Final-Varkala-Draft-Report-On - 25 July 14 PDF

DRAFT MASTER PLAN PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN FOR VARKALA
T a b l e o f C o n t e n t s
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y x
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C H A P T E R : I N T R O D U C T I O N
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P R O J E C T B A C K G R O U N D 2
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2 P R O J E C T A R E A P R O F I L E 2
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S T U D Y A P P R O A C H
2 C H A P T E R : V A R K A L A - A C I T Y P R O F I L E 4
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2 I N T R O D U C T I O N 5
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2 2 H I S T O R Y O F V A R K A L A 6
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2 P H Y S I O G R A P H Y 6
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2 4 L O C A T I O N A N D C O N N E C T I V I T Y 7
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2 5 A R E A A N D A D M I N I S T R A T I V E U N I T S 7
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2 6 D E M O G R A P H I C P R O F I L E O F T H E P R O J E C T A R E A 8
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2 7 P H Y S I C A L A N D S O C I A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
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C H A P T E R : E V A L U A T I O N O F T H E E X I S T I N G S I T U A T I O N
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T O U R I S T S I N K E R A L A A N D V A R K A L A 4
3.1.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in Kerala ................................................................................... 14

3.1.2 Domestic Tourist Arrivals (DTAs) in Kerala ............................................................................... 15
3.1.3 Earnings from Tourism Industry ............................................................................................... 16
3.1.4 Share of Varkala in the Arrivals of Foreign Tourists in the District ........................................... 17
3.1.5 Share of Varkala in the Arrivals of Domestic Tourists in the District ........................................ 17
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2 T O U R I S M S U R V E Y 8
3.2.1 Accommodation Unit Survey .................................................................................................... 18
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3.2.2 Non-Accommodation Unit Survey ............................................................................................ 21

3.2.3 Tourist Volume Count Survey ................................................................................................... 22
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T R A F F I C A N D T R A N S P O R T C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S 2
3.3.1 Road Network in the Project Area ............................................................................................ 24

3.3.2 Traffic and Travel Characteristics.............................................................................................. 25
3.3.3 Regional Traffic ......................................................................................................................... 27
3.3.4 Travel Characteristics ................................................................................................................ 29
3.3.5 Inter and Intra City Public Transport System ............................................................................ 30
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4 C H A P T E R : P O P U L A T I O N P R O J E C T I O N S
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4 P O P U L A T I O N P R O J E C T I O N S 2
4.1.1 Population Estimates ................................................................................................................ 32

4.1.2 Scenario-1: Existing Decadal Growth Rate................................................................................ 32
4.1.3 Scenario-2: Moderate Decadal Growth Rate ............................................................................ 32
4.1.4 Scenario-3: Optimistic Decadal Growth Rate ........................................................................... 33
4.1.5 Conclusion................................................................................................................................. 33
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5 C H A P T E R : T O U R I S M D E M A N D A S S E S S M E N T 4
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5 S T U D Y M E T H O D O L O G Y F O R T O U R I S M A S S E S S M E N T 5
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5 2 E X I S T I N G T O U R I S T A R R I V A L , G R O W T H T R E N D S A N D F U T U R E P R O J E C T I O N S 6
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5 R O O M D E M A N D A S S E S S M E N T 4
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5 4 E M P L O Y M E N T P R O J E C T I O N S 4
6 C H A P T E R : E X I S T I N G L A N D U S E 4 2
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6 I N T R O D U C T I O N 4
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6 2 P R E P A R A T I O N O F B A S E M A P A N D E X I S T I N G L A N D U S E M A P 4
7 C H A P T E R : E M E R G I N G C O N C E R N S A N D C H A L L E N G E S 4 6
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7 E M E R G I N G I S S U E S 4 7
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7 2 E N V I R O N M E N T A L I S S U E S 4 7
7.2.1 Cliff Erosion and Protective Measures ...................................................................................... 47

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7 E C O N O M I C I S S U E S 4 7
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7 4 S O C I O - C U L T U R A L I S S U E S 4 8
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7 5 O T H E R I S S U E S 4 8
7.5.1 Issues related to Traffic and Transportation ............................................................................ 48

7.5.2 Over Exploitation of Natural Resources.................................................................................... 49
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8 C H A P T E R : P L A N N I N G P R O P O S A L S 5
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8 V I S I O N 5
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8 2 M I S S I O N 5
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8 O N A T I O N O F T H E P R O J E C T A R E A 5
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8 4 P L A N N I N G P R I N C I P L E S 5 2
8.4.1 Multinucleated Approach ......................................................................................................... 52

8.4.2 Decentralized Development ..................................................................................................... 52
8.4.3 Low-Rise and Low-Density Developments................................................................................ 52
8.4.4 Promotion of Public-Private Partnerships ................................................................................ 52
8.4.5 Local People’s Participation ...................................................................................................... 52
8.4.6 Promotion of Home Stay .......................................................................................................... 53
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8 5 P R O P O S E D L A N D U S E S I N T H E P R O J E C T A R E A 5 4
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8 6 P R O P O S E D T R A F F I C A N D T R A N S P O R T A T I O N N E T W O R K 5 5
8.6.1 Proposed Road Network ........................................................................................................... 55

8.6.2 Proposed Traffic and Transportation Infrastructure ................................................................ 58
8.6.3 Street Furniture ........................................................................................................................ 61
8.6.4 Public Transport ........................................................................................................................ 61
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C H A P T E R : A S S E S S M E N T O F P H Y S I C A L A N D S O C I A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E A N D P L A N N I N G N O R M S
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A D O P T E D 6
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P H Y S I C A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E 6 4
9.1.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................ 64

9.1.2 Solid Waste Management......................................................................................................... 65
9.1.3 Sewerage................................................................................................................................... 66
9.1.4 Power Supply ............................................................................................................................ 66
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2 S O C I A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E 6 7
9.2.1 Education Facility ...................................................................................................................... 67

9.2.2 Health Facility ........................................................................................................................... 68
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C H A P T E R : T O U R I S M C I R C U I T A N D I D E N T I F I E D P R O J E C T S F O R D E V E L O P M E N T 7
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V A R K A L A T O U R I S M C I R C U I T 7
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2 I D E N T I F I E D P R O J E C T S F O R T O U R I S M P R O M O T I O N 7
10.2.1 Janardhan Swamy Temple ...................................................................................................... 72

10.2.2 Papanasam Beach ................................................................................................................... 74
10.2.3 North Cliff................................................................................................................................ 77
10.2.4 Renovation of Varkala Tunnel................................................................................................. 80
10.2.5 Identification of Future Area for Development with Urban Design Guidelines ..................... 82
10.2.6 Development around Kappil Lake........................................................................................... 84
10.2.7 Golden Island .......................................................................................................................... 86
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10.2.8 Anjengo Fort ........................................................................................................................... 89

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L I S T O F P R O J E C T S - V I S I O N V A R K A L A 2 2
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C H A P T E R : D E V E L O P M E N T G U I D E L I N E S
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L A N D U S E O N I N G 4
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2 P E R M I S S I B L E U S E S I N T H E P R O P O S E D L A N D U S E O N E S 6
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P E R M I S S I B L E U S E S I N T H E I D E N T I F I E D I N V E S T M E N T N O D E S 5
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5 G R O U N D C O V E R A G E A N D M A R G I N S 6
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2 C H A P T E R : I N S T I T U T I O N A L M E C H A N I S M 8
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2 2 P U B L I C – P R I V A T E P A R T N E R S H I P ( P P P )
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L I S T O F T A B L E S
Table 1: Project Area and Administrative Units 2

Table 2: Distances of Important Destinations from Varkala 7
Table 3: Administrative Units of Thiruvananthapuram District since 1981 7
Table 4: Total Population and Decadal Growth Rate in Project Area 8
Table 5: Employment Structure in Project Area (2011) 9
Table 6: Foreign Tourist Arrivalsin Kerala 14
Table 7: District Wise Inflow of Foreign Tourists to Kerala 15
Table 8: Domestic Tourist Arrivals in Kerala 16
Table 9: Earnings from Tourism in Kerala 16
Table 10: Foreign Tourist Arrivals in Varkala-2010 17
Table 11: Domestic Tourist Arrivals in Varkala-2010 18
Table 12: Tourist Volume Count at Papanasm Beach, North Cliff and Kappil Lake 23
Table 13: Distribution of Project Area Major Road Length by Right of Way 24
Table 14: Distribution of Project Area Major Road Length by Carriageway Width 25
Table 15: Daily and Peak Traffic Volume (16 Hours) at Screen Line / Mid Blocks 25
Table 16: Daily Traffic Volume (16 Hours) at Intersections 26
Table 17: Daily Traffic Composition (16 Hours) at Screen-Line / Mid Blocks Locations 26
Table 18: Daily & Peak Passenger Trips at Screen Line/ Mid Block Locations 27
Table 19: Daily & Peak Traffic Volume at Outer Cordon Locations 28
Table 20: Mode wise Passengers Trips at all Outer Cordon Locations 28
Table 21: Daily Mode wise Freight Movement at all Outer Cordon Locations 28
Table 22: Distribution of Households by Monthly Income 29
Table 23: Distribution of Households by Vehicle Ownership 29
Table 24: Modal Split - 2013 30
Table 25: Population Growth Forecast for the Project Area 32
Table 26: Projected Population and Population Density 33
Table 27: Existing Growth Trends and Forecast for Tourist Inflow to Kerala 36
Table 28: Tourist Inflow to Varkala (2005-10) 37
Table 29: Projected Tourists Inflow to Varkala 38
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Table 30: Projected Tourists Inflow to Kerala and Varkala (Month-Wise) 39

Table 31: Employment Projection (Year 2041) 41
Table 32: Existing Land Use in the Project Area 44
Table 33: Proposed Land Use in the Project Area 54
Table 34: Proposed Road Hierarchy 56
Table 35: Proposed Road Network in the Project Area 58
Table 36: Estimated Domestic Water Demand in the Project Area - 2041 64
Table 37: Estimated Total Water Demand in the Project Area - 2041 65
Table 38: Estimated Solid Waste Generation Per Capita in the Project Area – 2041 66
Table 39: Estimated Domestic Solid Waste Generation in the Project Area – 2041 66
Table 40: Estimated Total Solid Waste Generation in the Project Area – 2041 66
Table 41: Standard UDPFI Norms for Provision of Education Facility 67
Table 42: Education Facility required in the Project Area –2041 67
Table 43: Derivation of Higher Level Education Facility in the Project Area - 2041 68
Table 44: Standard UDPFI/IPHS Norms for Provision of Health Facility 68
Table 45: Health Facility required in the Project Area - 2041 69
L I S T O F M A P S
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M a p N o M a p N a m e A f t e r P a g e
Map 1: Location & Regional Linkages of Varkala 07

Map 2: Base Map of the Project Area 43
Map 3: Cadastral Map 43
Map 4: Existing Land Use 43
Map 5: Contour Map 43
Map 6: Proposed Land Use Zones 51
Map 7: Proposed Strategic Activity Nodes 51
Map 8: Proposed Road Network 58
Map 9: Coastal Regulation Zone Map 108
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L I S T O F F I G U R E S
Figure 1: Location of Varkala in Thiruvananthapuram District 5

Figure 2: Emerging Issues from Survey 20
Figure 3: Proposed Road Cross Sections 57
Figure 4: Maithanam Junction Improvement 59
Figure 5: Proposed Rail under Bridge near Varkala Railway Station 60
Figure 6: Section Showing Janardhan Temple Precincts 72
Figure 7: Access to the Janardhan Swamy Temple 72
Figure 8: Existing Land Use around the Janardhan Swamy Temple 73
Figure 9: Proposed Amenities around the Janardhan Swamy Temple 74
Figure 10: Section Showing Papanasam Beach 75
Figure 11: Access to the Papanasam Beach 75
Figure 12: Existing Land Use around the Papanasam Beach 76
Figure 13: Proposed Amenities around the Papanasam Beach 77
Figure 14: View of the North Cliff 77
Figure 15: Access to the North Cliff 78
Figure 16: Existing Land Use around the North Cliff 78
Figure 17: Proposed Amenities around the North Cliff 79
Figure 18: Canal and Other Water Bodies in Varkala 80
Figure 19: Potential Nodes for Upgradation along T.S. Canal 80
Figure 20: Conceptual Development along T.S. Canal 81
Figure 21: Development at Proposed Nodes along T.S. Canal 82
Figure 22: High Potential Areas for Development along the Coastline 83
Figure 23: Location of Kappil Lake 84
Figure 24: Proposed Development around Kappil Lake 85
Figure 25: Location of Golden Island 86
Figure 26: Proposed Tourism Activities along the Golden Island 88
Figure 27: Location of Infrastructure Facilities in the Island 88
Figure 28: Aerial View of Anjengo Fort 89
Figure 29: Proposed Development at Anjengo Fort 90
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A B B R E V I A T I O N S
AGR Annual Growth Rate

CAGR Compounded Annual Growth Rate
CEPT Center for Environmental Planning and Technology
CPHEEO Central Public Health and Environmental Engineering Organization
CT Census Town
DCR Development Control Regulations
DGR Decadal Growth Rate
DoT Department of Tourism, Kerala
DTA Domestic Tourists Arrival
DTPC District Tourism Promotion Councils
ECS Equivalent Car Space
ELU Existing Land Use
EWS Economically Weaker Sections
FAR Floor Area Ratio
FDI Foreign Direct Investment
FHRAI Federation of Hotel and Restaurant Associations of India
FSI Floor Space Index
FTAs Foreign Tourist Arrivals
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Geographic Information Systems
GNP Gross National Product
GSI Geological Survey of India
Ha Hectare
ICZM Integrated Coastal Zone Management
IPT Intermediate Public Transport
IRC Indian Road Congress
KSEB Kerala State Electricity Board
KTDC Kerala Tourism Development Corporation
KWWS Kerala Water Supply and Sewerage (KWSS) Act, 1986
LCV Light Commercial Vehicle
LIG Lower Income Group
LPCD Litres per Capita Day
LSG Local Self-Government
MAV Multi Axle Vehicle
MLD Million Litres per Day
MoEF Ministry of Environment and Forests
MT Metric Tonnes
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NBC National Building Code

NGO Non-Governmental Organization
NH National Highway
NHAI National Highways Authority of India
NRSC National Remote Sensing Centre
OC Outer Cordon
O
C Degree Celsius
PCU Passenger Car Unit
PHC Primary Health Centre
PHSC Primary Health Sub-Centre
pph Persons Per Hectare
PPP Public Private Partnership
RCC Reinforced Cement Concrete
RoW Right of Way
RT Responsible Tourism
RUB Rail under Bridge
RWSS Rural Water Supply Scheme
SH State Highway
SME Small and Medium Enterprise
SSI Small Scale Industries
ST Scheduled Tribes
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWM Solid Waste Management
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
ToR Terms of Reference
TPZ Tourism Promotion Zone
TRKL Tourist Resort Kerala Ltd
TW Two Wheeler
UD Urban Design
UDPFI Urban Development Plan Formulation and Implementation Guidelines
ULB Urban Local Body
WFPR Work Force Participation Rate
WTP Water Treatment Plant
ViVIDC Vision Varkala Infrastructural Development Corporation
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E X E C U T I V E S U M M A R Y
P R O J E C T B A C K G R O U N D
Varkala, a coastal town, situated at a distance of about 50 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and 37

km south of Kollam city is one of the important religious and tourist destinations in Kerala. It is
visited by lakhs of foreign and domestic tourists / pilgrims regularly as well as during the special
occasions both from India and abroad. In view of Varkala’s enormous tourist potential, the
Government of Kerala has initiated the process of preparing the Master Plan-2041 for integrated
development of this area through a number of infrastructure development projects for meeting the
requirement of making Varkala a tourists’ paradise, both for the domestic and foreign tourists. To
achieve this objective, Government of Kerala through its arm; Vision Varkala Infrastructure
Development Corporation Ltd., has engaged RITES Ltd., a Government of India Enterprise, for
preparing the Master Plan-2041.
P R O J E C T S T U D Y A R E A
The area of Varkala Municipality and seven Panchayats namely; Pallickal, Madavoor, Navaikulam,
Elakamon, Chemmaruthy, Vettoor and Edava constitute the project area. As per Government
records, it has an area of about 142.78 sq.km., whereas, after Geo-referencing the satellite images
for preparing digital base map in GIS environs, the total area measures 130.43 sq.km. For all
calculations leading to formulation of Master Plan-2041, the computed area of 130.43 sq km. has
been adopted.The project area is well connected by roads, railways and the airways. The National
Highway NH-47 connecting Kollam to Kanyakumari passes through it. Rail connectivity is provided by
Southern Railways in this region. The international airport of Thiruvananthapuram is only 55 km
which is linked by NH-47.
The total population of the project area in 2011 was around 2.22 lakh persons. The average
population density is around 17.1 pph which is quite low as compared to the district density (49 pph)
and the State average of 65.4 pph (Census 2011).
T O U R I S M S C E N A R I O I N K E R A L A
The foreign tourist inflow to Kerala has shown increase from around 3.4 lakh (2004) to 6.6 lakh
(2010) tourists. The foreign tourist’s inflow from United Kingdom was highest at 23.7%, followed by
USA (10.79%) and France (9.79%) during the year 2010. Whereas during the same period the foreign
tourist inflow to Thiruvananthapuram district increased from around 1 lakh (2004) to 2 lakh (2010).
The share of Thiruvananthapuram district (31%) in the total foreign tourist inflow to Kerala during
2010 was just next to Ernakulam district (42%). During the 2004-10, the domestic tourist inflow to
Kerala has shown increase from around 6 lakh (2004) to 8.6 lakh (2010) tourists. The domestic
tourist’s inflow from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh was observed
significant as compared to other parts of the country.
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T O U R I S M S C E N A R I O I N V A R K A L A
The share of Varkala in the foreign tourist arrivals during the year 2010 was almost 22% of
Thiruvananthapuram District (45,545 tourists); next to Kovalam at 53% (108,639 tourists). The winter
months from November to March are the preferred months of the foreign tourists whereas, the lean
season is from April to July when the foreign tourist inflow is lowest.
The share of Varkala in the domestic tourists during the year 2010 was almost 13.7% of the district
(160,238 tourists) which was third most after the Thiruvananthapuram at 59.5% (696,555 tourists)
and Kovalam at 22.4% (262,456 tourists). The peak season of domestic tourists is during months of
April-May and November-December. The lean season is from January to March for the domestic
tourist inflow.
P O P U L A T I O N P R O J E C T I O N S F O R T H E P R O J E C T A R E A
The population of the project area comprising Varkala and other constituent Panchayats reached
222,154 in 2011 from 177,443 in 1981. During the decade 1981-91 the growth rate was 12.59%
which decreased to 9.01% during 1991-2001 and further decreased to 2.01% during the decade
2001-11 suggesting a steady out migration from Varkala.
To carry out the population projection for the project area three different scenarios were considered
namely (i) Existing decadal growth rate, (ii) Moderate decadal growth rate, and (iii) Optimistic
decadal growth rate. Envisioning the type and the scale of investments that are likely to come in the
project area, Scenario-3 which is Optimistic DGR of 31% has been considered for future population
projections. The total population under this scenario would be around 5 lakh persons by 2041.
T O U R I S T I N F L O W P R O J E C T I O N A N D D E M A N D A S S E S S M E N T
Considering the existing situation and the growing trends of tourist inflow, it was estimated that the
total tourists visiting Varkala by the year 2021 would be around 4.5 lakhs (2.5%); by year 2031,
would be around 8.4 lakhs (3%) and by 2041, would be around 14.8 lakhs (3.5%). During the same
period the total tourists visiting Kerala would be around 164 lakhs by year 2021, around 250 lakhs by
2031 and around 380 lakhs by year 2041.
The accommodation unit requirements in Varkala by the year 2041 have been calculated considering
the inflow of tourists during weekdays and weekends, both during peak and lean seasons, which
comes to around 8,000 rooms by 2041. Apart from these, there will be day time tourists and pilgrims
that shall be visiting the place during festivals or religious occasions.
Assuming the average employee-to-room ratio of 1.6 for all categories of hotels and home stays in
Varkala, the total employment in Varkala would be around 25,600+ jobs in the next 30 years i.e. by
year 2041 in the tourism industry.
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E X I S T I N G L A N D U S E I N T H E P R O J E C T A R E A
The existing land use study shows that nearly 7.06 sq.km (5.4%) of the total project area is under
Residential (Built) category, while about 0.43 sq.km (0.3%) and 0.11 sq.km (0.1%) is under
Commercial (Built) category and Industrial (Built) category, respectively. The combined area covered
under land use categories namely Vacant Open Area and Vacant Vegetal Area measures about 63.85
sq.km (49%), while under Plantation and Agriculture it is about 38.41 sq. km. (29.4%).
E M E R G I N G C O N C E R N S A N D C H A L L E N G E S
The major concerns identified were:

