the dual (FW)
z Longitudinal reinforcement: 11 to 20% less
z Transverse reinforcement: 7 to 29% less
z 9% less concrete volume in the frame (FR)
z 2% less concrete volume in the dual (FW)
→ Main reason for reduced steel requirements:
higher q-factors specified by the prEN

41
 Seismic performance assessment
Modelling: Standard point hinge (DRAIN-2D/2000)
ƒ Takeda model for members with N≅const.
ƒ Bilinear with My-N interaction if N=n(t)

Failure criteria
ƒ Local (member failure)
(i) Rotational capacity check: θp = kV (φu - φy) (kμ lpo)
(ii) Shear force exceeding the corresponding capacity of the member
at the maximum ductility level
ƒ Global (storey failure): Dual criterion based on
(i) limiting interstorey drift of 2% and
(ii) simultaneous development of a sidesway collapse
mechanism
Input motions: 6 records from Greece (from 3 earthquakes)
→ scaled to modified spectrum intensity (SIm)

Interstorey drift ratios for frame structures

M ea n (A =0 .2 5 g)
M ax i m um (A = 0. 25 g ) new DC H
M ea n (A =0 .5 0 g)
old DC M
old DC H
M ax i m um (A = 0. 50 g )
10
9
10
8
9
8 7
7 6
6 5
5 4
4
3
3
2
2
1 1
0 0
0 .0 0 .4 0. 8 1 .2 1 .6 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Δ x /h (% )
Δx/h (%)

mean and max drifts comparison with the

for new DC H frame old EC8 (A=0.25g)

42
Required and available plastic rotations in the exterior
columns of FR for the most critical motion
θp,req (A=0,25g) θp, av (A= 0,25g)
θp,req (new DC H) θp,av (new DC H)
θp,req (A=0,50g) θp, av (A= 0,50g)
θp,req (old DC M) θp,av (old DC M)
10
θp,req (old DC H) θp,av (old DC H)
9
10
8 9
7 8
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3 3
2 2

1
1
0
0
0. 00 0.02 0.04 0. 06 0.08 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10

performance of the new DC H frame comparison with the ‘old’ EC8 (A=0.25g)

min θp,av/θp,req = 5.4

Required and available plastic rotations in the interior

beams of FR for the most critical motion

θp+,req (newDC H) θp+,av (newDC H) θp+,req (new DCH) θp+,av (newDCH)

θp+,req (old DC M) θp+,av (old DC M) θp+,req (old DCM) θp+,av (old DC M)
θp+,req (old DC H) θp+,av (old DC H) θp+,req (old DCH) θp+,av (old DC H)
10 10
9 9
8 8
7 7
6 6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0 0.005 0.01 0.015 0.02 0.025

positive values negative values

43
Required and available shear capacities (in kN) in the
columns of FR for the most critical motion
Vmax (A =0.25g) VR (A=0.25g) Vmax (new DC H) VR (new DC H)
V max (old DC M) VR (old DC M)
Vmax (A =0.50g) VR (A=0.50g)
Vmax (old DC H) V R (old DC H)

10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4
3 3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 0 200 400 60 0 80 0 100 0

performance of the new DC H frame comparison with the old EC8 (A=0.25g)

Required and available shear capacities (in kN) in the

beams of FR for the most critical motion
Vmax (A =0.25g) VR (A =0.25g) Vmax (ne w DC H) VR (n ew D C H)
Vmax (A =0.50g) VR (A =0.50g) Vmax (old DC M) VR (o ld DC M)
Vmax (old D C H) VR (old D C H)
10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0 100 200 300 400 0 100 200 300 400

performance of the new DC H frame comparison with the old EC8 (A=0.25g)