• E n - Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone, pollution of water bodies and
v i r o n m e n t a l I s s u e s
beaches, cliff erosion, destruction of the natural environment (fauna and flora), and
reduction in tree cover due to uncontrolled development, overexploitation of coastal natural
resources and unchecked construction activities
• E c - Lower level of local participation in tourism and related activities in terms
o n o m i c I s s u e s
of employment, entrepreneurship and informal activities, marginal jobs/low wages from

tourism sector for local people, and lower economic benefits to local people in spite of
increasing tourist inflow to the region
• S o - Exclusion of local community from beaches/tourism spots,
c i o - C u l t u r a l I s s u e s
commoditization of culture and art forms, new building styles/westernization of styles

among people, and low level of interest/involvement in tourism
• T r – Limited road network capacity with narrower roads,
a f f i c a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n I s s u e s
inadequate parking facilities, absence of footpath and proper signage’s along the roads, a
number of railway level crossings etc.
V I S I O N A N D M I S S I O N O F T H E M A S T E R P L A N
The main vision of the Master Plan is:

“Developing Varkala as the one of the most preferred and eco-friendly tourist destinations and
integrating it with needs of local community, improving quality of life and providing more
employment opportunities with least interference in the natural environment”.
The ultimate mission is:

“Attracting investments in a paradigm of regulated growth and development, at the designated
nodes within the project area, by involving all the stakeholders-both public and the private sectors
for vision realization”
O N A T I O N O F T H E P R O J E C T A R E A
Since this is the first planning effort of developing the project area comprising Municipal and
Panchayat areas, the development agency requires flexibility of attracting the investments at places
with a few restrictions specified in the Development Control Regulations. It is the foremost
requirement of the private investor, because the first choice of investor is to develop the area where
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land is accessible, cheaper and has the marketing potentials. Such flexibilities are not available in the
strict land use zones.
Hence, the entire project area has been dived into two zones described as under;
i. Urbanization Area-1 (UA-1), is the area that will have comparatively high intensity of
development i.e. higher FSI and developmental permission charges and the
development permissions linked with the hierarchy of roads as specified in the
Development Control Regulations,
ii. Urbanization Area-2 (UA-2), is the area that will have lower intensity of development
i.e. lower FSI and developmental charges than the UA-1.
Since the Zonation is based on the existing potentials to attract the investment, equally important is
attaining the balanced growth and development of the project area. For this purpose, the project
area within the two zones, has been designated for polycentric development as nodes of
investments listed as under:
• Commercial hubs in Varkala, Chemmaruthy, Edava and Navaikulam,
• Cultural Hub between Varkala, Chemmaruthy and Edava,
• Health and Education hub in Navaikulam,
• Technology Parks (IT and Other Technologies) in Madavoor, Pallickal and Navaikulam,
• Sports and Leisure/recreational Hub in Varkala, Edava and Elakamon,
• Agro based Industry in Vettoor,
• Transportation Hub in Navaikulam
P L A N N I N G P R I N C I P L E S
The broad principles on which the Master Plan, 2041 has been formulated are as follows:
• Multiple Nuclei Concept
• Decentralized Development
• Low-Rise and Low-Density Developments
• Promotion of Public-Private Partnerships
• Local People’s Participation
• Promotion of Home Stay
P R O P O S E D L A N D U S E
The Urbanization Area measuring 71.06 sq.km (54.5%) has been categorised into two zones namely
Urbanization Area-1 having an area of 24.51 sq.km (18.8%) and Urbanization Area-2 having an area
of 46.6 sq.km (35.7%). Considering the importance of ecosystem, around 27.7 km (21.3%) area has
been identified as conservation area. The tourism and recreation area has been kept around 5.7 sq.
km (4.4%) and the area under agriculture is around 15.4 sq. km (11.8%) of the total project area.
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T O U R I S M C I R C U I T A N D I D E N T I F I E D P R O J E C T S F O R D E V E L O P M E N T
The objective of having a tourist circuit is to increase the total number of visit to all destinations on
the circuit on one hand and to provide tourist the attraction of all the destinations located on the
circuit. It is in this reference it is suggested to cover various tourist destinations in the project area
including Kappil Lake – Shivagiri Mutt – Janardhan Swami temple - Varkala Cliff – Golden Island –
Anjengo Fort and other important tourist places in and around Varkala as a part of the tourist circuit.
The important tourist sites that have been identified for development / upgradation / renovation so
as to attract more tourists by creating better infrastructure facilities have been suggested as under:
• Janardhan Swamy Temple Development

• Papanasam Beach Development
• North Cliff Area Development
• Renovation of Varkala Tunnel
• Development around Kappil Lake
Apart from these projects, the other projects mentioned in Vision Varkala 2020 have also been
suggested to be developed after carrying out appropriate feasibilities of each of these projects.
A large number of foreign and domestic tourists come to Thiruvananthapuram and Kovalam.
Therefore it is also important to have tourism circuit of Kovalam – Thiruvananthapuram – Varkala in
order to bring more tourists to Varkala. This necessitates the need of improving road connectivity to
Thiruvananthapuram and Kovalam by widening NH-47 to 4-lanes immediately and to 6 lanes in
future.
I N S T I T U T I O N A L A R R A N G E M E N T
With the preparation of the Master Plan 2041, it is essential to make institutional arrangements for
the implementation of the Master Plan. In view of the limitations of the Vision Varkala Infrastructure
Development Corporation Ltd relating to the granting of various development permissions under the
laws applicable to the project area and the limited trained human resource, the following are the
proposals for effective and speedy clearances of the permissions:-
1. The powers exercised under the Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 by the municipal
officer for granting development permissions for areas measuring 200 square metres and above
should be made exercisable by the officer of the ViVIDC Ltd.
2. The powers exercised under the Kerala Panchayat Buildings Rules, 2011 for regulating the
development and granting development permissions in the Panchayat areas by the officers of
the Administrative Department be exercisable by the officers of the ViVIDC Ltd.
3. It would be appropriate to depute officers from various departments and placed under the
control of ViVIDC Ltd and shall keep drawing their salaries from the parent Department till such
R I T E S L t d .
xiv
time theViVIDC Ltd becomes self-sustainable. Such officers must have such delegation of
powers exercised by them in their parent department relating to development permission,
designing of infrastructure, preparing detailed project reports and according approvals thereof.
4. The above arrangement is to provide one-stop-shop kind of service to enable quick processing
of proposals and approval thereof under one roof.
5. There must be a capacity building training program of the staff in ViVIDC Ltd for explaining and
understanding the provisions of Master Plan, framing of various development proposals, their
processing for according approvals, there implications and implementation.
P U B L I C - P R I V A T E P A R T N E R S H I P ( P P P )
As stated in the institutional arrangement, Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation

Ltd (ViVIDC) will be constraint by limited human resource. It will also have resource constraint and
technological limitations. Therefore, to keep pace with the required infrastructure and to clear the
backlog, the option available is adopting PPP model. Despite its pros and cons, this joint effort of
government agency and of private sector partnership, the benefit of private sector funds and
expertise can be harnessed.
The repercussion of such an arrangement is reflected in the cost of using the service to be borne
exclusively by the users of the service. In such a paradigm, the responsibility of the public sector is
to:
i. Providing land to the partner for infrastructure development free from all encumbrances;
ii. Where only right-of-way is involved on the ground, above the ground, or below the ground, the
responsibility is of public sector to enable or facilitate all approvals or clearances from various
government agencies/Departments,
iii. Drafting of an agreement that meets the requirement of the partners and ultimately builds the
financial health of the public sector agency and builds the capacity of the agency to take future
projects on its own strength,
The project where private sector can be involved, i n t e r - a l i a ,

could be the following;
i. Infrastructure for promotion of tourism as identified in the Varkala Master Plan 2041 such as;
a. Ropeways, viewing towers and pedestrian bridges,
b. Water Sports, boating, running of ferries,
c. Building/ establishing Tourism Circuit
ii. Developing Road network

a. New roads after acquisition of land through a carefully drafted concessionaire
agreement,
b. Existing road widening, strengthening and maintenance thereof
iii. Developing energy source and linking with the state supply network,
R I T E S L t d .
xv
iv. Sewage treatment and solid waste management including compost plant,
v. Cultural complex
vi. Developing a mechanism of partnerships with the land owners for eliminating the land
acquisition costs, shortening of the time of taking the possession of land, reducing the
litigations by ensuring long term returns to the owners.
R I T E S L t d .
xvi
1 C H A P T E R : I N T R O D U C T I O N
Chapter Contents
• P r o j e c t B a c k g r o u n d
• P r o j e c t A r e a P r o f i l e
• S t u d y A p p r o a c h
The introductory chapter presents a brief description of the project and role of important
stakeholder’s viz. Client (Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd.)andConsultants (RITES
Ltd.) associated with the project. The project area profile has been briefly given and the study
approach discussed to give an insight of the report.
R I T E S L t d .
1
1 . 1
P R O J E C T B A C K G R O U N D
Varkala, north of Thiruvananthapuram, is one of the important religious tourist destinations in

Kerala. It is visited by lakhs of pilgrims regularly as well as during the special occasions both from
India and abroad. To perform rituals for the departed souls, there is a year round flow of about 2
lakh visitors while on the occasion of Vavubali day, the figure rises to about 10 lakh. Additionally,
every year from 30th December to 1st January, a large number of pilgrims visit Sivagiri - a place of
resting of Sree Narayan Guru.
In view of Varkala’s enormous tourist potential, the Government of Kerala has initiated the process
of preparing the Master Plan-2041 for integrated development of this area through a number of
infrastructure development projects for meeting the requirement of making Varkala a tourists’
paradise, both for the domestic and foreign tourists.
To achieve this objective, Government of Kerala through its arm; Vision Varkala Infrastructure
Development Corporation Ltd., engaged RITES for preparing the Master Plan-2041.
1 .
2 P R O J E C T A R E A P R O F I L E
The area of Varkala Municipality and seven Panchayats namely; Pallickal, Madavoor, Navaikulam,
Elakamon, Chemmaruthy, Vettoor and Edava constitute the project area. It is part of the
Chirayinkeezhu taluka of Thiruvananthapuram district and has a population of nearly 2.22 lakhs
(Census 2011). As per Government records, it has an area of about 142.78 sq.km., (details given in
below), whereas, after Geo-referencing the satellite images for preparing digital base map in
1
T a b l e
GIS environs, the total area measures 130.43 sq.km. Therefore, for all calculations leading to
formulation of Master Plan-2041, the computed area of 130.43 sq km. has been adopted.
1
T a b l e : P r o j e c t A r e a a n d A d m i n i s t r a t i v e U n i t s
. . . k
S N o A d m i n i s t r a t i v e B o u n d a r y V i l l a g e A r e a ( i n s q m )
1 Varkala Municipality 15.21

2 Elakamon (P) Ayiroor (Elakamon) 24.23
3 Chemmaruthy (P) Chemmaruthy 17.59
4 Edava (P) Edava 9.22
5 Madavoor (P) Madavoor 18.71
6 Navaikulam (P) Navaikulam, Kudavoor 28.92
7 Pallickal (P) Pallickal 21.66
8 Vettoor (P) Vettoor - Cherunniyoor 7.04
1 .
T o t a l 4 2 5 8
(P) = Panchayat
Source: Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd.
R I T E S L t d .
2
1 . 3
S T U D Y A P P R O A C H
For the purpose of formulating the Varkala Master Plan-2041, the approach adopted is given as
follows:
i. Assessing existing demographic and infrastructural scenario in the project area,

ii. Assessing the existing tourism scenario of Varkala and the surrounding area,
iii. Impact of tourism on environment and the culture of the project area,
iv. Identification of major issues confronted in Varkala with reference to tourism,
v. SWOT Analyses
vi. Vision, Objectives and Strategies for increasing tourism potential of the region and overall
development,
vii. Planning Proposals, Land Use Zoning and framing the Development Control Regulations
considering the existing situation and envisaged future developments,
viii. Estimates on requirement of physical and social infrastructure to cater to the growing needs
of the Project Area by 2041,
ix. Strategies for protection of environmentally and culturally sensitive areas,
x. Master Plan implementation strategy
R I T E S L t d .
3
2
C H A P T E R : V A R K A L A - A C I T Y P R O F I L E
Chapter Contents
• I n t r o d u c t i o n
• H i s t o r y o f V a r k a l a
• T o p o g r a p h y a n d P h y s i c a l F e a t u r e s
• L o c a t i o n a n d C o n n e c t i v i t y
• A r e a a n d A d m i n i s t r a t i v e U n i t s
• D e m o g r a p h i c P r o f i l e
The chapter presents a brief profile about the district and the historical importance of Varkalain the
present context. The broad topographical features of the State/district have been discussed to get
an idea about the natural terrain and its inherent characteristics with reference to tourism. The
location of the project area and its connectivity with different parts of the State has been
overviewed to understand the strategic importance of the place.
R I T E S L t d .
4
. 1
2 I N T R O D U C T I O N
Situated in the southwestern part of India, State of Kerala shares its northern boundary with
Karnataka and the eastern and southern boundary with Tamil Nadu. On the west it is embraced by
the Arabian Sea. Kerala, the ‘God’s Own Country’ is one of the most preferred tourist destinations in
India attracting domestic and foreign tourists.
The Western Ghats endowed with natural beauty contain lush green vegetal cover comprising
coconut trees, plantations, paddy fields, different forms of water bodies like lagoons, backwaters,
waterfalls, rivers etc. together present a picturesque landscape attracting tourists year round. Its
location in the map of India is given in the below:
1
F i g u r e
V a a l a
r k
a l a S t a t i a n a n t a p a m D i s t i c t
I n d i a K e r e T h r u v h u r r
F i g u r e 1 : L o c a t i o n o f V a r k a l a i n T h i r u v a n a n t h a p u r a m D i s t r i c t
Thiruvananthapuram, the state capital city and one of the largest urban agglomerations of the state,
is located in the southernmost part of the Kerala. The district owes its name to the city
Thiruvananthapuram which is also the district headquarters.
Varkala, a coastal town, is situated at a distance of about 50 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and

37 km south of Kollam city. It is one of the major tourist destinations of Kerala. Owing to its
historicity of religious significance, a number of temples in combination with natural beauty attract
tourists and pilgrims.
The archaeological remains of natural or artificial caves of pre-historic period were discovered during
construction of Varkala Tunnel. There are a number of archaeological antiquities particularly
inscriptions in the district. Almost all the inscriptions and sculptures are found in various temples
R I T E S L t d .
5
located in the district. As in the case of other Coastal districts, the district had commercial relations
with many parts of the world.
.
2 2 H I S T O R Y O F V A R K A L A
Varkala was a village in Chirayinkil taluka of erstwhile Travancore state, situated 26 miles north of
Thiruvananthapuram city. The place was known as “Janardanapuram” named after the ancient
temple of Lord Janardana (Vishnu). Regarded as Gaya thereby known as southern Varanasi, the
Hindu pilgrims from all parts of India visit this place.
k
O r i g i n o f t h e n a m e V a r a l a
To get rid of Sapam (curse) of ‘Lord Brahma’, Narada together with his followers identified a place on
the Earth by throwing his “Valkalam” (back garment). They built a temple there and dedicated it to
Lord Vishnu. ‘Varkala’ is believed to be a corrupted word of ‘valkalam’. Seashore near the
Janardanaswami temple is considered as ‘Papanasam Theertham’ (sin absolving place) therefore
also known as ‘Papanasam Kadappuram’. Lacs of devotees perform ‘Pithrutharpanam’ at Papanasam
seashore during ‘Makaravavu‘and Karkadakavavu’ (new moon days).
In 1762, the Dalawa (King) of Travancore visited the place and found it worthy of improvement. He
built about 54 houses near the temple and presented to the Brahmins who settled down there.
Varkala was also known as , named after the Travancore King, Udaya U d a y a M a r t h a n d a p u r a m
Marthanda Varma.
Varkala was also associated with Sree Narayana Guru, the great religious as well as spiritual
reformer. In 1904 Guru selected ‘Sivagiri’, as his prime center of activities. He founded Sarada
temple, which attracts thousands of devotees. His samadhi is visited by thousands of devotees every
month.
Owing to its geological significance, the Geological Survey of India (GSI) has initiated efforts to
protect the cliffs, shorelines and nearby areas of the Varkala coast as a National Geo–Park for
including in the list of World Heritage Sites of UNESCO.
. 3
2 P H Y S I O G R A P H Y
Physiographically, Thiruvananthapuram district broadly can be divided into 3 parts viz. the High Land
region comprising about 1,046 sq.km (47.7%), the Middle Land region comprising nearly 915 sq.km
(41.7%) area and the Low Land region comprising about 230 sq.km (10.6%). Varkala town is situated
in this Low Land region consisting of seacoast, hills and valleys. Its geological composition is of sand,
sandstone, clay and lignite deposits. The paddy is cultivated mostly in Varkala as compared other
seven Panchayats.
R I T E S L t d .
6
There is no perennial river in Varkala. The main rivers of the Thiruvananthapuram district - Neyyar,
Karamanayar, and Vamanapuram, flowing from east to west and falling into the Arabian Sea are
outside the Project Area.
The chief backwaters, from south to north, are Veli, Kadinamkulam, Angengo and Edava Nadayara.
These are connected by artificially constructed canals (Trivandrum – Shornur canal). In 1877, two
tunnels of length 281.35 m and 719.83 m were constructed as part of the canal at Varkala for the
continuous navigation from south to north of Kerala. It brought physical changes in commercial
activities and water transportation system.
.
2 4 L O C A T I O N A N D C O N N E C T I V I T Y
The project area is well connected by roads, railways and the airways. The National Highway NH-47
connecting Kollam to Kanyakumari passes through it. The State Highways connect it with other parts
through SH-1, SH-2, SH-3, SH-45 and SH-46. Rail connectivity is provided by Southern Railways in this
region through a broad gauge railway line running in north-south direction, linking Nagercoil-
Kanyakumari in the south to Kollam-Kochi in the north. The international airport of
Thiruvananthapuram is only 55 km which is linked by NH-47. The relative distances from important
places are given in below: The regional connectivity of study area is shown in
1 .
T a b l e 2 M a p
T a b l e 2 : D i s t a n c e s o f I m p o r t a n t D e s t i n a t i o n s f r o m V a r k a l a
D e s t i n a t i o n ( C i t y ) D i s t a n c e D e s t i n a t i o n ( A i r p o r t ) D i s t a n c e
Thiruvananthapuram City 50 km Thiruvananthapuram International Airport 55 km

Kollam City 37 km Cochin International Airport 175 km
.
2 5 A R E A A N D A D M I N I S T R A T I V E U N I T S
The Thiruvananthapuram district has two administrative setups viz. Revenue and Local Self-
Government. Under the Revenue System the district is divided into Revenue Division as Talukas and
Villages while for local administration, the district is divided into statutory Towns and Panchayats.
For implementing developmental programs, Panchayats are grouped under Community
Development Blocks. These units namely Talukas, Community Development Blocks, Statutory Towns,
Panchayats, Panchayat Wards, and Villages have their own place in the administrative hierarchy; the
details are given in below.
3
T a b l e
T a b l e 3 : A d m i n i s t r a t i v e U n i t s o f T h i r u v a n a n t h a p u r a m D i s t r i c t s i n c e 1 9 8 1
U n i t s C e n s u s 1 9 8 1 C e n s u s 1 9 9 1 C e n s u s 2 0 0 1 C e n s u s 2 0 1 1
Talukas 4 4 4 4
Villages 86 93 91 68
CD Blocks 12 12 12 12
Panchayats 84 84 78 78
Statutory Towns 5 5 5 5
Census Towns 1 5 0 26
R I T E S L t d .
7
Total No. of Towns 6 10 5 31

Municipal Corporations 1 1 1 1
Municipalities 4 4 4 4
O. G. 1 7 5 2
Source: Census of India
.
2 6 D E M O G R A P H I C P R O F I L E O F T H E P R O J E C T A R E A
Total population of the project area in 2011 was around 2.22 lakh persons which was around 1.77
lakh in 1981, 1.99 lakhs in 1991 and 2.177 in 2001. However, the decadal growth rate of population
has shown a decline during the decades 1991-2001 and 2001-2011 as indicated in the below.
T a b l e 4
T a b l e 4 : T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n a n d D e c a d a l G r o w t h R a t e i n P r o j e c t A r e a
S . N o . P r o j e c t A r e a T o t a l P o p u l a t i o n ( N o ' s ) S h a r e i n P r o j e c t
( M u n i c i p a l i t y / 1 9 8 1 1 9 9 1 2 0 0 1 2 0 1 1 A r e a - 2 0 1 1
P a n c h a y a t ) 1 9 8 1 - 9 1 1 9 9 1 - 2 0 0 1 2 0 0 1 - 1 1
1 Varkala (M) 34,009 38,987 40,728 40,048 18.0%

1 4 . 6 % 4 . 5 % - 1 . 7 %
2 Edava 24,839 26,537 26,903 25,994 11.7%

6 . 8 % 1 . 4 % - 3 . 4 %
3 Elakamon 19,222 21523 24,385 25,307 11.4%

1 2 . 0 % 1 3 . 3 % 3 . 8 %
4 Chemmaruthy 23,118 27,093 30,918 32,444 14.6%

1 7 . 2 % 1 4 . 1 % 4 . 9 %
5 Navaikulam 29,058 33,602 38,214 40,702 18.3%

1 5 . 6 % 1 3 . 7 % 6 . 5 %
6 Pallickal 13,032 14,740 16,470 16,873 7.6%

1 3 . 1 % 1 1 . 7 % 2 . 4 %
7 Madavoor 15,809 18,510 20,855 21,118 9.5%

1 7 . 1 % 1 2 . 7 % 1 . 3 %
8 Vettoor 18,356 18,790 19,301 19,668 8.9%

2 . 4 % 2 . 7 % 1 . 9 %
T o t a l 1 7 7 , 4 4 3 1 9 9 , 7 8 2 2 1 7 , 7 7 4 2 2 2 , 1 5 4 1 0 0 . 0 %
1 2 . 6 % 9 . 0 % 2 . 0 %
The population share of Navaikulam (18.3%) is highest followed by Varkala (18%) of the total
population whereas the share of Pallickal (7.6%) is the lowest. The average population density is
around 17.1 pph which is quite low as compared to the district density of 49 pph and the State
average of 65.4 pph (Census 2011). The average household size is 3.8 persons in the Project Area
(Census 2011).
R I T E S L t d .
8
As per Census 2011, the percent share of Scheduled Caste (SC) population in the project area is
about 17.4% of the total population; in Chemmaruthy Panchayat it is 23.5% whereas Edava has the
lowest of 9.5%. The Scheduled Tribes (ST) population in the project area ranges between 0.1 to 0.4%
(Census 2011) which is fractional of the total population.
In the project area, the average sex ratio is 1,198 females per thousand males, which is higher than
district figure of 1,068 and State figure of 1,091 (Census 2011). The literacy rate in the project area
has been recorded about 83% which is marginally lower than the district figure of 85.7% and the
State figure of 85.3% (Census 2011).
The workforce participation rate in the project area is around 34% (Census 2011), of which nearly
25% are Main Workers and the remaining 9% are the Marginal Workers. The highest workforce
participation rate has been observed in Chemmaruthy (37.5%) followed by Madavoor (37.2%)
whereas the lowest has been observed in Edava (27.3%) as given below.
T a b l e 5
T a b l e 5 : E m p l o y m e n t S t r u c t u r e i n P r o j e c t A r e a ( 2 0 1 1 )
S . P r o j e c t A r e a C e n s u s W o r k e r s S e c t o r w i s e M a i n W o r k e r s ( A )
o . ( M u n i c i p a l i t y / P a n c h a y a t ) 2 0 1 1 T o t a l M a i n M a r g i n a l P r i m a r y S e c o n d a r y T e r t i a r y
N
A + B A B
1 Varkala (M) 40,048 13,166 10,229 2,937 4.85% 1.92% 93.23%

3 2 . 9 % 2 5 . 5 % 7 . 3 %
2 Edava 25,994 7,095 5,211 1,884 7.23% 1.61% 91.16%

2 7 . 3 % 2 0 . 0 % 7 . 2 %
3 Elakamon 25,307 8,979 6,919 2,060 16.35% 1.86% 81.79%

3 5 . 5 % 2 7 . 3 % 8 . 1 %
4 Chemmaruthy 32,444 12,171 8,600 3,571 14.17% 2.34% 83.49%

3 7 . 5 % 2 6 . 5 % 1 1 . 0 %
5 Navaikulam 40,702 14,065 10,257 3,808 23.60% 4.50% 71.90%

3 4 . 6 % 2 5 . 2 % 9 . 4 %
6 Pallickal 16,873 5,259 3,923 1,336 27.81% 1.48% 70.71%

3 1 . 2 % 2 3 . 3 % 7 . 9 %
7 Madavoor 21,118 7,851 5,597 2,254 23.62% 1.72% 74.66%

3 7 . 2 % 2 6 . 5 % 1 0 . 7 %
8 Vettoor 19,668 6,132 4,523 1,609 3.62% 3.89% 92.49%

3 1 . 2 % 2 3 . 0 % 8 . 2 %
T o t a l 2 2 2 , 1 5 4 7 4 , 7 1 8 5 5 , 2 5 9 1 9 , 4 5 9 1 5 . 1 6 % 2 . 4 2 % 8 2 . 4 2 %
3 3 . 6 % 2 4 . 9 % 8 . 8 %
It has been observed from the Census 2011 data that on an average about 82% of main workers are
engaged in tertiary sector whereas the remaining 15% and 3% are engaged in primary and secondary
sectors, respectively. The highest percentage of main workers engaged in tertiary sector has been
observed in Varkala (93.23%) followed byVettor (92.49%) and the lowest has been observed in
Pallickal (70.71%).
R I T E S L t d .
9
.
2 7 P H Y S I C A L A N D S O C I A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
The existing physical and social amenities/facilities within Varkala with issues/remarks is tabulated
as follows:
. k
N o P h y s i c a l I n f r a s t r u c t u r e I s s u e s / R e m a r s
1 Tube well supply may not suffice in the near

W a t e r S u p p l y
Major source of water supply in Varkala is future, therefore alternative source has to be
from bore-wells studied and integrated with the total system.
2 It requires immediate concerted efforts to
S e w e r a g e S y s t e m
There is no sewerage system; treatment and work out a comprehensive plan for meeting
disposal of sewage is through the septic tanks the environmental requirements.
at individual level.
3
S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t
• Varkala is a ‘Class-C’ municipality • There is no waste segregation at source,

generating an average daily solid waste of • Although street sweeping is done after
about 250-300 gm per capita day every 12 hours yet problem of uncollected
• The solid waste is collected, treated, waste persists,
recycled, and disposed of in the landfill • Absence of community bins on road sides
site with the help of an NGO is resulting into spillover especially at
tourist spots where waste gets dumped
between the cliff and the sea coast
• Quantum of waste produced is not
proportionate to the tariff rates
• No sensitivity towards generating less
waste
• Number of vehicles and their frequency
for waste collection is not optimized,
• No proper mechanism for getting returns
and hence generally solid waste services
run on grant support,
• Tariff fixed for commercial establishments
is Rs.500 per month which is inadequate,
. k
N o S o c i a l A m e n i t i e s / F a c i l i t i e s I s s u e s / R e m a r s
1
E d u c a t i o n a l F a c i l i t i e s
• Varkala has 12 schools, out of which The major concern of the secondary schools is
three are high schools (Government-2 the non-availability of playgrounds
and Private-1)
• There are 2 upper primary schools (5th to
8th standard) and 7 are lower primary
R I T E S L t d .
10
schools
• All schools have LCDs and internet
facilities
2
H e a l t h F a c i l i t i e s
• Government Naturopathy Hospital in • The Taluka hospital is not only catering to

Varkala is the only hospital in Kerala that the residents of Varkala but also to the
treats without medicines, people of nearby Panchayats.
• There is one Taluka hospital with 120 • A special ambulance service is available
beds and 9 doctors of different for patients in the Government health
specialties, centers
• There is also a private hospital run by
Sivagiri trust
• Vaidyasalas, run by the experienced
people in Varkala, are popular among
foreigners for massage, for care of health
and beauty,
• There are 4 free Government health
centers, without any doctor, managed by
a health inspector and a public health
nurse
. k
N o F a c i l i t y I s s u e s / R e m a r s
3
C o m m e r c i a l E s t a b l i s h m e n t s a n d P u b l i c
• Many tourist sites have parking issue,

U t i l i t i e s
• There are about 22 nationalized banks Varkala Municipality is contemplating to

with ATM services in the project area, take measures by acquiring land for
• There is 1 Government guest house in parking spaces and other Public
Varkala city, conveniences like public toilets, drinking
• Many tourist help centers in the town are water, etc.
operational to provide information to the
tourists,
• Public toilets have been provided at
various locations namely Maithanan,
Ponmamoodu, Sivagiri, Papanasam, the
railway station and the bus terminal
4
P l a y g r o u n d s a n d O p e n S p a c e s
• There are a few tennis/badminton courts • The total number of playgrounds and
provided by the private groups, parks in Varkala are 2, however these
• There is also a private playground grounds are under-utilized in absence of
R I T E S L t d .
11
maintained by the Sivagiri trust infrastructure,

• Not maintained regularly,
• There is no furniture/facilities for children
to play
• Many Government lands are lying vacant
can be identified and put to efficient use
for the public purpose
R I T E S L t d .
12
3
C H A P T E R : E V A L U A T I O N O F T H E E X I S T I N G S I T U A T I O N
Chapter Contents
• T o u r i s m i n K e r a l a a n d V a r k a l a
• T o u r i s m S u r v e y s
• T r a f f i c a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n S t u d y
This chapter describes tourism scenario in the Kerala Statehighlighting inflow of both foreign and
domestic tourists and assesses the potentials of Varkala vis-a-vis other tourist destinations in the
State. Various tourism surveys, and traffic and transportation studies that were carried out in the
project area and the major observations of these studies have been described briefly.
R I T E S L t d .
13
3 . 1
T O U R I S T S I N K E R A L A A N D V A R K A L A
The tourism potentials of Kerala, believed as ‘God’s Own Country’, have brought it on the world’s
tourist map and thereby emerged as one of the most preferred tourist destinations in southern India
for domestic and foreign tourists. This potential is evident from the increasing trend in the tourist
flow, both domestic and foreign, which constantly increased during the last decade given in .
T a b l e - 6
3 . 1 . 1
F o r e i g n T o u r i s t A r r i v a l s ( F T A s ) i n K e r a l a
In the year 1999 about 2 lakhs foreign tourists visited Kerala. This number increased to about 6.6
lakhs by 2010. The average Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) during the period 1999-2010
has been observed 10.4%. However, the fluctuation is also noticeable during 2000-01 (-0.53%) and
2008-09 (-7%) as given in below.
T a b l e - 6
T a b l e 6 : F o r e i g n T o u r i s t A r r i v a l s i n K e r a l a
. .
S N o Y e a r T o u r i s t s A r r i v a l A n n u a l G r o w t h R a t e
1 1999 202,173
2 2000 209,933 3.84%
3 2001 208,830 -0.53%
4 2002 232,564 11.37%
5 2003 294,621 26.68%
6 2004 345,546 17.28%
7 2005 346,499 0.28%
8 2006 428,534 24.00%
9 2007 515,808 20.00%
10 2008 598,929 16.00%
11 2009 557,258 -7.00%
12 2010 659,265 18.00%
Source: Kerala Tourism Statistics 2010
United Kingdom tops with percentage of 23.7, followed by USA (10.79%) and France (9.79%) in the
total composition of foreign tourists. Germany and France are equally important countries. The
district-wise percent sharing of total foreign tourists is given in the .
T a b l e - 7
R I T E S L t d .
14
T a b l e 7 : D i s t r i c t W i s e I n f l o w o f F o r e i g n T o u r i s t s t o K e r a l a
e r c e n t
Y e a r - w i s e N o . o f T o u r i s t s ( F o r e i g n ) P
- a g e
S . t o T o t a l
N o D i s t r i c t 2 0 0 4 2 0 0 5 2 0 0 6 2 0 0 7 2 0 0 8 2 0 0 9 2 0 1 0 ( 2 0 1 0 )
1 Thiruvananthapuram 103,558 119,940 151,578 193,924 234,797 176,571 204,049 30.95%

2 Kollam 8,242 6,813 7,918 8,854 8,728 8,010 8,211 1.25%
3 Pathanamthitta 330 349 346 547 349 599 829 0.13%
4 Alappuzha 38,024 30,274 36,407 40,463 49,866 33,493 41,977 6.37%
5 Kottayam 23,517 20,017 26,543 27,358 27,230 24,623 32,561 4.94%
6 Ernakulam 109,344 108,773 44,583 165,125 193,013 239,364 277,675 42.12%
7 Idukki 46,031 39,378 131,767 46,463 51,025 38,185 48,295 7.33%
8 Thrissur 2,658 2,421 4,142 4,645 3,398 3,452 4,326 0.66%
9 Palakkad 947 801 809 615 785 1,170 1,270 0.19%
10 Malappuram 3,129 5,115 7,109 9,766 10,166 13,499 16,915 2.57%
11 Wayanad 749 942 2,611 4,093 5,638 5,362 6,575 1%
12 Kozhikode 4,702 8,420 11,154 10,020 9,966 7,513 9,017 1.37%
13 Kannur 2,516 2,090 2,730 3,067 3,143 4,186 5,886 0.89%
14 Kasargode 1,799 1,166 837 868 825 1,231 1,679 0.25%
T o t a l 3 4 5 , 5 4 6 3 4 6 , 4 9 9 4 2 8 , 5 3 4 5 1 5 , 8 0 8 5 9 8 , 9 2 9 5 5 7 , 2 5 8 6 5 9 , 2 6 5 1 0 0 %
The above reveals that Ernakulam has the highest share (42.12%) in the arrival of tourists in
T a b l e - 7
Kerala followed by Thiruvananthapuram with 30.95% of which Varkala is a part. Except Idukki
(7.33%) and Alappuzha (6.37%) the share of other districts in attracting the tourists is negligible.
3 . 1 .
2 D o m e s t i c T o u r i s t A r r i v a l s ( D T A s ) i n K e r a l a
Kerala has been a favoured destination for tourists from different parts of India. The share of local
tourists from Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh was observed significant as
compared to other parts of the country. The number of domestic tourist arrivals in 1999 was about
49 lakhs which increased to about 86 lakhs by the year 2010 given in . The average
T a b l e 8
Compounded Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) observed has been 4.8% during 1999-2010.
It can be seen from that the annual growth rate of domestic tourist is between 4-10% since
T a b l e 8
1999 onwards barring the years 2003-04 and 2004-05 when it was 1.72% and -0.43%, respectively.
Apart from the domestic tourists, there are a number of pilgrims, from within the district and the
State, that visit the place regularly especially during important religious days like Vavubali day.
R I T E S L t d .
15
T a b l e 8 : D o m e s t i c T o u r i s t A r r i v a l s i n K e r a l a
. .
S N o Y e a r T o u r i s t s A r r i v a l A n n u a l G r o w t h R a t e
1 1999 4,888,287 9.07%

2 2000 5,013,221 2.56%
3 2001 5,239,692 4.52%
4 2002 5,568,256 6.27%
5 2003 5,871,228 5.44%
6 2004 5,972,182 1.72%
7 2005 5,946,423 -0.43%
8 2006 6,271,724 5.00%
9 2007 6,642,941 6.00%
10 2008 7,591,250 14.00%
11 2009 7,913,537 4.00%
12 2010 8,595,075 9.00%
3 . 1 . 3
E a r n i n g s f r o m T o u r i s m I n d u s t r y
Tourism is one of the major contributors to the earnings of the State. The foreign exchange earning
in Kerala during the year 2010 was close to Rs. 3, 797 crores which was Rs. 535 crores during 2001-
almost 7 times increase. Barring the year 2008-09 when the annual growth rate was -6.96% the
foreign exchange earnings was positive as revealed in the below.
9
T a b l e
T a b l e 9 : E a r n i n g s f r o m T o u r i s m i n K e r a l a
F o r e i g n E x c h a n g e T o t a l R e v e n u e G e n e r a t e d f r o m
E a r n i n g s T o u r i s m - D i r e c t a n d I n d i r e c t
. .
Y e a r ( R s C r o r e s ) % C h a n g e ( R s C r o r e s ) % C h a n g e
2001 535 4,500