44
Percentage of the dissipated energy in the
structural members of the frame structure

A=0.25g A=0.50g

100 80.75

80 64.63

60

40 23.22
12.15 14.61
20 4.64

0
ext. columns int. columns beams

Interstorey drift ratios for dual structures

M ea n ( A = 0 . 2 5 g ) n ew D C H
M ax imu m (A = 0 . 2 5g ) o ld D C M
M ea n ( A = 0 . 5 0 g ) o ld D C H
M ax imu m (A = 0 . 5 0g ) 10
9
10
8
9
7
8
6
7
6 5
5 4
4 3
3 2
2
1
1
0 0
0 .0 0.2 0.4 0.6
0 .0 0.2 0 .4 0.6 0.8
Δ x / h (% )
Δ x / h (% )

mean and maximum drifts for the new

comparison with the old EC8 (A=0.25g)
DC H frame

45
 Required and available plastic rotations in the vertical
elements of FW for the most critical motion (A=0.25g)
θp,req (new DC H) θp,av (new DC H)
θp,req (new DC H) θp,av (new DC H)
θp,req (old DC M) θp,av (old DC M) θp,req (old DC M) θp,av (old DC M)
θp,req (old DC H) θp,av (old DC H) θp,req (old DC H) θp,av (old DC H)
10
10
9
9
8
8
7
7
6
6
5
5
4
4
3
3
2 2
1 1
0 0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.00 0.02 0.04 0. 06 0.08

wall columns

Required and available plastic rotations in the beams of

FW for the most critical motion

θp+ ,req (new DC H) θp+, av (new DC H) θp-,req (new DC H) θp-,av (new DC H)

θp+ ,req (old DC M) θp+, av (old DC M) θp-,req (old DC M) θp-,av (old DC M)
θp+ ,req (old DC H) θp+, av (old DC H) θp-,req (old DC H) θp-,av (old DC H)
10 10

9 9

8 8

7 7

6 6

5 5

4 4

3 3

2 2

1 1

0 0
0.00 0.01 0.02 0.03 0. 04 0.05 0. 06 0.000 0.005 0.010 0. 015 0. 020 0.025

positive values negative values

46
 Required and available shear capacities (in kN) in the
structural elements of FW for the most critical motion
(A=0.25g)

Vmax (new DC H) VR (new DC H) Vm ax ( new D C H) VR (new DC H) Vmax (new DC H) VR (new DC H)

Vmax (old DC M) VR old (DC M) Vm ax ( old DC M) VR (old D C M)
Vmax (old DC M) VR (old DC M)
Vmax (old DC H) VR (old DC H)
Vmax (old DC H) VR (old DC H) Vm ax ( old DC H) VR (old D C H)
10 10 10

9 9 9

8 8 8

7 7 7

6 6 6

5 5 5

4 4 4

3 3 3

2 2 2

1 1 1

0 0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 0 200 40 0 600 800 0 100 200 300 400 500

wall columns beams

Percentage of the dissipated energy in the

structural members of the dual structure

A=0.25g A=0.50g

100
75.31
80 65.64

60

27.48
40
22.16

20 6.88
2.53

0
columns wall beams

47
 CONCLUSIONS
z Design of R/C buildings for new DC H
(prEN1998-1) appears generally adequate since:
– seismic performance of both the frame and dual
systems subjected to design earthquake was
satisfactory with regard to all critical response
parameters, i.e.
z deflections and drifts
z rotational ductility demands
z shear capacity
– the buildings behaved satisfactorily even for twice
the design earthquake (related to collapse
prevention requirement)
– largest amount of input seismic energy dissipated in the
beams even for the ‘collapse prevention earthquake’

CONCLUSIONS (contnd.)
z Seismic performance: prEN version satisfactory,
generally similar to that of ENV designs, without
being over-conservative mainly with regard to
the design of the vertical elements for the high
ductility (DC H) class.
z Economy: designing to the new EC8 for DC’H’
appears to be more cost-effective than to previous
versions, since
– volume of concrete was (slightly) lower
– quantity of reinforcement (longitudinal, as well as
transverse) were lower than in the ENV design;
– main reason: combination of higher q-factor with less
stringent detailing requirements in the new DC H.

48