2002 706 31.9 4,931 20.42
2003 983 39.35 5,938 12.83
2004 1,267 28.82 6,829 15.01
2005 1,552 22.54 7,738 13.31
2006 1988 28.09 9,126 17.94
2007 2,641 32.82 11,433 25.28
2008 3,067 16.11 13,130 14.84
2009 2,853 -6.96 13,231 0.77
2010 3,797 33.09 17,348 31.12
The total revenue generated from tourism, both direct and indirect, in the state of Kerala was Rs.
17,348 crores in 2010 as compared to Rs. 4,500 crores in the year 2001, registering almost 4 times
R I T E S L t d .
16
increase. Barring the year 2008-09 when the annual growth rate was 0.77%, the total revenue
generated was more than 12%.
3 . 1 . k
4 S h a r e o f V a r a l a i n t h e A r r i v a l s o f F o r e i g n T o u r i s t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t
The share of Varkala in the foreign tourist arrivals during the year 2010 was almost 22%; next to
Kovalam (53%) which shared more than half of the total tourists visiting the district. The lowest
amongst all is Ponmudi receiving only 1.2% of the foreign tourists as given in the
1 0
T a b l e
hereinafter.
T a b l e 1 0 : F o r e i g n T o u r i s t A r r i v a l s i n V a r k a l a - 2 0 1 0
N o . M o n t h T h i r u v a n a n t h a p u r a m K o v a l a m P o n m u d i P o o v a r V a r k a l a T o t a l
No's %
No's %
No's %
No's %
No's %
No's %
1 January 4,000 9 . 3 %
12,082 1 1 . 1 %
6 0 . 2 %
1,209 2 3 . 7 %
5,087 1 1 . 2 %
22,384 1 0 . 9 %
2 February 5,735 1 3 . 3 %
16,894 1 5 . 6 %
362 1 4 . 8 %
1,263 2 4 . 8 %
5,154 1 1 . 3 %
29,409 1 4 . 4 %
3 March 5,849 1 3 . 6 %
13,034 1 2 . 0 %
393 1 6 . 1 %
820 1 6 . 1 %
6,468 1 4 . 2 %
26,565 1 3 . 0 %
4 April 1,687 3 . 9 %
8,726 8 . 0 %
19 0 . 8 %
237 4 . 7 %
2,127 4 . 7 %
12,796 6 . 2 %
5 May 1,133 2 . 6 %
2,802 2 . 6 %
17 0 . 7 %
31 0 . 6 %
1,701 3 . 7 %
5,684 2 . 8 %
6 June 1,447 3 . 4 %
1,910 1 . 8 %
28 1 . 1 %
77 1 . 5 %
1,437 3 . 2 %
4,899 2 . 4 %
7 July 2,614 6 . 1 %
5,459 5 . 0 %
380 1 5 . 6 %
110 2 . 2 %
1,806 4 . 0 %
10,369 5 . 1 %
8 August 4,445 1 0 . 3 %
7,098 6 . 5 %
244 1 0 . 0 %
352 6 . 9 %
3,816 8 . 4 %
15,955 7 . 8 %
9 September 4,097 9 . 5 %
4,643 4 . 3 %
250 1 0 . 3 %
131 2 . 6 %
3,639 8 . 0 %
12,760 6 . 2 %
10 October 3,504 8 . 1 %
5,525 5 . 1 %
12 0 . 5 %
140 2 . 7 %
3,705 8 . 1 %
12,886 6 . 3 %
11 November 3,471 8 . 1 %
15,643 1 4 . 4 %
85 3 . 5 %
58 1 . 1 %
3,619 7 . 9 %
22,876 1 1 . 2 %
12 December 5,050 1 1 . 7 %
14,823 1 3 . 6 %
642 2 6 . 3 %
666 1 3 . 1 %
6,986 1 5 . 3 %
28,168 1 3 . 8 %
T o t a l 4 3 , 0 3 2 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 0 8 , 6 3 9 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 , 4 3 8 1 0 0 . 0 % 5 , 0 9 4 1 0 0 % 4 5 , 5 4 5 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 0 4 , 7 5 2 1 0 0 . 0 %
2 1 . 0 5 3 . 1 1 . 2 2 . 5 2 2 . 2 1 0 0 . 0
% % % % % %
The above reveals that winter months from November to March are the preferred months
1 1
T a b l e
of the foreign tourists whereas, the lean season is from April to July when the foreign tourist inflow
is lowest.
3 . 1 . k
5 S h a r e o f V a r a l a i n t h e A r r i v a l s o f D o m e s t i c T o u r i s t s i n t h e D i s t r i c t
The share of Varkala in the domestic tourists during the year 2010 was almost 13.7% which was third
highest after the Thiruvananthapuram (59.5%) and Kovalam (22.4%).
The peak season of domestic tourists is during months of April-May and November-December. The
lean season is from January to March for the domestic tourist inflow Tourism Surveys
R I T E S L t d .
17
T a b l e 1 1 : D o m e s t i c T o u r i s t A r r i v a l s i n V a r k a l a - 2 0 1 0
N o . M o n t h T h i r u v a n a n t h a p u r a m K o v a l a m P o n m u d i P o o v a r V a r k a l a T o t a l
No's %
No's %
No's %
No's %
No's %
No's %
1 January 65,686 9 . 4 %
20,638 7 . 9 %
869 3 . 2 %
2,668 1 1 . 2 %
3,670 2 . 3 %
93,531 8 . 0 %
2 February 53,003 7 . 6 %
24,896 9 . 5 %
2,985 1 1 . 1 %
2,283 9 . 6 %
5,737 3 . 6 %
88,904 7 . 6 %
3 March 63,706 9 . 1 %
14,225 5 . 4 %
819 3 . 1 %
1,265 5 . 3 %
6,140 3 . 8 %
86,155 7 . 4 %
4 April 50,286 7 . 2 %
15,086 5 . 7 %
1,776 6 . 6 %
2,530 1 0 . 6 %
17,800 1 1 . 1 %
87,478 7 . 5 %
5 May 62,031 8 . 9 %
29,326 1 1 . 2 %
2,353 8 . 8 %
1,965 8 . 2 %
22,422 1 4 . 0 %
118,097 1 0 . 1 %
6 June 47,402 6 . 8 %
15,276 5 . 8 %
2,045 7 . 6 %
3,487 1 4 . 6 %
9,549 6 . 0 %
77,759 6 . 6 %
7 July 49,259 7 . 1 %
20,851 7 . 9 %
2,358 8 . 8 %
168 0 . 7 %
9,260 5 . 8 %
81,896 7 . 0 %
8 August 50,276 7 . 2 %
19,183 7 . 3 %
1,261 4 . 7 %
2,303 9 . 7 %
10,632 6 . 6 %
83,655 7 . 2 %
9 September 53,975 7 . 7 %
12,300 4 . 7 %
1,941 7 . 2 %
3,379 1 4 . 2 %
15,942 9 . 9 %
87,537 7 . 5 %
10 October 67,089 9 . 6 %
28,995 1 1 . 0 %
5,228 1 9 . 5 %
2,295 9 . 6 %
7,402 4 . 6 %
111,009 9 . 5 %
11 November 62,423 9 . 0 %
28,672 1 0 . 9 %
2,601 9 . 7 %
334 1 . 4 %
18,888 1 1 . 8 %
112,918 9 . 7 %
12 December 71,419 1 0 . 3 %
33,008 1 2 . 6 %
2,537 9 . 5 %
1,169 4 . 9 %
32,796 2 0 . 5 %
140,929 1 2 . 0 %
T o t a l 6 9 6 , 5 5 5 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 6 2 , 4 5 6 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 6 , 7 7 3 1 0 0 . 0 % 2 3 , 8 4 6 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 6 0 , 2 3 8 1 0 0 . 0 % 1 , 1 6 9 , 8 7 2 1 0 0 . 0 %
5 9 . 5 2 2 . 4 2 . 3 2 . 0 1 3 . 7 1 0 0 . 0
% % % % % %
3 .
2 T O U R I S M S U R V E Y
3 . . 1
2 A c c o m m o d a t i o n U n i t S u r v e y
The survey was carried out for 123 accommodation facilities which included mainly hotels, resorts,
guest houses, home stays and ayurvedic centres. The hotels located in north cliff, south cliff,
Janardhan temple, helipad and Papanasam beach were surveyed. The important findings of the
survey have been highlighted below:
P r o f i l e o f A c c o m m o d a t i o n U n i t s
• Of the total sample survey, most of the facilities (77%) were operational after year 2000
while only about 4% of the accommodation facilities were operational before year 1990,
• The sample comprised nearly 39% of resorts, about 5% hotels and nearly 4% of guest
houses. Almost 36% of the tourist accommodation facilities comprised home stays while the
remaining 16% were ayurvedic centres,
• Of the total accommodation units surveyed it was observed that nearly 70% of the units
were registered either with the Government of Kerala or the Government of India,
• Majority of the registered hotels/resorts surveyed were of 2-star and 1-star category,
comprising together nearly 69% of the total hotels/resorts and about 24% of the
hotels/resorts were of 3-star category. Majority of the registered home stays were of Silver
house category with about 72% of the total home stays surveyed while the share of Gold
house category was 24% and that of Diamond house category was only 4% of the total
surveyed.
O w n e r s h i p P a t t e r n
• Most of the owners of establishments whether resorts/hotels or home stays were local
people from Varkala (63%) and Kerala (33%) while only 4% were from outside of the State.
R I T E S L t d .
18
• Most of the accommodation establishments were either fully or partly owned comprising
nearly 74% of the total establishments surveyed. About 20% of the establishments were fully
or partly leased while about 6% were run on contract basis either fully or partly.
O p e r a t i o n a n d F a c i l i t i e s
• Most of the accommodation facilities (82%) were operational for the whole year while about
4% of the facilities were operational only up to 3 months in a year. Nearly 11% of the
facilities were operational for nearly 6 months while about 4% of the facilities were
operational up to 9 months during the year.
• As regards the food and beverage facilities available in the establishment nearly 34% have
restaurants and 24% have cafeteria. The other food and beverage facilities include bakery
and bar which was observed in 5% and 4%, respectively of the total sample survey.
• With reference to business related facilities nearly 15% have conference facility and about
13% said to have information / travel desk. With reference to fitness and yoga centre, nearly
23% of the establishments have ayurvedic centre, 7% have yoga centre while only 1% have
saloon facility.
• Less than half of the accommodation facilities (55%) surveyed did not have any restaurant
facility in the premises.
• Nearly 38% of the restaurants served vegetarian food while 37% of the restaurants served
non vegetarian food. Sea food is served in the highest number of restaurants (40%) while
Continental food is served in the least number of restaurants (23%).
E m p l o y m e n t P a t t e r n
• In the surveyed accommodation units, almost half (50%) of the staff (other than restaurant
staff) working in facilities during peak season is from Kerala while from Varkala is 34% and
from outside Kerala is only 16%. On the other side, during the off season, the share of staff
(other than restaurant staff) working is 44% from Kerala, which is marginally higher than
that of Varkala (40%). The percentage of workers (other than restaurant staff) from outside
Kerala remained constant at 16% during off season.
• In the surveyed accommodation units, restaurant staff during peak season is highest from
Kerala at 41% while from Varkala is least at 23% and from outside Kerala is 36%. On the
other side, during the off season, the share of restaurant staff is 45% from Kerala, which is
higher than Varkala (30%). The percentage of restaurant staff from outside Kerala declines
to 25% during off season.
I n f r a s t r u c t u r e S e r v i c e s
• Nearly 33% accommodation facilities have tapped water supply and from other sources,
about 87% accommodation facilities have supply from ground water and other sources, and
nearly 11% accommodation facilities have tanker-supply.
R I T E S L t d .
19
• Of the total surveyed accommodation units more than 92% of the units have water storage
capacity of more than 1,000 litres while the remaining 8% have the capacity less than 1,000
litres. Only about 3% of the accommodation units surveyed have more than 5,000 litres
water storage capacity.
• Only 1% of the total accommodation units surveyed have piped sewerage network while
majority of the units (79%) have either septic tanks or soak pits facility.
• It was observed that on an average the distance of procurement of raw material ingredients
like vegetables, fish, food grain, etc. was 3-4 km for the hotels/accommodation units in
Varkala.
• When inquired about the environmental awareness practice in the establishments, nearly
52% of the establishments introduced solar energy as a part of the green energy initiative in
their premises. Nearly 24% practice rain water harvesting and 7% practice water recycling in
their premises. About 13% segregated the solid waste and nearly 16% of the establishments
generated energy from waste.
I s s u e s a n d S u g g e s t i o n s
The major problems/issues faced by the hotels and other accommodation units were that of
insufficient street lighting, solid waste management (collection/disposal), stray dogs, insufficient
number of ATMs, availability of skilled labour, issues related to the maintenance of natural resources
and road maintenance. (Refer )
F i g u r e 2
M a j o r I s s u e s f a c e d b y H o t e l U n i t s i n V a r k a l a
20%
18%
16%
g
e 14%
t a
n
12%
e
c
10%
r
8%
6%
P e
4%
2%
0%
Solid Availibili
Insufficie Natural Road
Street Waste Street ty of
nt ATM Resourc Related
lights Manage Dogs Skilled
Counters es Issues Issues
ment Labour
Responses (%) 19% 11% 10% 8% 7% 7% 6%
F i g u r e 2 : E m e r g i n g I s s u e s f r o m S u r v e y
When asked about the suggestive measures to improve tourism potential within Varkala, the major
suggestions are listed as under:
R I T E S L t d .
20
• Proper street lighting

• Improvement of roads
• Check on stray dogs
• Provision of dust bins and regular collection/disposal of waste
• Beach cleaning
• Protection of cliff
Apart from the above, various other suggestions were as follows:
• Provision of Tourist Information Centre
• Promotion of Water Related Tourism Activities
• Promotion Programs for Domestic Tourism
• Provision of Museum
• Provision of Facilities/Shops for Foreign Goods
• Advanced Security for Tourist
3 . .
2 2 N o n - A c c o m m o d a t i o n U n i t S u r v e y
The sample survey was carried out around the thickly populated places such as the areas adjacent to
the cliff, areas around the Janardhan Temple, Papanasam Beach, and in the Varkala town. Further
the majority of the surveys were done at the locations where handicrafts stores, provisional stores,
vegetable and fruits venders, ayurvedic stores and ice-cream ferries were placed.
• It was observed that the majority of people working in non-accommodation units are staying
in the areas adjacent to the cliff i.e. 47%; while 28% are living in the main town, and 25%
stays near Papanasam and Janardhan temple.
• It was also noticed that majority of the units have come up during the last 10 years (2000–
2010); - around 70% enterprises started their operation after 2000.
• Nearly 51% of the shops are owned by either single proprietorship or partnership, 45% are
rented and rests are leased.
• It was observed that 70% of the units working in Varkala are operated by the natives from
Varkala, Kollam, and Trivandrum while rest 30% are operated by the people from Kashmir,
Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, and northeastern parts of India.
• It was observed that nearly 70% of the shops in the project area were opened up during the
last decade; in fact 35% of them have come up during the last 5 years span while only 30%
shops came up more than 10 years back indicating the business potential in the project area
• Almost 42% people working or associating with the shops walk to their shops as they reside
in close proximity to their shops and 38% use two-wheelers as a mode of the transport.
I s s u e s a n d S u g g e s t i o n s
The major problems/issues faced by the non-accommodation units and their suggestions have been
highlighted below:
R I T E S L t d .
21
• High rentals as against the operational period of the non-accommodation units (which is
usually 6 months in a year),
• Nearly 30% units are being operated by people from other states of India; hence, they
employee people mainly from their respective states,
• Majority of items sold in the units are manufactured in Kashmir; Karnataka, Tibet etc. Locally
manufactured items are not sold in these units which need to be promoted to benefit the
local economy and people,
• Competition amongst the sellers is also increasing with increase in the number of the units,
• Many of the units located very close to the edge of the cliff are affecting the cliff stability. In
addition, a number of the units are situated inappropriately thereby reducing the passage of
the tourist movement along the cliff.
The prime concern of local employment and participation for sustainability of the sector and other
broad measures which emerged from the survey are highlighted below:
• Employment opportunities for locals - There is an immense potential for local market. Local
items such as tradition local craft, handicrafts, local products like cashews, coconut chips,
spices, ayurvedic products,
• Monsoon tourism should be promoted: Activities that can encourage tourists to visit during
lean seasons; thus benefiting units’ owners and eventually provide livelihood to them during
the lean seasons.
• Concept of promoting cultural activities and local heritage via performing art center can be
explored
• Concept of Dolphin Park can be explored
3 . . 3
2 T o u r i s t V o l u m e C o u n t S u r v e y
Tourist Volume Count was carried out in September 2013 for a week at three important tourist
destinations viz. Papanasam Beach, North Cliff and Kappil Lake. The tourist volume count was carried
during the forenoon peak hours from 10:00 am to 12:00 noon and in the afternoon from 4:00 pm to
6:00 pm.Tourist Volume Count at Papanasm Beach, North Cliff and Kappil Lake is tabulated in
T a b l e
.
1
2
F i n d i n g s
• Janardhan Temple and Papanasam Beach - the average number of peak hour during peak
season tourists visiting Papanasam beach is 512. The maximum domestic tourists are
observed in Papanasam beach as compared to other tourist areas. There is an increase in the
number of domestic tourists during the weekends. The ratio of foreign tourist to domestic
tourist is 1:4 in Papanasam beach.
• Helipad and Cliff – The average number of tourists visiting cliff at peak hour during peak
season is 496. The maximum numbers of foreign tourists were observed in Cliff area. The
ratio of foreign tourists to domestic tourists is 1:2 in cliff.
R I T E S L t d .
22
• Kappil Lake - The average number of tourists visiting Kappil Lake at peak hour during peak
season is 447. Most of the tourists were domestic and very a few foreign tourists visited the
Lake. The ratio of foreign tourists to domestic tourists is 1:8.
T a b l e 1 2 : T o u r i s t V o l u m e C o u n t a t P a p a n a s m B e a c h , N o r t h C l i f f a n d K a p p i l L a k e
P a p a n a s a m B e a c h h C l i f f a p p i l L a k e
N o r t K
W e e k d a y s F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k d a y s F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k d a y s F e i g n D m e s i c
o r o t o r o t o r o t
Monday 58 221 Monday 176 302 Monday 8 206

Tuesday 35 231 Tuesday 89 316 Tuesday 7 260
Wednesday 99 337 Wednesday 132 225 Wednesday 6 300
Thursday 116 466 Thursday 123 281 Thursday 12 464
Friday 58 203 Friday 143 335 Friday 57 361
Saturday 100 606 Saturday 206 386 Saturday 6 598
Sunday 68 983 Sunday 83 674 Sunday 0 845
W e e k l y A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k l y A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k l y A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c
r o r o t r o r o t r o r o t
7 6 4 3 5 1 3 6 3 6 0 1 4 4 3 3
A v e a g e i s 5 1 2 A v e a g e i s 4 9 6 A v e a g e i s 4 4 7
r t o u r t r t o u r t r t o u r t
% of Tourists in Morning (2 hrs) 43% 34% % of Tourists in Morning (2 hrs) 35 65 % of Tourists in Morning (2 hrs) 1 99
% of Tourists in Evening (2 hrs) 56% 66% % of Tourists in Evening (2 hrs) 23 77 % of Tourists in Evening (2 hrs) 0 100
R a i f F e i g n : D m e s i c 1 6 R a i f F e i g n : D m e s i c 1 3 R a i f F e i g n : D m e s i c 1 3 2
t o o o r o t t o o o r o t t o o o r o t
W e e k d a y s - A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k d a y s - A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k d a y s - A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c
Average tourist 73 292 Average tourist 133 292 Average tourist 18 318
Ratio of Foreign : Domestic 1 4 Ratio of Foreign : Domestic 1 2 Ratio of Foreign : Domestic 1 18
W e e k e n d - A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k e n d - A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c W e e k e n d - A v e a g e F e i g n D m e s i c
Average tourist 84 795 Average tourist 145 530 Average tourist 3 722
Ratio of Foreign : Domestic 1 9 Ratio of Foreign : Domestic 1 4 Ratio of Foreign : Domestic 1 241
3 . 3
T R A F F I C A N D T R A N S P O R T C H A R A C T E R I S T I C S
Traffic and transportation is the one of the critical components defining and shaping both existing
and future growth of the city. Traffic and transportation network needs to be integrated with the
proposed land uses in order to provide high degree of connectivity and travel options between
various land uses. The project area circulation is proposed on the basis of existing scenario and
taking into account the future development. The aim is to rationalize existing network in harmony
with the proposals for a well-defined hierarchy of roads.
A number of primary traffic surveys have been conducted to collect the traffic data for the present
day scenario as part of existing traffic characteristics appreciation for the study area.
• Road Inventory
• Road side origin-destination survey at 7 outer cordon locations along with classified traffic
volume counts and occupancy surveys.
R I T E S L t d .
23
• Classified traffic volume count survey at mid blocks /screen line including occupancy surveys
(7 locations)
• Classified traffic volume count survey at major intersections (7 intersections)
• Rail and Bus Terminal Surveys
• Household Interview Surveys
The data collected through the above field surveys have been analysed to assess the present traffic
volumes and movement pattern at various identified corridors/locations. Salient features of the
traffic characteristics are given in this below section
.
The project area is well connected by roads and railways with other towns and cities. National
Highway 47, connecting Kollam to Kanyakumari, passes through the project area having 2 lane
undivided carriageway. The project area is also connected by State Highways (SH) 1, SH 2, SH 3, SH
45 and SH 46. The rail connectivity to this region is provided by Southern Railways. The project area
is connected by broad gauge railway line running north-south and linking Nagercoil-Kanyakumari on
the south to Kollam-Kochi on the north. On the average, 72 trains pass through the project area
daily. Out of these, 48 trains stop at Varkala Railway station. Thiruvananthapuram is the nearest
airport at a distance of about 50 km.
3 . 3 . 1 k
R o a d N e t w o r i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a
There is no typical road hierarchy in the project area. It has grown organically without much
planning efforts. The roads are narrow, crooked and have bad road geometry. There is onlyone
railway-under-bridge at Varkala. The existing urban road network does not exhibit any pattern
whereas neighborhood level road network shows the varied pattern.
NH47 is the major road which bisects the project area causing congestion to local traffic. Other
major roads start at Kallambalam and Parippally junctions connecting the Varkala town and the
Panchayats. The total area under roads is about 4.73 sq km accounting for 3.6% of the total area.
About 66% road length in the project area has less than 10 m ROW; only 3% roads have ROW
between 20m to 40m as shown in .
1 3
T a b l e
T a b l e 1 3 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P r o j e c t A r e a M a j o r R o a d L e n g t h b y R i g h t o f W a y
.
S r N o R i g h t o f W a y ( i n m e t e r ) R o a d L e n g t h s ( i n K m ) P e r c e n t a g e
1 <10 128.5 65.9

2 10—20 60.3 30.9
3 20—30 4.1 2.1
4 30—40 2.0 1.1
1 9 . 9
4
1 0 0 . 0
T o t a l
R I T E S L t d .
24
The distribution of road network as per carriageway width is presented in . It can be

1
T a b l e 4
observed that 77% of surveyed road network length is less than 6.5 meter carriageway width. Only
2% of road length has 4 lane carriageway widths.
T a b l e 1 4 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f P r o j e c t A r e a M a j o r R o a d L e n g t h b y C a r r i a g e w a y W i d t h
.
S r N o C a r r i a g e w a y R o a d L e n g t h s ( i n K m ) P e r c e n t a g e
1 Intimidated Lane <6.5 mtr. 149.2 76.5

2 2-Lane (6.5-9.0 mtr.) 37.3 19.2
3 3-Lane (9.0 – 11 mtr.) 2.7 1.4
4 4-Lane (11-15 mtr.) 5.7 2.9
1 9 . 9
T o t a l 4
1 0 0 . 0
3 . 3 .
2 T r a f f i c a n d T r a v e l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
k
T r a f f i c V o l u m e o n S c r e e n L i n e / M i d B l o c s
The daily traffic at different mid block/screen line locations varies from 3,328 vehicles (2,373 PCU’s)
at Varkala Railway Crossing (near Varkala Railway Station) to 15,113 vehicles (13,812 PCU’s) at
Varkala Railway Underpass throughout a normal working day.
The morning peak hour volume varies from 261 PCUs (371 vehicles) on Anjumukku Railway Crossing
to 1,587 PCUs (1,818 vehicles) on Varkala Railway Underpass and the evening peak hour volume
varies from 219 PCUs (322 vehicles) on Varkala Railway Crossing (near Varkala Railway Station) to
1,320 PCU’s (1,673 vehicles) on Varkala Railway underpass as shown in .
1
T a b l e 5
T a b l e 1 5 : D a i l y a n d P e a k T r a f f i c V o l u m e ( 1 6 H o u r s ) a t S c r e e n L i n e / M i d B l o c k s
. k
S N a m e o f L o c a t i o n T o t a l D a i l y P e a H o u r T r a f f i c
.
N o T r a f f i c
k k
M o r n i n g P e a E v e n i n g P e a
Vehicles PCU’s Vehicles PCU’s Vehicles PCU’s

1 Anjumukku Railway
4,039 2,943 371 261 719 473
Crossing
2 Janthamukku Railway
6,384 5,536 554 493 678 639
Crossing
3 Edava Railway Crossing
5,587 4,779 473 408 685 610
(near-Panchyat Office)
4 Varkala Railway Station
Road (near Varkala Railway 10,154 8,518 935 801 1,124 953
Station)
5 Varkala Railway Crossing
(near Varkala Railway 3,228 2,373 474 331 322 219
Station)
6 Punnamood Junction
6,768 5,563 657 555 624 500
Railway Crossing
7 Varkala Railway Underpass 15,113 13,812 1,818 1,587 1,673 1,320
R I T E S L t d .
25
D a i l y T r a f f i c V o l u m e a t I n t e r s e c t i o n s
Kallambalam Juction handles the maximum daily traffic of 57,129 vehicles (56,119 PCUs) followed by
Maithanam Junction with 44,748 vehicles (39,651 PCUs) while the least daily traffic is observed at
Madavoor T-Point with 7,374 vehicles (5,535 PCUs)as shown in .
1
T a b l e 6
The morning peak hour volume at intersections varies from 503 PCUs (688 vehicles) at Madavoor T-
point to 5,650 PCUs (5,794 vehicles) at Kallambalam junction and evening peak hour volume varies
from 508 PCUs (693 vehicles) at Madavoor T-point to 5,217 PCU’s (5402 vehicles) at Kallambalam
junction. Peak Hour Factor is observed 8% to 10%.
T a b l e 1 6 : D a i l y T r a f f i c V o l u m e ( 1 6 H o u r s ) a t I n t e r s e c t i o n s
S . N o . N a m e o f L o c a t i o n T o t a l D a i l y T r a f f i c
V e h i c l e s P C U ’ s
1 Ayiroor Junction 17,984 15,699

2 Kallambalam Junction 57,129 56,119
3 Maithanam Junction 44,748 39,651
4 Navaikullam T_Point 34,979 32,531
5 Shri Narayana Medical Mission Hospital Junction 31,944 30,202
6 Madavoor T-Point 7,374 5,535
k
T r a f f i c C o m p o s i t i o n o n S c r e e n L i n e / M i d B l o c s
The daily traffic composition at most of the locations exhibits predominance of fast moving
passenger traffic varying from 70% at Anjumukku Railway Crossing to 93% at Varkala Railway
Crossing (near Varkala Railway Station). On an average about 87% of the light fast passenger vehicles
are observed on the project area roads. The share of slow moving vehicles varies from 0.7% at
Varkala Railway Underpass to 24.5% Anjumukku Railway Crossing and the average is about 6.6%.
The daily traffic composition at screen line locations is presented in .
1
T a b l e 7
T a b l e 1 7 : D a i l y T r a f f i c C o m p o s i t i o n ( 1 6 H o u r s ) a t S c r e e n - L i n e / M i d B l o c k s L o c a t i o n s
S . N a m e o f L o c a t i o n D a i l y C o m p o s i t i o n ( % )
N o .
I n n o v a / T o t a l T o t a l T o t a l
C a r T - W h l r . A u t o
Q
u a l i s B u s e s G o o d s S l o w
1 Anjumukku Railway Crossing 15.1 3.7 38.0 13.0 2.4 3.3 24.5
Janthamukku Railway
2 24.7 4.2 40.6 18.0 4.0 4.5 3.9
Crossing
Edava Railway Crossing
3 25.2 3.8 43.5 12.9 4.3 3.9 6.4
(near-Panchyat Office)
Varkala Railway Station Road
4 21.8 3.4 48.9 15.3 5.0 3.0 2.5
(near Varkala Railway Stn.)
Varkala Railway Crossing
5 17.3 4.4 54.0 17.0 0.1 3.0 4.2
(near Varkala Railway Stn.)
Punnamood Jn. Railway
6 15.8 7.9 50.5 13.7 4.0 3.9 4.3
Crossing
7 Varkala Railway Underpass 23.4 3.4 43.9 19.1 5.8 3.7 0.7
R I T E S L t d .
26
k
P a s s e n g e r T r i p s o n S c r e e n L i n e / M i d B l o c s
The passenger trips at different locations vary from 5,764 trips at Varkala Railway Crossing (near
Varkala Railway Station) to 54,540 trips at Varkala Railway Underpass throughout a normal working
day. Roads having more than 15 thousand passenger trips are the Varkala Railway Station Road,
Pannamood Junction Railway Crossing and Janthamukka Railway Crossing.
The peak hour passenger trips at different location vary from 674 passenger trips at Anjumukku
Railway Crossing to 6,293 passenger trips at Varkala Railway Underpass at morning peak and the
evening peak varies from 475 trips at Varkala Railway Crossing (near Varkala Railway Station) to
4,975 trips at Varkala Railway Underpass throughout a normal working day as shown in .
1
T a b l e 8
T a b l e 1 8 : D a i l y & P e a k P a s s e n g e r T r i p s a t S c r e e n L i n e / M i d B l o c k L o c a t i o n s
P e a k h o u r T r i p s
T o t a l
S .
N a m e o f S c r e e n L i n e / M i d B l o c k L o c a t i o n D a i l y
M o r n i n g E v e n i n g
N o .
T r i p s
P e a k P e a k
1 Anjumukku Railway Crossing 7075 674 1017
2 Janthamukku Railway Crossing 18030 1621 1971
3 Edava Railway Crossing (near Panchyat Office) 15472 1396 2136
4 Varkala Railway Station Road (near Varkala Railway Station) 30202 3044 3630
5 Varkala Railway Crossing (near Varkala Railway Station) 5762 782 4775
6 Punnamood Junction Railway Crossing 18873 1976 1658
7 Varkala Railway Underpass 54540 6293 4976
3 . 3 . 3
R e g i o n a l T r a f f i c
The regional passenger and goods traffic add to the burden of city traffic through NH47. A total of 7
outer cordon points have been identified for traffic surveys to analyse the vehicles entering/exiting
the project area in order to quantify the impact of regional traffic.
T r a f f i c V o l u m e o n O u t e r C o r d o n s
The daily and peak hour traffic volume at outer cordon locations is presented in below. It
1 9
T a b l e
was observed that the traffic at different locations varies from 1,350 Vehicle (1,352 PCU’s) at Shri
Narayna Puram Road (Near U.P.S.S.School) to 27651 Vehicle (30,883 PCU’s) at NH47 (Near Parripally
Road Police Station) throughout a normal working day.
The morning peak hour volume varies from 107 PCUs (124 vehicles) on Shri Narayna Puram Road
(Near U.P.S.S.School) 2,642 PCUs (2,587 vehicles) on NH-47 (Near Parripally Police Station) &
evening peak hour volume varies from 122 PCUs (141 vehicles) on Shri Narayna Puram Road (Near
U.P.S.S.School) to 3,035 PCU’s (2,712 vehicles) on NH-47 (Near Parripally Police Station).
R I T E S L t d .
27
T a b l e 1 9 : D a i l y & P e a k T r a f f i c V o l u m e a t O u t e r C o r d o n L o c a t i o n s
M o r n i n g E v e n i n g
T o t a l T o t a l
P e a k P e a k
S . N o . O u t e r C o r d o n L o c a t i o n s
V e h i c l e s P C U ' s
( P C U s ) ( P C U s )
1 Shri Narayna Puram Road (Near U.P.S.S.School) 1350 1352 107 122
NH- 47 Kallambalam Kayakumari Road (Near Damro
21555 24190 1921 1939
2 Furniture Showroom)
Kallambalam Puthusserimukku Vellaloor Road (Near
4344 4271 341 389
3 Puthusserimukku Junction)
4 Kalimanoor Madavoor Road (Near S.N.P.School) 3439 3014 274 266
5 SH- 64 Pallickal Nilmal Road 3171 3241 302 274
6 NH-47 (Near Parripally Police Station) 27651 30883 2642 3035
7 Edava Kappil Paravur Road (Near Kappil Bridge) 4411 3717 351 350
- -
6 5 9 2 1 7 0 6 6 8
T o t a l T r a f f i c
T r a v e l P a t t e r n o f G o o d s T r a f f i c
The traffic survey shows that there is a large growth in regional passenger traffic in the recent years.
Out of the total passenger trips, 63% trips have origin or destination within the project area. The
majority of passenger interaction takes place between from Trivandrum and Kollamas can be
inferenced from below.
0
T a b l e 2
T a b l e 2 0 : M o d e w i s e P a s s e n g e r s T r i p s a t a l l O u t e r C o r d o n L o c a t i o n s
P a s s e n g e r T r i p s
A l l O u t e r C o r d o n I n n o v a
C a r T W A u t o B u s T o t a l P e r c e n t
L o c a t i o n s / T a v e r a
External to Internal 17,811 11,277 11,698 7,765 39,794 88,345 27.9

Internal to External 16,373 10,006 12,265 9,093 58,494 106,231 33.6
External to External 11,037 4,255 8,204 3,105 95,316 121,917 38.5
1 3 3 1 1 9 9 3 1 9 3 0 3 1 9 3 1 0 0 . 0
T o t a l 4 5 , 2 2 2 5 , 5 8 2 , 6 7 , 6 , 6 4 6 , 4
Most of the goods traffic movement takes place through the NH 47. About 42% of goods traffic
movement is through traffic simply passing through the project area as shown in the .
1
T a b l e 2
T a b l e 2 1 : D a i l y M o d e w i s e F r e i g h t M o v e m e n t a t a l l O u t e r C o r d o n L o c a t i o n s
M o d e
k
A l l O u t e r C o r d o n L o c a t i o n s T r u c L C V M A V T o t a l P e r c e n t
External to Internal 415 1,790 15 2,220 29.6

Internal to External 496 1,631 0 2,127 28.4
External to External 1,060 2,082 12 3,154 42.0
1 9 1 0 3 0 1 1 0 0 . 0
T o t a l , 7 5 , 5 2 7 7 , 5
R I T E S L t d .
28
3 . 3 .
4 T r a v e l C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
The objective of the household interview survey is to establish the socio - economic and the travel
characteristics of residents of study area. Major findings of the survey are described below.
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f H o u s e h o l d s b y M o n t h l y I n c o m e
Distribution of households according to monthly income ranges is presented in . It is

T a b l e 2 2
observed that about nearly 6% of households have monthly income less or equal to Rs. 5000. The
percentage of household having monthly income more than Rs. 25,000 is observed about 40%.
Average household income per month in the study area is observed to be Rs. 25290/-
T a b l e 2 2 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f H o u s e h o l d s b y M o n t h l y I n c o m e
.
S N o I n c o m e G r o u p N o o f S a m p l e d H o u s e h o l d s P e r c e n t a g e
1 <=Rs. 5000 184 6.1

2 Rs. 5001 – Rs. 10000 466 15.5
3 Rs. 10001 – Rs. 15000 440 14.6
4 Rs. 15001 - 20000 367 12.2
5 Rs. 20001-25000 334 11.1
6 Rs. 25000-50000 872 29.0
7 >Rs. 50000 324 10.8
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f H o u s e h o l d s b y V e h i c l e O w n e r s h i p
Distribution of households owning vehicles is presented in . The table show that 38% of
3
T a b l e 2
surveyed households have no vehicle.About 18% of the household have atleast one car and about
32% of households have at least 1 scooter/motor cycle.
T a b l e 2 3 : D i s t r i b u t i o n o f H o u s e h o l d s b y V e h i c l e O w n e r s h i p
.
S N o T y p e o f V e h i c l e N u m b e r o f H o u s e h o l d s P e r c e n t a g e
1 No Vehicle 1344 38.3

2 car 622 17.7
3 2w 1112 31.7
4 Auto Rickshaw 69 2.0
5 Cycle 358 10.2
1 0 0 . 0
T o t a l
D i s t r i b u t i o n o f T r i p s b y M o d e o f T r a v e l
Distribution of trips according to mode of travel is given in . It is observed that about 35% of
T a b l e 2 4
the trips are walk trips. It is observed from the table public transport mode catering to about 62% of
the total trips. The trips performed by auto rickshaw/taxi are little over 5%. The per capita trip rate
including walk is 1.19, excluding walk is 0.77 and for motorised trips is 0.74.
R I T E S L t d .
29
T a b l e 2 4 : M o d a l S p l i t - 2 0 1 3
P e r c e n t a g e
e x c l u d i n g
. . k k
S N o M o d e N o o f D a i l y T r i p s i n c l u d i n g W a l W a l
1 Car 14897 5.3 8.3

2 Taxi 1315 0.5 0.7
3 Two Wheeler 28890 10.4 16.1
4 Auto 13011 4.7 7.2
5 Bus (including Mini and school buses) 112021 40.3 62.3
8 Cycle 6254 2.2 3.5
9 Train 3302 1.2 1.8
10 Walk 99028 35.5 -
1 1 0 0 . 0 1 0 0 . 0
T o t a l 2 7 8 7 8
3 . 3 .
5 I n t e r a n d I n t r a C i t y P u b l i c T r a n s p o r t S y s t e m
Public transport plays an important role in the commuter transportation in any city. It offers
economies of scale with minimised road congestion and low per capita road usage. Cheaper and
affordable public transport system world over has proved to promote mobility- move people more
efficiently and safely with increased opportunities for education, employment, social development
etc.
However, there is no dedicated intra-city public transport system in the project area. The intra-city
public transport demand is catered by the intercity bus services.
IPT modes have been popularised and play vital role in the city passenger transport movement. The
IPT system comprising of auto-rickshaw and taxi are the back bone of passenger movement in the
project area. With limitation and drawback, these continue to keep the city mobile and active. The
IPT operation is reasonably self-regulated and looked after by operators’ unions. People taking auto
rickshaw depends upon the distance of the travel. About 8% trips are performed by IPT system.
The intercity public transport system consists of mainly buses and mini buses which are operated by
Kerala State Transport Corporation and private operators. The bus service is available to
Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Attingal, Parripally, Pallickal etc. from Varkala.
R I T E S L t d .
30
4 C H A P T E R : P O P U L A T I O N P R O J E C T I O N S
Chapter Contents
• P o p u l a t i o n E s t i m a t e s
• D i f f e r e n t S c e n a r i o s f o r P r o j e c t i o n s
The chapter highlights projected population statistics of the project area: Considering different
scenarios based on the past trends suggests three different options for population estimations
(2041). The most rational option has been selected and population estimates are made accordingly.
R I T E S L t d .
31
. 1
4 P O P U L A T I O N P R O J E C T I O N S
Projections are an extrapolation of historical data (population v/s time) into the future. The accuracy
of population projections is generally considered directly proportional to the size of the existing
population and the historical rate of growth, and inversely proportional to the length of the time
projection. The concept of growth of population is often used to connote the change in the number
of inhabitants of an area during a specific period of time, irrespective of the fact whether change is
negative or positive. Such a change can be measured both in terms of absolute numbers and in
terms of percentages.
. 1 . 1
4 P o p u l a t i o n E s t i m a t e s
The population of the project area comprising Varkala and other constituent Panchayats reached
222,154 in 2011 from 177,443 in 1981. During the decade 1981-91 the growth rate was 12.59%
which decreased to 9.01% during 1991-2001 and further decreased to 2.01% during the decade
2001-11 suggesting a steady outmigration from Varkala as in .
T a b l e 2 5
T a b l e 2 5 : P o p u l a t i o n G r o w t h F o r e c a s t f o r t h e P r o j e c t A r e a
. k 1 3
S Y e a r P o p u l a t i o n ( V a r a l a D e c a d a l S c e n a r i o - : S c e n a r i o - 2 : S c e n a r i o - :
N o S u r r o u n d i n g G r o w t h R a t e E x i s t i n g D G R M o d e r a t e D G R O p t i m i s t i c D G R
P a n c h a y a t s )
G R @ 2 . 0 1 % G R @ 7 . 8 7 % G R @ 3 1 %
D D D
1 1981 177,443
2 1991 199,782 12.59%
3 2001 217,774 9.01%
4 2011 222,154 2.01%
5 2021* 226,619 239,638 291,022
6 2031* 231,174 258,497 381,238
7 2041* 235,821 278,841 499,422
Existing Population Source: Census of India I * Forecasted Population
To work out projected population of the project area; three scenarios were considered as mentioned
as follows:
. 1 . 1
4 2 S c e n a r i o - : E x i s t i n g D e c a d a l G r o w t h R a t e
The decadal growth rate of 2.01% observed during 2001-11, is considered constant for future
estimation as given in the above. The projected population would be around 226,619,
T a b l e 2 5
231,174 and 235,821 persons by 2021, 2031 and 2041, respectively.

. 1 . 3
4 S c e n a r i o - 2 : M o d e r a t e D e c a d a l G r o w t h R a t e
In this scenario, the average decadal growth rate of 7.87% during 1981-11 was considered to be
constant for the next three decades as mentioned in the .
T a b l e 2 5
R I T E S L t d .
32
The projected population would be around 239,638; 258,497 and 278,841 persons by 2021, 2031
and 2041, respectively.
. 1 . 3
4 4 S c e n a r i o - : O p t i m i s t i c D e c a d a l G r o w t h R a t e
Considering the type of development that will take place in the project area, once the investments
start flowing into the region, in an optimistic scenario, the average decadal growth rate of 31% was
assumed for next 30 years. The projected population of the project area would be around 291,022;
381,238 and 499,422 persons by 2021, 2031 and 2041, respectively.
. 1 .
4 5 C o n c l u s i o n
From the three different scenarios, Scenario-3 with high DGR of 31% has been considered for future
population projections. The total population under this scenario would be around 5 lakh persons by
2041. All the calculations and estimates for the provision of social and physical infrastructure in the
project area have been worked out for a population of 5 lakhs by 2041. The decadal breakup of the
projected populations and densities for Varkala Municipality and all Panchayats of the project area
are given in the below:
T a b l e 2 6
T a b l e 2 6 : P r o j e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n a n d P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y
.
S P r o j e c t A r e a A r e a P o p u l a t i o n P r o j e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y P r o j e c t e d P o p u l a t i o n
(sq.km) (persons / sq.km) (persons/sq.km)

.
N o ( M u n i c i p a l i t y / P o p u l a t i o n D e n s i t y
P a n c h a y a t )
0 1 1 0 1 * 0 1 1 0 1 *
2 2 4 2 2 4
1 Varkala (M) 15.33 40,048 90,032 2,612 5,873

2 Edava 9.22 25,994 58,437 2,819 6,338
3 Elakamon 17.81 25,307 56,892 1,421 3,194
4 Chemmaruthy 17.59 32,444 72,937 1,844 4,147
5 Navaikulam 28.46 40,702 91,502 1,430 3,215
6 Pallickal 16.34 16,873 37,932 1,033 2,321
7 Madavoor 18.64 21,118 47,475 1,133 2,547
8 Vettoor 7.04 19,668 44,215 2,794 6,281
1 3 0 . 3 1 9 9 1 0 3 3 9
T o t a l 4 2 2 2 , 5 4 4 , 4 2 2 , 7 , 8 2
Existing Population Source: Census of India I * Forecasted Population
R I T E S L t d .
33
5 C H A P T E R : T O U R I S M D E M A N D A S S E S S M E N T
Chapter Contents
• S t u d y M e t h o d o l o g y
• E x i s t i n g T r e n d s o f T o u r i s t s A r r i v a l
• o o m D e m a n d A s s e s s m e n t
• E m p l o y m e n t P r o j e c t i o n s
This chapter focuses on the tourism room demand assessment in Varkala by year 2041 so as to
identify the land area that will be required to accommodate the same. The demand assessment has
been done based on the prevailing market trends and the primary survey findings, and assuming the
industry specific standards prevailing in the hospitality industry. The employment that is likely to be
generated from tourism sector that will help in the socio-economic development of the place also
been highlighted.
R I T E S L t d .
34
. 1
5 S T U D Y M E T H O D O L O G Y F O R T O U R I S M A S S E S S M E N T
To assess room demand requirements in Varkala by 2041 the methodology adopted is as follows:
M e t h o d o l o g y S t r u c t u r e f o r D e m a n d A s s e s s m e n t
1 . K e r a l a S t a t e T o u r i s t I n f l o w a n d P r o j e c t i o n s
Study of the tourist data (both domestic and foreign) visiting Kerala State and based on the current growth
trends the future projections were made for State
2
. V a r k a l a T o u r i s t I n f l o w a n d P r o j e c t i o n s
The study of Varkala's share in the tourist visiting the State and considering the current trends, future
projections have been done for Varkala
3
. D o m e s t i c a n d F o r e i g n T o u r i s t s I n f l o w i n V a r k a l a
The data of tourists (both domestic and foreign) visitng Varkala was observed and based on the current
trends and growth rates the future projections of the tourists was made for Varkala.
Varkala
4 . S e a a s o n a l V a r i a t i o n i n T o u r i s t I n f l o w
The seasonal variation in the tourist inflow to Varkala was studied to identify and understand the situation
in peak season as well as lean season and to deriving average tourist inflow into Varkala on monthly basis.
5 . R o o m S u p p l y - D e m a n d A s s e s s m e n t
The existng room supply was studied in Varkala across various categories for estimating future requirment
for the next 30 years in Varkala
6
. A r e a R e q u i r e m e n t f o r H o t e l s
Based on the above room demand-supply,

demand the area required for the hospitality sector (hotels and
homestays) have been estimated for the period of next 30 years i.e. 2041
R I T E S L t d .
35
.
5 2 E X I S T I N G T O U R I S T A R R I V A L , G R O W T H T R E N D S A N D F U T U R E P R O J E C T I O N S
For the purpose of study, the tourists have been grouped as the foreign tourists and the domestic
tourists. The period of study taken is from 2002 to 2011. It was observed that during this period the
number of tourists visiting Kerala has increased by about 75% and except during year 2005, the flow
increased steadily in all other years. During this period the share of foreign tourists has almost
doubled from 4% to about 7.2% while the share of domestic tourists marginally reduced from 96% to
93%. During the period of 2002 to 2011 the overall average annual growth rate was observed
around 6.45% whereas in the increase in foreign tourist during the period was on an average around
13.82% and that of domestic tourists was about 6.07% as indicated in below.
T a b l e 2 7
T a b l e 2 7 : E x i s t i n g G r o w t h T r e n d s a n d F o r e c a s t f o r T o u r i s t I n f l o w t o K e r a l a
.
S Y e a r T o t a l A n n u a l F o r e i g n A n n u a l D o m e s t i c A n n u a l
N o T o u r i s t s G r o w t h T o u r i s t s G r o w t h T o u r i s t s G r o w t h
A r r i v a l R a t e A r r i v a l R a t e A r r i v a l R a t e
1 2002 5,800,820 232,564 11.3% 5,568,256 6.3%

2 2003 6,165,849 6.29% 294,621 26.68% 5,871,228 5.44%
3 2004 6,317,728 2.46% 345,546 17.28% 5,972,182 1.72%
4 2005 6,292,922 -0.39% 346,499 0.28% 5,946,423 -0.43%
5 2006 6,700,258 6.47% 428,534 23.68% 6,271,724 5.47%
6 2007 7,158,749 6.84% 515,808 20.37% 6,642,941 5.92%
7 2008 8,190,179 14.41% 598,929 16.11% 7,591,250 14.28%
8 2009 8,470,795 3.43% 557,258 -6.96% 7,913,537 4.25%
9 2010 9,254,340 9.25% 659,265 18.31% 8,595,075 8.61%
10 2011 10,114,440 9.29% 732,985 11.18% 9,381,455 9.15%
. 1 3 . . 0
A v e r a g e A G R 6 4 5 % 8 2 % 6 7 %
Projected Tourist Inflow Assumed DGR Assumed DGR

1* 2021 16,476,298 6.3% 1,465,970 10% 15,010,328 6%
2* 2031 25,007,641 5.2% 2,492,149 7% 22,515,492 5%
3* 2041 38,009,891 5.2% 4,236,653 7% 33,773,238 5%
AGR = Annual Growth Rate I DGR = Decadal Growth Rate
Existing Population Source: Census of India I * Forecasted Population Figures
Considering the above situation it has been assumed that till 2021, the total tourist decadal growth
rate would be around 6.3% which will be about 5.2% during 2021 to 2041. During the same period
the foreign tourist flow has been assumed to increase at the decadal growth rate of around 10% up
to 2021 and about 7% during 2021 to 2041. Similarly, the decadal growth rate for the domestic
tourists has been assumed at 6% during the period 2011-21 whereas it will be around 5% during the
period 2021-41.
Study of the total data tourist inflow to Varkala during 2005-10 reveals averaged yearly increase in
tourist inflow was around 118%. The domestic tourist inflow increased at the average rate of nearly
145% while the foreign tourists increased by around 110%. The total tourists visiting Varkala
R I T E S L t d .
36
increased by nearly 13 times by year 2010 from 2005. At the same time the foreign tourist volume
increased by nearly 18 times as compared to domestic tourists which increased by nearly 12 times
during the same period as shown in . These growing trends in tourist inflow indicate
T a b l e 2 8
enormous tourism potentialsof Varkala.
T a b l e 2 8 : T o u r i s t I n f l o w t o V a r k a l a ( 2 0 0 5 - 1 0 )
.
S Y e a r F o r e i g n T o u r i s t s % A n n u a l D o m e s t i c T o u r i s t s % A n n u a l T o t a l T o u r i s t s % A n n u a l
.
N o I n f l o w ( N u m b e r s ) G r o w t h I n f l o w ( N u m b e r s ) G r o w t h I n f l o w ( N u m b e r s ) G r o w t h
1 2005 2,516 13,442 15,958

2 2006 11,679 364% 16,865 25% 28,544 79%
3 2007 10,284 -12% 23,188 37% 33,472 17%
4 2008 14,397 40% 169,996 633% 184,393 451%
5 2009 24,054 67% 90,456 -47% 114,510 -38%
6 2010 45,545 89% 160,238 77% 205,783 80%
Assuming that Varkala’s share by 2021 in the total foreign tourists visiting Kerala will be about
5.5%, the total projected visitors will be about 80,628 persons. While assuming that the share of
foreign tourists visiting Varkala during the decades 2021-2031 and 2031-2041 would be about 6.5%
and 7%, respectively, the numbers of foreign tourists will jack-up to 161,990 and 296,566,
respectively as shown in .
9
T a b l e 2
During the same period, assuming that Varkala’s share by 2021 in the total domestic tourists visiting
Kerala will be about 2.5%, the total projected visitors will be about 3,75,258 persons. While
assuming that share of domestic tourists visiting Varkala during the decades 2021-2031 and 2031-
2041 would be about 3% and 3.5% respectively, the number of domestic tourists will grow to around
6,75,465 and 1,182,063, respectively.
Thus the total tourists visiting Varkala by the year 2021 would be around 4.5 lakhs (2.5%); by year
2031, would be around 8.4 lakhs (3%) and by 2041, would be around 14.8 lakhs (3.5%). During the
same period the total tourists visiting Kerala would be around 164 lakhs by year 2021, around 250
lakhs by 2031 and around 380 lakhs by year 2041.
The tourist inflow statistics show that the peak season for domestic tourists is April-May, August-
September and November-December; whereas the lean season is Jan-March within a year. On the
contrary the peak season for foreign tourists is December-March and the lean season is May-July
within a year. Assuming for all the months tourist are visiting Varkala, the seasonality index has been
adjusted to attract increased share of tourists during lean season as shown in .
3 0
T a b l e
R I T E S L t d .
37
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1 2010 9,254,340 659,265 8,595,075 - 45,545 - 160,238 205,783 - - -
2* 2021 16,476,298 1,465,970 15,010,328 5.5% 80,628 2.5% 375,258 455,887 77% 134% 121%
3* 2031 25,007,641 2,492,149 22,515,492 6.5% 161,990 3.0% 675,465 837,454 100% 80% 83%
4* 2041 38,009,891 4,236,653 33,773,238 7.0% 296,566 3.5% 1,182,063 1,478,629 83% 75% 76%
AGR = Annual Growth Rate I DGR = Decadal Growth Rate
Existing Population Source: Census of India I * Forecasted Population Figures
38
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1 January 5,087 3,670 1.34 0.27 1.30 32,128 0.40 34,850 66,978 0.55
2 February 5,154 5,737 1.36 0.43 1.30 32,128 0.45 44,327 76,455 0.62
3 March 6,468 6,140 1.70 0.46 1.55 38,306 0.50 49,253 87,559 0.71
4 April 2,127 17,800 0.56 1.33 0.65 16,064 1.30 128,057 144,121 1.17
5 May 1,701 22,422 0.45 1.68 0.50 12,357 1.60 157,608 169,965 1.38
6 June 1,437 9,549 0.38 0.72 0.45 11,121 0.75 73,879 85,000 0.69
7 July 1,806 9,260 0.48 0.69 0.50 12,357 0.75 73,879 86,236 0.70
8 August 3,816 10,632 1.01 0.80 1.00 24,714 0.80 78,431 103,145 0.84
9 September 3,639 15,942 0.96 1.19 1.00 24,714 1.20 118,206 142,920 1.16
10 October 3,705 7,402 0.98 0.55 1.05 25,950 0.65 64,028 89,978 0.73
11 November 3,619 18,888 0.95 1.41 1.05 25950 1.40 137,907 163,857 1.33
12 December 6,986 32,796 1.84 2.46 1.65 40,778 2.20 216,712 257,489 2.10
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. 3
5 R O O M D E M A N D A S S E S S M E N T
The existing trends in tourist flow to Varkala have been considered, both for foreign tourists and
domestic tourists, and based on the sample survey and the market trends, various determinants for
demand assessment of rooms required by 2041 in Varkala have been worked out. While carrying out
the room demand assessment, the average area per room has been considered for different types of
accommodation units (5-star, 4-star, 3-star, and Non-Star/Budget hotels).
The assumptions taken into consideration for room demand assessment are as follows:
• Average duration of stay within Varkala would increase with the increasing infrastructure
facilities relating to tourism,
• The average duration of stay for different categories to be as enlisted below:
A v e r a g e D u r a t i o n o f S t a y D o m e s t i c T o u r i s t s F o r e i g n T o u r i s t s
15 nights or more 5% 30%

4-7 nights 18% 50%
1-3 nights 45% 20%
1 night 20% -
Day Visitors 12% -
1 0 0 1 0 0
T o t a l % %
On the basis of above assumptions, the accommodation unit requirement in Varkala by the year
2041 has been calculated, considering the inflow of tourists during weekdays and weekends, both
during peak and lean seasons, which works out to around 8,000 rooms by 2041. In addition, there
will be day time tourists and pilgrims during festivals or religious occasions.
.
5 4 E M P L O Y M E N T P R O J E C T I O N S
The socio-economic analysis carried out for the project area reveals Work Force Participation Rate
(WFPR) as 34%. Considering of 40% WFPR for the future, the total work force (including tourism) for
the year 2041 has been estimated around 1, 99,769 persons.
The recent survey report titled ‘Indian Hotel Industry Survey (2012-13)’ published by Federation of
Hotel and Restaurant Associations of India (FHRAI) and HVS India, shows that the employee-to-room
ratio in India continues to be high as compared to the global benchmarks. The all India average of
employee-to-room ratio stands at 1.6. This can be attributed to the large chunk of four-star and
three-star hotel respondents, which have an average employee-to-room ratio of 1.7. Typically,
hotels in India provide services and facilities beyond their positioning; hence, they require more
manpower. It was also observed that the employee-to-room ratio was higher in luxury and upscale
hotel segments as compared to mid-market and budget hotels.
R I T E S L t d .
40
Assuming the average employee-to-room ratio of 1.6 for all categories of hotels and home stays in
Varkala, the total employment in Varkala would be around 25,600+ jobs in the next 30 years i.e. by
year 2041 in the tourism industry as shown in .
3 1
T a b l e
T a b l e 3 1 : E m p l o y m e n t P r o j e c t i o n ( Y e a r 2 0 4 1 )
. .
S N o D e s c r i p t i o n P o p u l a t i o n
1 Projected Population 499,422

2 A s s u m i n g ,
WFPR 40%
1 9 9 9
A T o t a l J o b s C r e a t e d , 7 6
1 Total Number of Rooms required by Year 2041 8,000

2 A s s u m i n g ,
Employee-to-Room Ratio 1.6
1 0 0
B J o b s C r e a t e d i n H o t e l s 2 , 8
0 0
C T o t a l j o b s i n T o u r i s m S e c t o r i n c l u d i n g H o t e l s 2 5 , 6
0 1 1 1 9
A - C J o b s C r e a t i o n i n O t h e r t h a n T o u r i s m S e c t o r b y Y e a r 2 4 7 4 , 6
R I T E S L t d .
41
6
C H A P T E R : E X I S T I N G L A N D U S E
Chapter Contents
• P u r p o s e o f S t u d y
• C o m p r e h e n s i v e B a s e M a p
• E x i s t i n g L a n d U s e i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a
The chapter presents brief introduction of the purpose of existing land use study and how the
current situation will help in the preparation of futuristic plans. The process of preparation of a base
map has been explained and finally the existing land use under different activities in the project area
has been discussed.
R I T E S L t d .
42
. 1
6 I N T R O D U C T I O N
The purpose of land use studies is to shape futuristic physical development of the project area and
to preserve, protect and enhance the current livability and quality of life of the people. The Land use
study is the central element of a master plan or development plan. The distribution, intensity and
pattern of land uses provide the most vivid illustration of how the vision for the project area will be
realized. It also provides a snapshot of current land use conditions and development patterns. The
study is helpful in providing insights of the distribution, location and extent of the uses of land for
housing, business (commercial), industry, open spaces, play grounds, recreation, natural resources,
education, health, public uses, transportation and communication and solid and liquid waste
disposal.
.
6 2 P R E P A R A T I O N O F B A S E M A P A N D E X I S T I N G L A N D U S E M A P
Base Map forms an important prime database for review of the existing conditions. Therefore,
preparation of an accurate base map is the first and foremost activity for the preparation of various
maps required in the process of drafting the master plan. Preparation of base map has ensured
identification of ambiguities and rectification thereof by juxtaposing multiple features and adjusting
the spatial information to a common scale. Cadastral maps provided by the client and the Google
Earth images have been utilized in the preparation of the base map.(Refer )
M a p s 2 t o 5
H i g h l i g h t s o f E x i s t i n g l a n d u s e
The existing land use study shows that nearly 7.06 sq.km (5.4%) of the total project area is under
residential (built) category, while about 0.43 sq.km (0.3%) and 0.11 sq.km (0.1%) is under
commercial (built) category and industrial (built) category, respectively. The combined area covered
under land use categories namely vacant open area and vacant vegetal area measures about 63.85
sq.km (49.0%), while under plantation and agriculture, it is about 38.41 sq. km. (29.4%). The
distribution of existing land use is as follows and shown in .
3
T a b l e 2
i.
R e s i d e n t i a l ( B u i l t ) :
The major concentrations of activities under this category are around Varkala Municipality
(22.3%) followed by Chemmaruthy (15.9%) and Navaikulam (14.4%) and the least is in
Pallickal (6.9%).
ii.
C o m m e r c i a l ( B u i l t ) :
The major concentrations of commercial activities are around Varkala Municipality (45.6%)
followed by Navaikulam (15.0%) and the least is in Chemmaruthy (3.9%).
iii.
I n d u s t r i a l ( B u i l t ) :
The area under this category is primarily concentrated in Navaikulam (30.6%) followed by
Chemmaruthy (17.9%) while the least concentration is in Edava (2.7%) and Vettoor (3.2%).
R I T E S L t d .
43
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:
44
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d
.
iv.
I n s t i t u t i o n a l A r e a :
The major concentrations of activities under this category are in Varkala Municipality
(33.4%) followed by Elakamon (26.3%) and the least is in Madavoor (2.7%) and Pallickal
(2.7%).
v.
U t i l i t y A r e a :
(55.1%) followed by Chemmaruthy (25.9%) and the least is in Madavoor, Pallickal and
Navaikulam with almost nil area in each.
vi.
R e c r e a t i o n a l A r e a :
(77.8%) followed by Elakamon (10.4%) while the least is in Madavoor and Pallickal with
almost nil area in each.
vii.
V a c a n t O p e n A r e a :
The area under this category is primarily concentrated in Navaikulam (27.2%) followed by
Varkala Municipality (23.5%) and the least is in Madavoor and Pallickal with almost nil (0.8%)
area in each.
viii.
P a d d y A r e a :
The major concentrations of activities under this category are in Madavoor (24.2%),
Navaikulam (20.6%), Chemmaruthy (20.2%), and Pallickal (18.1%) while the least is in
Vettoor (0.3%).
ix.
P l a n t a t i o n a n d A g r i c u l t u r e A r e a :
The area under this category is primarily concentrated in Madavoor (33.6%) followed by
Pallickal (33.1%) and Navaikulam (26.1%) while the least is in Vettoor and Edava with very
less area.
x.
V a c a n t V e g e t a t e d A r e a :
The major concentration of activities under this category is in Elakamon (22.6%),

Chemmaruthy (21.3%) and Navaikulam (18.3%) while the least is in Madavoor (0.7%) and
Pallickal (0.8%)
xi.
F o r e s t :
The area under this category is in Madavoor only (100%).
xii.
W a t e r B o d y :
The water bodies cover is (61.6%) in Elakamon, 13.9% of Varkala Municipality and 10.8% of
Edava while the water bodies comparatively have less area in Madavoor, Vettoor, and
Chemmaruthy ranging between 1 to 1.2%.
R I T E S L t d .
45
7 C H A P T E R : E M E R G I N G C O N C E R N S A N D C H A L L E N G E S
Chapter Contents
• E n v i r o n m e n t a l I s s u e s
• E c o n o m i c I s s u e s
• S o c i o - C u l t u r a l I s s u e s
• O t h e r I s s u e s
The chapter highlights important development issues like environmental and socio-cultural issues in
the project area.
R I T E S L t d .
46
. 1
7 E M E R G I N G I S S U E S
For sustainable tourism development in Varkala, through integrated development strategy,

formulation of the Master Plan is essential. The major concerns identified in the study related to
environment, economy and socio-cultural aspects are mentioned as follows:
.
7 2 E N V I R O N M E N T A L I S S U E S
The major environmental issues are:

• Violation of Coastal Regulation Zone,
• Pollution of water bodies and beaches,
• Cliff erosion,
• Destruction of the natural environment (fauna and flora), and
• Reduction in tree cover due to uncontrolled development
. . 1
7 2 C l i f f E r o s i o n a n d P r o t e c t i v e M e a s u r e s
Storm waves are continuously eroding the cliff base leading to formation of notches, caves,
steepening, removal of pre-existing debris from toe of cliff, and lowering of the shore platform and
beach level. Internal factors such as weathering, stress relief and swelling, strain softening,
groundwater level changes and shrinkage are also responsible for cliff failure and recession. Also the
anthropogenic activities like construction of buildings on the land in the immediate vicinity of cliff
are responsible to increasing load on the fragile cliff and consequently adding to the cliff failure.
Based on cliff morphology, appropriate structures are required to check erosion. A few actively
receding cliffs at Varkala and adjoining area are partially protected with sea walls, but are ineffective
in minimizing the rate of recession. Creation of a series of structures could be the effective measure
to minimize recession.
Under the guidance of an expert Geologist various environmental friendly techniques of cliff
strengthening could be considered such as:
i. Pinning / Filling of cracked portion of cliffs at Varkala,

ii. Grading / Re-grading of the cliffs,
iii. Providing proper drainage at Varkala, to prevent groundwater seepage
iv. Increasing bio-protection along the cliff side with trees, grass, etc
v. Through strict implementation of the CRZ norms
. 3
7 E C O N O M I C I S S U E S
The major economic issues that have been observed are:

i. Low level of local participation in tourism and related activities in terms of employment,
entrepreneurship and informal activities,
ii. Marginal jobs/low wages from tourism sector for local people,
R I T E S L t d .
47
iii. Lower economic benefits to local people in spite of increasing tourist inflow to the region
.
7 4 S O C I O - C U L T U R A L I S S U E S
The major socio-cultural issues that have been observed are:

i. Exclusion of local community from beaches/tourism spots,
ii. Commoditization of culture and art forms,
iii. New building styles/westernization of styles among people, and
iv. Low level of interest/involvement in tourism
Varkala requires a special tourism package within the tourism policy of the state for promoting
Varkala as one of the most preferred tourist destinations.
.
7 5 O T H E R I S S U E S
Apart from the above issues, various other concerns which need attention include:
. . 1
7 5 I s s u e s r e l a t e d t o T r a f f i c a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n
The major problems and issues have been highlighted below:

i. Signage which play important role in reaching the tourist destination in town are lacking,
ii. Safety and security is very important in tourist areas. On the cliff at places railings are
missing, streets lights are not adequate. So it very unsafe to walk on the cliff in the night
time. There should security staff members on the cliff and near the beach.
iii. Road network capacity is not adequate in Varkala as the available right of way (ROW) of
roads is very limited at most of the network and thus roads cannot be widened adequately.
iv. Considering limited road capacity there is need to optimize the use of available
infrastructure by adopting traffic management measures wherever possible.
v. Planned roads need to be provided with adequate right of way to meet the requirement of
future traffic.
vi. In Varkala out of seven railway crossings only one railway crossing is grade separated and
remaining are level crossings. About 72 trains pass through these crossings every day. This
problem needs to be addressed on priority.
vii. Absence of footpaths on the entire road network. Out of total person trips the share of walk
trips is about 35%. Walk trips as feeder to buses and other modes are additional. There is a
high pedestrian traffic on Varkala Beach and in Varkala Town. Therefore, provision of
footpaths is important. Share of cycle traffic is as low as 2%. This mode of transport needs to
be promoted by providing cycle tracks along the roads.
viii. Parking of vehicles is assuming critical dimension in Varkala. Limited off-street parking lots
are resulting into on-street parking in the core areas and Varkala Beach and further reducing
capacity of the roads. Parking facilities need to be augmented substantially.
ix. The junctions have poor geometrics therefore geometrics of the junctions need to be
improved. Grade separation is required wherever necessary.
R I T E S L t d .
48
x. Varkala Tunnel was a popular tourist highlight. With the advent of advanced transportation
methods through road, rail and sky, the transportation through Varkala tunnel has stopped.
The canal and the tunnel have gone into disuse and heavy silt accumulation and vegetative
growth has taken place. It is recommended to revive the canal and tunnel for tourist
activities.
xi. Outer cordon surveys indicate significant outbound through traffic which points the need of
bypasses to the Varkala.
xii. At present, modal split in favour of public transport is about 65% of total motorised person
trips. With the increase in income levels, the car ownerships will also increase which will lead
to the increased use of cars and fall in the share of public transport. In order to arrest this
shift, it is very important that fast, reliable, frequent and comfortable mass transit system is
planned for the city.
. .
7 5 2 O v e r E x p l o i t a t i o n o f N a t u r a l R e s o u r c e s
i. Concentration of tourist activities near the helipad and the north cliff, without any
development in other areas have resulted in over exploitation of resources at one place thus
posing major threat to the sustainable tourism,
ii. Over exploitation of natural coastal resources for tourism development is a major concern.
Unchecked construction activity is constantly spoiling the pristine beauty of these areas.
R I T E S L t d .
49
8
C H A P T E R : P L A N N I N G P R O P O S A L S
Chapter Contents
• V i s i o n
• P l a n n i n g P r i n c i p l e s
• E v o l u t i o n o f C o n c e p t P l a n
• P r o p o s e d C o n c e p t P l a n
The chapter deals with the vision and broad planning principles of conceptualizing the location of
land uses and road network in formulating Master Plan-2041 for the project area.
R I T E S L t d .
50
. 1
8 V I S I O N
“Developing Varkala as the one of the most preferred and eco-friendly tourist destinations and
integrating it with needs of local community, improving quality of life and providing more
employment opportunities with least interference in the natural environment”.
.
8 2 M I S S I O N
“Attracting investments in a paradigm of regulated growth and development, at the designated

nodes within the project area, by involving all the stakeholders-both public and the private sectors
for vision realization”
. 3
8 O N A T I O N O F T H E P R O J E C T A R E A
The mission set forth for realizing the vision requires a definitive approach. For this purpose, the
entire project area has been dived into two zones described as under;
iii. Urbanization Area-1 (UA-1), is the area that will have comparatively high intensity of
development i.e. higher FSI and developmental permission charges and the development
permissions linked with the hierarchy of roads as specified in the Development Control
Regulations,
iv. Urbanization Area-2 (UA-2) is the area that will have lower intensity of development i.e.
lower FSI and developmental charges than the UA-1.
It is the typical character of the project area that demands this type of approach. Since this is the
first planning effort of developing the project area comprising Municipal and Panchayat areas, the
development agency requires flexibility of attracting the investments at places with a few
restrictions specified in the Development Control Regulations. It is the foremost requirement of the
private investor, because the first choice of investor is to develop the area where land is accessible,
cheaper and has the marketing potentials. Such flexibilities are not available in the strict land use
zones.
Since the Zonation is based on the existing potentials to attract the investment, equally important is
attaining the balanced growth and development of the project area. For this purpose, the project
area within the two zones, has been designated for polycentric development as nodes of
investments listed as under and given in .
M a p s 6 & 7
i. Commercial hubs in Varkala, Chemmaruthy, Edava and Navaikulam,

ii. Cultural Hub between Varkala, Chemmaruthy and Edava,
iii. Health and Education hub in Navaikulam,
iv. Technology Parks (IT and Other Technologies) in Madavoor, Pallickal and Navaikulam,
v. Sports and Leisure/recreational Hub in Varkala, Edava and Elakamon,
vi. Agro based Industry in Vettoor,
vii. Transportation Hub in Navaikulam
R I T E S L t d .
51
.
8 4 P L A N N I N G P R I N C I P L E S
The broad principles on which the Master Plan, 2041 will be formulated are as follows:
. . 1
8 4 M u l t i n u c l e a t e d A p p r o a c h
Multinucleated development approach is adopted for creating more places of investment

opportunities. This approach is ideal for providing each component of project area the development
opportunities as per their potentials. The approach will help in creating equitable development
across the project area guided by the dominant existing land use. The approach will also help in
regulated utilization of natural resources by dispersal of activities at different nodes thus avoiding
overutilization of natural resources and also in minimizing the congestions at a one place.
. .
8 4 2 D e c e n t r a l i z e d D e v e l o p m e n t
Decentralization of tourism activities will help in developing the project area for reducing pressure
on a particular area and also safeguarding the cliff from building activities. Decentralization can be
supported by incentives (special packages, etc) and promoting thematic tourism activities (monsoon
tourism, winter tourism, water sports etc.) to promote tourism at multiple locations - distributive
tourism.
. . 3
8 4 L o w - R i s e a n d L o w - D e n s i t y D e v e l o p m e n t s
Considering the existing development pattern within the State and especially in Varkala, wherein the
conditions for low-rise and low-density development is favourable, it is suggested to continue the
same principle for future development in the project area unless a project has specific requirements.
For an area like Varkala, where overall population density is quite low and population growth is also
low the development has to be in sync with the surroundings. As a thumb rule, no building should be
taller than the height of the local trees within the area to ensure that buildings do not dominate the
natural landscape.
. .
8 4 4 P r o m o t i o n o f P u b l i c - P r i v a t e P a r t n e r s h i p s
In Varkala, public-private partnership is needed for infrastructure development including

development of accommodation, transportation, site development, other amenities, waste
management, etc.
. .
8 4 5 L o c a l P e o p l e ’ s P a r t i c i p a t i o n
Local people’s participation is important for the development of the area since it provides them an
opportunity of feeling pride and belongingness by retaining the ownership. The participation can be
ensured through measures/strategies suggested as under:
i. Capacity building through workshops/seminars in various fields like hospitality services,
foods and beverage segment, etc.,
ii. Promoting Home Stay Tourism,
iii. Promoting Employment of local human resource in all developmental activities through
policies/incentives,
R I T E S L t d .
52
iv. Promoting local handicrafts by providing a platform for display and marketing the products
through creation of artisans’ village, artisans’ market, weekly market, etc.
v. Promoting eating joints of local food and beverage products and cuisines,
vi. Integration of ongoing tourism schemes of the Government like “My Village, a Tourism
Friendly Village” can be effectively implemented in areas of Edava and Vettoor Panchayats
to being with.
. .
8 4 6 P r o m o t i o n o f H o m e S t a y
Home stay tourism is an evolving branch in tourism industry. By drafting proper guidelines, the
concept of home stays by involving local people can be promoted in Varkala. The vernacular
architecture of the home stay offers tourists the experience of lifestyle of the local people and the
authentic local food at a competitive pricing. It will also generate employment and finally arrest the
outmigration.
H i g h l i g h t s o f l a n d u s e o n a t i o n
The Urbanization Area measuring 71.06 sq.km (54.5%) has been categorised into two zones namely
Urbanization Area-1 having an area of 24.51 sq.km (18.8%) and Urbanization Area-2 having an area
of 46.6 sq.km (35.7%). Considering the importance of ecosystem, around 27.7 km (21.3%) area has
been identified as conservation area. The tourism and recreation area has been kept around 5.7 sq.
km (4.4%) and the area under agriculture is around 15.4 sq. km (11.8%) of the total project area. The
zone-wise concentration of activities is as follows: (refer )
M a p 6
The zone wise concentration of activities is as follows:

i. This zone predominantly comprises built / developed areas of Varkala
1
U r b a n i z a t i o n A r e a - :
Municipality and Navaikulam Panchayat along both sides of the National Highway. This zone
shall have mixed land use development and shall accommodate the expansion of built /
developed areas. The higher order development activities shall be linked with the road
hierarchy i.e. more than 15 m road width. This zone comprises Varkala Municipality (46.4%)
and adjoining Navaikulam (52.1%) and Chemmaruthy (1.5%).
ii. This is an intermediate zone between Urbanization Area-1 and the

U r b a n i z a t i o n A r e a - 2 :
vernacular rural settings, ecological and natural areas. The main focus is on densification of
existing developed areas and development of new areas. Mixed land use along with various
service and cottage industries will be allowed in this zone. Higher order activities shall be
allowed only on the roads with road width higher than 21 m. This zone shall have various
development nodes as identified in the Master Plan which shall have agro based industries,
sports and recreation, IT/ITES and other technology based establishments. This zone
comprises the areas of Navaikulam(11.6%), Chemmaruthy (29.3%), Madavoor (17.7%),
Edava (11.5%), Vettoor (12.4%), Elakamon (7.7%) and Pallickal (9.9%).
R I T E S L t d .
53
A
.
The proposed land uses for the project area have been detailed in the below:
3
a
e
b
h
T
A
a
os
na
a
:
l
V
t
a
o
r
o
r
n
o
a
v
u
d
d
S
K
o
os
na
m
u
.
.
%
l
t
t
o
a
0.7 0.8 0.2 5.0 2.4 3.8 1.5
4
1 Agricultural Zone 1.0
.
6.5% 4.6% 5.1% 1.6% 32.8% 15.4% 24.4% 9.6%
%
.
- 0.4 7.3 - 6.3 - 4.4 9.3
7
2 Conservation zone
.
0.0% 1.6% 26.5% 0.0% 22.7% 0.0% 15.8% 33.4%
%
.
11.4 - - - - 0.4 12.8 -
5
3 Urbanisation Area-1
.
46.4% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 1.5% 52.1% 0.0%
%
.
- 5.4 8.2 5.8 3.6 13.6 5.4 4.6
6
4 Urbanisation Area-2
.
0.0% 11.5% 17.7% 12.4% 7.7% 29.3% 11.6% 9.9%
%
.
2.1 2.0 - 0.8 0.9 - - -
7
5 Tourism and Recreation Zone
.
36.3% 35.7% 0.0% 13.1% 14.9% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
%
.
1.0 0.7 0.5 0.5 0.6 1.0 1.3 0.5
1
6 Transportation
.
15.9% 11.0% 7.4% 8.6% 10.3% 17.0% 20.9% 8.9%
%
.
0.4 0.3 - 0.0 1.6 0.0 0.1 0.2
6
7 Water Body
.
14.4% 10.9% 0.0% 1.2% 61.9% 1.2% 1.9% 8.6%
%
.
- - 1.7 - - - - -
7
8 Forest
.
0.0% 0.0% 100.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0%
%
.
- - - - - - - 0.3
3
9 Quarry
.
0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 100.0%
%
.
1
4
l
)
T
.
o
m
.
%
.
.
54
R
d
.
iii. This zone covers existing areas of hotels, resorts; home stays
T o u r i s m a n d R e c r e a t i o n o n e :
concentrations, and such other activities related tourism. The main purpose of this zone is to
promote tourism related activities within the project area while at the same time controlling
and regularizing such activities within the eco-sensitive areas (cliffs). This zone will have
various activities like art centers, museums, theme parks, fair grounds, etc. which will help in
the promotion of tourism. The tourism and recreation zone is concentrated primarily in four
areas viz. Varkala Municipality (36.3%), Edava (35.7%), Elakamon (14.9%) and Vettoor
(13.1%).
iv. This zone comprises areas of existing paddy fields which are primarily low
A g r i c u l t u r e o n e :
lying and valley areas. Various activities related to agriculture, paddy, horticulture, seed
farms, dairy farms, fishing, etc. have been envisaged in this zone. The major agricultural
lands are in Navaikulam (24.4%), Chemmaruthy (15.4%), Elakamon (32.8%) and Pallickal
(9.6%), Madavoor (5.1%), Edava (4.6%) and Varkala Municipality (6.5%).
v. This zone is the area where development is sparse and where the large
C o n s e r v a t i o n o n e :
tracts of vacant lands are available and incidental agriculture activities are carried out. The
main purpose is to conserve the vernacular rural settings. Residential development with low
rise and low density, home stay tourism, and lower order of commercial activities will be
permitted. The conservation zone is mainly in Pallickal (33.4%) Madavoor (26.5%), Elakamon
(22.7%), Navaikulam (15.8%) and Edava (1.6%).
vi. The area under water bodies is mainly concentrated in Elakamon (61.9%),
W a t e r B o d i e s :
Varkala Municipality (14.4%), Edava (10.9%) and Pallickal (8.6%).

.
8 6 P R O P O S E D T R A F F I C A N D T R A N S P O R T A T I O N N E T W O R K
Transportation planning is an integral part of any Master Plan. The analysis of the existing
transportation scenario in the project area, as explained in the existing transport network, brings
forth the persisting traffic problems in terms of inadequate roads, lack of parking spaces, inefficient
public transport etc. Therefore, transportation proposals focus on evolving a mechanism for tackling
these problems to ensure a minimum required level of transportation services and activities.
. . 1 k
8 6 P r o p o s e d R o a d N e t w o r
The road network has been developed together with the overall spatial configuration of the plan.
Several aspects including topography have a significant effect on the evolution of transportation
network. The important aspects of existing situation that were taken into consideration while
proposing transportation network are as follows;
• Topography,
• Existing Road Pattern,
• Existing Corridor Development,
• Existing Linkages to Surrounding Development
• Water bodies.
R I T E S L t d .
55
The proposed traffic and transportation network plan for project area is based on a well-defined
road network of appropriate hierarchy to cater to the future traffic needs. The proposals include
redefining, strengthening and augmenting the existing road network and identifying additional
linkages in order to rationalise the traffic needs within the project area. The road network has been
proposed consisting of road hierarchy as mentioned below and proposed cross sections of
3
T a b l e 4
roads are given in

3 .
F i g u r e
T a b l e 3 4 : P r o p o s e d R o a d H i e r a r c h y
. .
S N o R o a d W i d t h N o m e n c l a t u r e
1 60 m wide M1
2 30 m wide M2
3 24 m wide M3
4 21 m wide M4
5 15 m wide M5
6 9 m wide M5
Attempt has been made to propose a grid pattern of roads for continuity and smooth flow of traffic
linking different parts of the project area. Presently the NH-47 is passing through the middle of the
project area with limited right of way of 30 m. Increasing traffic on NH-47 and encroachments will
make it more congested in near future. To avoid the traffic congestion a parallel road has been
proposed near from Kallambalam junction to Parripally, which will act as bypass. The right of way of
the proposed bypass will be 60m, with 6 lane divide carriageway. Improved connectivity to Varkala
from Thiruvananthapuramand Kollam is very important in order to facilitate more tourists and daily
travellers. Therefore NH47 has been proposed to be widenedto 4 lane carriageway between
Thiruvananthapuramand Kollam initially, but in future it may be widened to 6 lane divided
carriageway.
At present Varkala town is connected with NH-47 by two roads which have 20 meters right of way
with 2 lane undivided carriageway. The widening of existing roads at various places is not possible.
To increase the accessibility of Varkala town and rest of the project area,two 30 meter wide roads
have been proposed from NH47 on both sides. The roads will connect the major proposed
development nodes.
The road network has been designed to cover majority of the project area so that all the villages
could be linked with each other and offer equal opportunity of investments. New roads have been
proposed wherever the existing connectivity is inadequate, and widening of existing roads has been
proposed where the width was insufficient to carry the future traffic.All proposed roads having
greater than 15 meters RoW will be with 4 lane divided carriageway.
It is suggested to have public transit along the major routes and on the road with right-of-way is
more than 24 m.
R I T E S L t d .
56
F i g u r e 3 : P r o p o s e d R o a d C r o s s S e c t i o n s
R I T E S L t d .
57
The Proposed roads and their respective length as proposed in the Master Plan have been given in
the below. (Refer )
3
T a b l e 5 M a p 8
T a b l e 3 5 : P r o p o s e d R o a d N e t w o r k i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a
S . R o a d N a m e E x i s t i n g E x i s t i n g P r o p o s e d L e n g t h ( i n
N o . R O W C a r r i a g e w a y R O W k m )
( i n ( i n m e t r e s ) ( i n m e t r e s )
m e t r e s )
R o a d W i d e n i n g
1 National Highway NH47 30 7.5 60 4.7

2 Varkala Kallamballam Road. 19 7.5 24 11.4
3 Varkala Parripally Road (SH64) 14 to 18 7.0 24 8.2
4 Varkala Madathara Road (SH 64) 15 to 18 7.0 24 7.9
5 Navaikullam Thumpodu Road 14 to 18 7.0 24 6.7
6 Varkala Edava Kappil Road 19 7.5 21 9.0
7 Njekked Chavarkode Road 12 5.5 21 4.6
8 S N College Road 15 7.5 24 4.3
9 Edava Papnassam Road 13 7.5 15 4.7
10 Varkala Anchuthengu Kadakkavoor 13 7.5 21 4.6
Chiraryinkesh road
11 Varkala Thazhe Vettoor Road 12 7.5 21 5.0
N e w P r o p o s e d R o a d s
1 NH47 Bypass 60 4.5

2 Navaikulam Junction to Varkala Railway 30 7.9
Station
3 Near Navaikulam Junction to 30 4.2
Chemmarathy Panchyat Office
4 Navaikulam Junction to Navaikulam 30 8.2
Thampoda Road Near Panappamkunnu
5 Near Navaikulam Junction to Madvoor 30 6.4
6 Puthusserimukku upto SH64 Varkala 21 5.0
Madathara Road
7 Vadasserikonam to Varkala Madathara 24 3.9
Road near Janatha Junction
8 Tholoor to Madanthapacha Junction 21 3.4
9 Near Kadampattukonan to Kettidam 1.6
Junction
10 Nadayara Junction to Shivgiri Mutt 15 2.3
11 Edava railway Crossing to Edava Panchyat 15 0.6
office
12 Bunglow Mukku Bus Stop to Vattakkada 15 2.3
Edava
. .
8 6 2 P r o p o s e d T r a f f i c a n d T r a n s p o r t a t i o n I n f r a s t r u c t u r e
J u n c t i o n I m p r o v e m e n t
Road Junctions are the critical points of the roads, where traffic is accumulated and creates chaos.
The proper planning and designing of junctions make traffic flow smooth. Various junctions are
surveyed to analyze the existing traffic situation including the conflicts. The critical junctions have
R I T E S L t d .
58
been considered for improvement i.e. Maithanam Junction. The conceptual plan of the junction is
shown in below.
F i g u r e 4
F i g u r e 4 : M a i t h a n a m J u n c t i o n I m p r o v e m e n t
Three flyovers have been proposed on the proposed NH bypass, where the two new proposed roads
intersect the bypass. One flyover is proposed at Kallambalam junction on the existing NH47. The
proposed flyovers will be of 4 lanes with divided carriageway.
R a i l u n d e r B r i d g e ( R U B )
Varkala is connected with other towns by the broad gauge Southern Railways which passes through
it. Since it passes through the town, there are seven railway crossings in Varkala. One railway
crossing is grade separated and remaining six are at-grade. On an average 72 trains pass through the
town every day thereby causing frequent traffic delays at level-crossings. To overcome this problem,
a RUB has been proposed near the busy railway crossing of Varkala Railway Station. The conceptual
plan of the RUB near Varkala Railway Station is shown in below.
F i g u r e 5
R I T E S L t d .
59
F i g u r e 5 : P r o p o s e d R a i l u n d e r B r i d g e n e a r V a r k a l a R a i l w a y S t a t i o n
k
P a r i n g P r o p o s a l s
The increasing vehicle ownership is not only demanding wider roads but also commensurate parking
spaces particularly in commercial areas and tourist spots. The non-availability of dedicated parking
spaces in the project area is leading to street parking which not only is reducing the capacity of roads
but also proving hazardous to pedestrian.
There are only two off-street parking lots; one near Papanassam beach on the southern cliff and
another at Varkala Railway Station. The present parking spaces in Varkala town and other areas are
inadequate The absence of parking spaces in Varkala main commercial area, people resort to on
.
road parking In order to provide adequate parking spaces, parking at Maithanam Junction and near
.
Varkala Railway Station has been proposed. Parking problem is also faced at Kallambalam Junction. A
space has been proposed to meet the demand. At all the development nodes parking shall be
R I T E S L t d .
60
integral part in the development proposals, as per parking norms specified in the development
guidelines.
In additional to above, parking spaces are also proposed at different tourist destinations in and
outside study area. The details of the parking location at these tourists’ destinations are given in
chapter 10.
R o p e w a y
Ropeway circuit is proposed from South Cliff to proposed Sports Village via North Cliff and other
proposed tourist nodes along coast and shown in
.
M a p 8
T r a n s p o r t H u b
There are only one bus terminal in the study area in Varkala. A transport terminal at strategic
location is proposed in the form of transport hub. The transport hub is proposed near Kallambalam
along the proposed NH bypass shown in There will be the provision of bus terminal, truck
.
M a p 8
terminal and container depot. Provision of bus terminal will reduce the pressure on existing bus
terminal and also enhance the connectivity in entire area. This transport hub will have also provision
of truck parking and resting places.
. . 3
8 6 S t r e e t F u r n i t u r e
F o o t p a t h s
Footpaths are the sections of the roads for the safe pedestrian movement. In entire project area
footpaths are absent. One of the distinct features in urban road system is provision of street
furniture generally guided by the footpaths. The construction of footpaths ensures safety of users
and also improves road capacity. Being a tourist centre, there is enormous pedestrian movement
along Papnassam Beach road, North Cliff and in Varkala Market. To have successful footpaths length
it is important to maintain continuity. Footpaths are proposed along all major roads with proper
surface and design as per IRC Guide lines. A pathway of 5 meters width for safe movement of
tourists is being proposed along the Varkala Cliff with proper landscape and sitting arrangements.
Footpaths will be 6 inches high and will also be the ramped therefore facilitating access to the
properties alongside.
R o a d S i g n a g e s
The road signs provide directions for orderly movement of road users thereby ensure road safety
and efficiency. Road signs notify regulations and provide warnings and guidance to road users for
safe, uniform and efficient operations. Various road signage should be provided on all roads in
accordance with IRC 67–2012 especially direction signs related for the tourist places.
. .
8 6 4 P u b l i c T r a n s p o r t
The natural emergence of lower hierarchy settlement s is at locations where the gravitational pull of
two settlements of equal hierarchy is either equal or zero. So Varkala is such location of lower
R I T E S L t d .
61
hierarchy between Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam. It will be emerging as subordinate growth

center or subsidiary city between the two. It has to be developed as subsidiary transport node
between the two. Strong transportation linkage of Varkala with Thiruvananthapuram and Kollamare
important to facilitate the movement of tourists and daily commuters.Hence there is need to
provide frequent commuter rail system and frequent bus system between Thiruvananthapuram and
Varkala and between Kollam to Varkala.
Varkala is connected with Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam by bus services operated by Kerala State
Transport Corporation and private operators but the interiors of the project area are not well
connected. So to connect the interiors areas and proposed growth nodes.Initially dedicate bus
service is proposed from Varkala to Madavoor/Pallickal in a loop manner on the proposed 30 meters
roads. In the long run a dedicated BRT system may be provided has been suggested. Also a ring road
bus service is proposed along Kallamballam Varkalla Road and SH64 which will start from proposed
transport and goes to Varkala along Kallambalam Road then Edava on Varkala-Edava Road after that
it will follow the SH64 up to Parripally. From Parripally junction it may follows the same SH64 up to
Pallickal and Madavoor. From Madavoor on wards it goes along Navaikulam-Thampoda Road
Varkala needs also to be connected by sea route from Thiruvananthapuram and Kollam by provided
services for tourists. These modes of transportation i.e. Sea, road and rail will contribute the growth
and potential of project area.
R I T E S L t d .
62
9
C H A P T E R : A S S E S S M E N T O F P H Y S I C A L A N D S O C I A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E A N D
P L A N N I N G N O R M S A D O P T E D
Chapter Contents
• E x i s t i n g S i t u a t i o n A s s e s s m e n t
• S t a n d a r d N o r m s
R 2 0 4 1
• E s t i m a t e d e q u i r e m e n t s -
In this chapter deals with the existing situation of physical and social infrastructure, in adequacy and
inadequacy assessed with reference to standard norms as mentioned in relevant Guidelines like
UDPFI and IPHS, the estimates for the future requirement i.e. 2041 in the project area.
R I T E S L t d .
63
9 . 1
P H Y S I C A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
9 . 1 . 1
W a t e r S u p p l y
The Kerala Water Authority, a statutory body constituted under Kerala Water Supply and Sewerage
(KWSS) Act, 1986, is responsible for water supply in the State. Its main functions include state level
planning for water and sewage, development, financing, implementation and operation of all
existing and new schemes. As of now, Kerala Water Authority is operating 40 urban water supply
schemes and 1,415 rural water supply schemes in the State.
The project area gets water supply from two schemes viz. Comprehensive Water Supply Scheme
(CWSS) and Rural Water Supply Scheme (RWSS). Varkala Municipality is responsible for supply of
water to its people. Currently about 60% households have metered connections in the Varkala
municipal area and the remaining 40% depend on their own ground water resource. The floating
population water requirements are met from ground water resource.
The total water supply in the project area during 2011 was around 10 MLD. As per CPHEEO
Guidelines, considering per capita water demand for municipality area at 135 lpcd and for other
Panchayats at 70 lpcd, the estimated domestic water supply for the project area by 2041 shall be
around 41 MLD given in .
3
T a b l e 6
T a b l e 3 6 : E s t i m a t e d D o m e s t i c W a t e r D e m a n d i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a - 2 0 4 1
S . N o . A r e a E x i s t i n g E x i s t i n g W a t e r E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d W a t e r
o p u l a t i o n S u p p l y ( M L D ) o p u l a t i o n S u p p l y ( M L D )
P P
Year 2011 2011 2041* 2041*
1 Varkala (M) 40,048 2.80 90,032 12.2

2 Edava 25,994 1.00 58,437 4.1
3 Elakamon 25,307 1.00 56,892 4.0
4 Chemmaruthy 32,444 1.30 72,937 5.1
5 Navaikulam 40,702 1.60 91,502 6.4
6 Pallickal 16,873 0.70 37,932 2.7
7 Madavoor 21,118 0.80 47,475 3.3
8 Vettoor 19,668 0.80 44,215 3.1
o t a l 2 2 2 , 1 5 4 1 0 . 0 0 4 9 9 , 4 2 2 4 0 . 8
T
Considering the projected tourist inflow of around 21,800 persons per day during the peak season,
the total water demand for the project area will be around 58 MLD shown in
3 .
T a b l e - 7
R I T E S L t d .
64
T a b l e 3 7 : E s t i m a t e d T o t a l W a t e r D e m a n d i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a - 2 0 4 1
S . N o . W a t e r D e m a n d f o r P r o j e c t A r e a N o ' s U n i t s
Projected Daily Tourists Inflow - 2041 21,800 No's

Assumption-Water Supply per Capita Day 135 lpcd
A Tourist Water Demand 2.94 MLD
B Domestic Water Demand 40.8 MLD
C Commercial Area Water Demand 4.08 MLD
(@ 10% of the Domestic Water Demand)
D Public/Semi Public Water Demand 2.04 MLD
W a t e r D e m a n d ( A + B + C + D ) 4 9 . 9 M L D
E
F Transmission Losses 7.5 MLD

G T o t a l W a t e r D e m a n d ( + F ) 5 7 . 4 M L D
E
9 . 1 .
2 S o l i d W a s t e M a n a g e m e n t
The average daily solid waste generation in Varkala is between 225-250 gm per capita (around 10-12
tons). At present there is no door-to-door collection service available in the project area which is
why there is dumping of solid waste in the open areas and/or its burning in the premises causing
environmental concerns.
Also there is no proper solid waste collection from the commercial areas like resorts and hotels.
Since collection of solid waste from commercial areas is at a charge based on the quantity of waste,
many hotels and resorts people dump their waste in the cliff are during at night; thus harming the
eco sensitive area. There is only one landfill site near Kanoorashram with a capacity of around 8-9
tons.
Some other issues related to the solid waste management in the project area are given as under:
i. There is no segregation of waste at source,
ii. Despite street cleaning after 12 hours, the problem of litters persists,
iii. No community bins or community dumping sites on the roadsides provided thereby waste
spillover, especially at the tourist spots where most of the waste gets dumped into cliff or
sea is visible,
iv. The number of vehicles and their frequency for collecting waste is not in proportion to the
daily waste generation,
v. The quantum of waste generated is not proportionate to the tariff rates and hence there is
no sensitivity towards generating less waste
The total solid waste generated in the project area in 2011 was around 48 tons per day and the
estimated solid waste generation by 2041 would be around 148 tons per day from the domestic
units. The estimated figures are given in as follows:
3 3 9
T a b l e 8 a n d
R I T E S L t d .
65
T a b l e 3 8 : E s t i m a t e d S o l i d W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n P e r C a p i t a i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a – 2 0 4 1
P r o j e c t A r e a S o l i d W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n ( g m / c a p i t a / d a y )
E x i s t i n g P r o p o s e d
Year 2001 2011 2021* 2031* 2041*

Municipality 250 285 321 356 391
Panchayat 175 200 224 249 274
Rate of Waste Generation has been estimated to grow at an exponential
N o t e :
rate of 1.41% per annum
T a b l e 3 9 : E s t i m a t e d D o m e s t i c S o l i d W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a – 2 0 4 1
S . N o . A r e a E x i s t i n g E x i s t i n g S o l i d E s t i m a t e d E s t i m a t e d S o l i d
o p u l a t i o n a s t e o p u l a t i o n a s t e G e n e r a t i o n
P W P W
G e n e r a t i o n t o n n e s )
t o n n e s )
Year 2011 2011 2041* 2041*
1 Varkala (M) 40,048 11.40 90,032 35.2

2 Edava 25,994 5.20 58,437 16.0
3 Elakamon 25,307 5.10 56,892 15.6
4 Chemmaruthy 32,444 6.50 72,937 20.0
5 Navaikulam 40,702 8.10 91,502 25.1
6 Pallickal 16,873 3.40 37,932 10.4
7 Madavoor 21,118 4.20 47,475 13.0
8 Vettoor 19,668 3.90 44,215 12.1
o t a l 2 2 2 , 1 5 4 4 7 . 8 0 4 9 9 , 4 2 2 1 4 7 . 4
T
Considering the tourists floating population, solid waste generation at the rate of 600 gm per capita,
the total solid waste generation by 2014 in the project area would be around 161 tons
0
T a b l e 4
below.
T a b l e 4 0 : E s t i m a t e d T o t a l S o l i d W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a – 2 0 4 1
S . N o . S o l i d W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n N o ' s U n i t s
Projected Daily Tourists Inflow - 2041 21,800 No's

A Tourist Solid Waste Generation 13.1 tonnes
B Domestic Solid Waste Generation 147.4 tonnes
C T o t a l S o l i d W a s t e G e n e r a t i o n ( A + B ) 1 6 0 . 5 t o n n e s
9 . 1 . 3
S e w e r a g e
There is no sewerage network in the project area due to undulating topography; therefore,
individual septic tank is built for sewage treatment and its disposal.
9 . 1 .
4 P o w e r S u p p l y
The project area gets electricity from Kerala State Electricity Board (KSEB). Total 3 substations i.e.
110 KV substation Varkala, 110 KV substation Paripally, 110 KV Killimanoor provide electricity to the
project area. Varkala municipality gets power from Varkala section.
R I T E S L t d .
66
Power cut for an hour during the peak season is the main issue related to uninterrupted power
supply. As the demand for electricity will increase, the possibility of exploring alternative source of
energy like solar or wind can be looked into. Apart from these two green energy sources, tidal
energy can also be explored.
9 .
2 S O C I A L I N F R A S T R U C T U R E
The existing situation of the social infrastructure and the requirement of the same by 2041 have
been described are described as follows:
9 . . 1
2 E d u c a t i o n F a c i l i t y
A cardinal feature of culture and society in Kerala, as well as its political and economic development,
is the high proportion of literates/educated people in the state. Literacy, particularly among females,
is an essential facilitator of Kerala's achievements in the spheres of health and demographic change.
At present, there are 50 Primary Schools and 24 Senior Secondary Schools in the project area. As per
the UDPFI Guidelines, there is a shortfall of about 3 Primary Schools, 12 Senior Secondary Schools
and 6 Schools for Handicapped. By 2041, the requirement will be for 70 Primary Schools, 56 Senior
Secondary Schools and 13 Schools for Handicapped. The standards prescribed in the UDPFI are listed
in below;
1
T a b l e 4
T a b l e 4 1 : S t a n d a r d U D P F I N o r m s f o r P r o v i s i o n o f E d u c a t i o n F a c i l i t y
C
L e v e l o f F a c i l i t y t o b e P r o v i d e d M i n i m u m a p a c i t y P o p u l a t i o n
S
F a c i l i t y e r v e d
No's No's No's

Primary Schools (I to V) 1 500 5,000
Senior Secondary School (VI to XII) 1 1,000 7,500
School for Handicapped 1 400 45,000
College 1 1,000 100,000
The above estimates have been made assuming that each of these facilities is independent however;
many schools will offer facilities from primary till secondary (1 to 12th Standard) and the number of
independent schools offering various facilities shall have to be adjusted accordingly. Based on the
UDPFI guidelines the future requirement is given below
.
T a b l e 4 2
T a b l e 4 2 : E d u c a t i o n F a c i l i t y r e q u i r e d i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a – 2 0 4 1
L e v e l o f F a c i l i t y P o p u l a t i o n S e r v e d E d u c a t i o n F a c i l i t y - E x i s t i n g & R e q u i r e d
A d d i t i o n a l E x i s t i n g P r o p o s e d E x i s t i n g R e q u i r e d a s D i f f e r e n c e R e q u i r e d a s D i f f e r e n c e
/ /
P o p . P o p . ^ P o p . ^ F a c i l i t i e s p e r U D P F I ^ P r o p o s e d p e r U D P F I ^ P r o p o s e d
C o v e r e d ^
Year 2011 2041* 2011 2011 2011 2041* 2041*

Primary Schools (I to V) 20% 266,585 599,306 50 53 3 120 7 0
Senior Secondary School (VI to XII) 20% 266,585 599,306 24 36 1 2 80 5 6
School for Handicapped 20% 266,585 599,306 - 6 6 13 1 3
College^^ 20% 266,585 599,306 3 5 2 11 8
N o t e :
* Estimated figures for 2041

^ Population served figure includes additional population of the surrounding villages/panchayats
^^ Estimated figures for 2041 for college
R I T E S L t d .
67
As per UDPFI Guidelines, 1 College should be provided for every 100,000 population. However, to
derive the requirement for higher level education facilities in the project area, various assumptions
such as high literacy rate, and the age-sex pyramid structure, the derivations are given
3
T a b l e 4
below.
T a b l e 4 3 : D e r i v a t i o n o f H i g h e r L e v e l E d u c a t i o n F a c i l i t y i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a - 2 0 4 1
E s t i m a t e d H i g h e r L e v e l F a c i l i t y - 2 0 4 1
Assuming percentage of School going Childrens 25% of the total population (including 25% additional
(Students) as of surrounding villages)-2041*
i.e. 149,827 Student Population by 2041*
Total Classes-Standards (1-12th Standard) 12
Average Students per Standard-Class 12,486
say @ 12,500 Students per Standard/Class-2041*
Assuming the percentage of Students passing every 100%
year
i.e. 12,500 Students pass every year-2041*
Assuming the percentage of Students going 10%
abroad/outside project area for further studies
i.e. 1,250
Higher level facility (College-Institute) to be provided 11,250 Students every year-2041*
for the students within project area
i.e. 11 No. of higher facilities (Colleges-Institutes) to be
provided assuming 1000 capacity of each facility
Considering the above assumptions, there is a shortfall of about 2 Colleges in the project area and by
2041 the requirement of Colleges will be 8.
9 . .
2 2 H e a l t h F a c i l i t y
For Health Care, the Government established an Ayurveda Hospital in 1932 at Varkala. The well
known homeopathy and ayurvedic treatment hospitals as well as vaidyasalas are offering various
preventive and rejuvenation health care services including massage, beauty and health care. At
present, there is 1 Government Hospital, 7 Primary Health Centres and 13 Primary Health Sub-
Centres in the project area. Apart from these, there is 1 Government Ayurvedic Hospital and 1
Government Naturopathy Hospital which provides treatment without any medicine and attracts a
large number of tourists, both domestic and foreign. The details are given in below.
T a b l e 4 4
T a b l e 4 4 : S t a n d a r d U D P F I / I P H S N o r m s f o r P r o v i s i o n o f H e a l t h F a c i l i t y
C
L e v e l o f F a c i l i t y t o b e P r o v i d e d M i n i m u m a p a c i t y P o p u l a t i o n
S
F a c i l i t y e r v e d
No's No's No's

Primary Health Sub-Centre 1 5,000
Primary Health Centre 1 30,000
Hospital 1 100,000
N o t e :
Reference: UDPFI Guidelines and Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines by
Directorate General of Health Services, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GoI
R I T E S L t d .
68
As per UDPFI Guidelines and Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) of Ministry of Health & Family
Welfare, Government of India, there is a shortage of about 34 Primary Health Sub-Centres, 1 Primary
Health Centre and 2 Hospitals in the Project which by 2041, will increase to 92 Primary Health Sub-
Centres, 11 Primary Health Centre and 5 Hospitals- the details are given in below:
T a b l e 4 5
T a b l e 4 5 : H e a l t h F a c i l i t y r e q u i r e d i n t h e P r o j e c t A r e a - 2 0 4 1
L e v e l o f F a c i l i t y P o p u l a t i o n S e r v e d H e a l t h F a c i l i t y - E x i s t i n g & R e q u i r e d
A d d i t i o n a l E x i s t i n g P r o p o s e d E x i s t i n g R e q u i r e d a s D i f f e r e n c e R e q u i r e d a s D i f f e r e n c e
P o p . P o p . ^ P o p . ^ F a c i l i t i e s p e r U D P F I / / P r o p o s e d p e r U D P F I / / P r o p o s e d
C
o v e r e d ^ I P H S ^ I P H S ^
Year 2011 2041* 2011 2011 2011 2041* 2041*

Primary Health Sub-Centre 5% 233,262 524,393 13 47 3 4 105 9 2
Primary Health Centre 10% 244,369 549,364 7 8 1 18 1 1
Hospital 15% 255,477 574,335 1 3 2 6 5
N o t e :
* Estimated figures for 2041

^ Population served figure includes additional population of the surrounding villages/panchayats
Reference: UDPFI Guidelines and Indian Public Health Standards (IPHS) Guidelines by Directorate General of Health Services,
Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, GoI
R I T E S L t d .
69
1 0 C H A P T E R : T O U R I S M C I R C U I T A N D I D E N T I F I E D P R O J E C T S F O R
D E V E L O P M E N T
Chapter Contents
• V a r k a l a T o u r i s m C i r c u i t
• I d e n t i f i e d P r o j e c t s f o r T o u r i s m
2 0 2 0
• V i s i o n V a r k a l a P r o j e c t
The chapter presents a brief description about the Varkala Tourism circuit and further gives insight
about the important tourism projects that should be taken up as a part of the torusim promotion in
the project area.
R I T E S L t d .
70
1 0 . 1
V A R K A L A T O U R I S M C I R C U I T
Varkala has a huge tourism potential and needs tourism circuit to connect nearby areas. Under this
Central Financial Assistance scheme the Ministry of Tourism, Government of India has been
extending assistance to States for development of tourism infrastructure. The objective of the
scheme is to identify tourist circuits in the country on an annual basis, and develop them to
international standards. The aim is to provide all infrastructure facilities required by the tourists
within these circuits. The objective is convergence of resources and expertise through coordinated
action with States / UTs and private sector.
A tourist Circuit is defined as a route on which at least three major tourist destinations are located in
such a manner that none of these is the same villages, town or city. At the same time a large
distance should not separate them enabling a tourist to cover them in a sequence. It should have
well defined entry and exist points. A tourist who enters at the entry point should get motivated to
visit all the places identified on the circuit. The objective of having a tourist circuit is to increase the
total number of visits to all destinations on the circuit on one hand and to provide tourist the
attraction of all the destinations located on the circuit.
Tourist attractions: Kappil Lake – Shivagiri Mutt –Janardhan Swami temple - Varkala Cliff – Golden
Island – Anjengo Fort which is in and around Varkala, these all should be connected. It will
encourage tourist to cover the other attractions along the circuit. The following works may be taken
up under the scheme:
Improvement of the surroundings of destination would include activities like landscaping,
development of parks, fencing, compound wall etc. and enumerated hereinafter;
i) Enhance connectivity of the tourist destinations amongst themselves,
ii) Providing for improvement in solid waste management and sewage management,
iii) Construction of budget accommodation, wayside amenities,
iv) Procurement of equipment directly related to tourism, like water sports, adventure sports,
eco-friendly modes of transport for moving within the tourism zone,
v) Refurbishment of the monuments,
vi) Interpretive Signage’s, directional signage, information boards, track heads etc.,
vii) Tourist arrival centers/reception centers/interpretation centers/tourist information centers
viii) Enhancing the major road loop connecting all destinations is proposed along with the major
transition nodes
A large number of foreign and domestic tourists come to Thiruvananthapuram and Kovalam.
Therefore it is also important to have tourism circuit of Kovalam – Thiruvananthapuram – Varkala in
order to bring more tourists to Varkala. This necessitates the need of improving road connectivity to
Thiruvananthapuram and Kovalam by widening NH-47 to 4-lanes immediately and to 6 lanes in
future.
1 0 .
2 I D E N T I F I E D P R O J E C T S F O R T O U R I S M P R O M O T I O N
Various spots like North Cliff, Papanasam beach and Janardhan Swami temple have high tourist
activities and lack required tourism infrastructure facilities that needs to be upgraded and/or
R I T E S L t d .
71
provided to attract tourists to these places. The major projects identified for the development and
up-gradation have been highlighted and conceptually explained as follows:
1 0 . . 1
2 J a n a r d h a n S w a m y T e m p l e
.
A A b o u t t h e S i t e
The 2000-year old Sree Janardhan Swamy temple (section placed at ) where Hindu pilgrims
F i g u r e 6
perform the final ritual for the departed soul attracts devotees. The temple precinct comprises of
Temple Street, temple pond, library, Temple food court, administrative block, prayer hall etc.
T e m p l e P r e c i n c t
T e m p l e p o n d R o a d t o w a r d s
P a p a n a s a m
F i g u r e 6 : S e c t i o n S h o w i n g J a n a r d h a n T e m p l e P r e c i n c t s
.
B A p p r o a c h a n d A c c e s s t o t h e S i t e
The Janardhan Swamy temple can be reached through three secondary temple streets connected by
major temple road in north, east and west as shown in . It also has three access routes from
F i g u r e 7
which one is the main access connected by the major temple street which is in west direction and
other has a direct access to the temple pond in north.
F i g u r e 7 : A c c e s s t o t h e J a n a r d h a n S w a m y T e m p l e
R I T E S L t d .
72
.
C E x i s t i n g L a n d U s e a r o u n d t h e S i t e
The major land use around Janardhan Swamy temple is residential followed by commercial activity
and other activities associated with religious performing as shown in . The institutions like
F i g u r e 8
schools, administrative unit, library etc. are in the precincts of temple causing congestions during
peak hours. Land uses along the Papanasam and South Cliff include hotels, home stays, resorts,
studios etc. For connecting different buildings within the temple complex, available spaces need to
be developed for better accessibility.
F i g u r e 8 : E x i s t i n g L a n d U s e a r o u n d t h e J a n a r d h a n S w a m y T e m p l e
. k
D M a j o r I s s u e s / D r a w b a c s
The major issues are:

• Lack of proper connectivity and insufficient parking facilities,
• Lack of basic infrastructure like toilets, resting space, etc.,
• Temple pond needs water treatment and maintenance,
• Lack of streetlights, benches, dustbins, railing along the temple pond,
• Tourist information centre in Varkala and the road side signage highlighting the important
locations need to be provided.
.
E P r o p o s a l
The Conservation and Revitalizing the temple heritage complex is a vital issue. The proposal aims to
provide the proper connection from the major temple road to the secondary streets with street
furniture and easily approachable parking areas for reducing congestion during the peak hours and
festival season like karkidavavubali.
However, the temple pond and the access steps to the temple should be well connected. Public
spaces in and around the temple complex require renovation, ramps for the physically challenged
devotees and the toilets with changing rooms as given in .
9
F i g u r e
R I T E S L t d .
73
F i g u r e 9 : P r o p o s e d A m e n i t i e s a r o u n d t h e J a n a r d h a n S w a m y T e m p l e
1 0 . .
2 2 P a p a n a s a m B e a c h
.
Papanasam is one of the main beaches here and it is not only an important tourist spot but it also
has religious significance (section placed at ). It is believed that a dip in the waters here can
1 0
F i g u r e
wash away all the sins (papam) and hence the beach obtained its name. For Hindus it is one of the
holy places where ashes are immersed in the sea. They believe that the departed soul gets m o k s h a
or eternal salvation with the performance of this ritual here.
R I T E S L t d .
74
F i g u r e 1 0 : S e c t i o n S h o w i n g P a p a n a s a m B e a c h
.
Papanasam beach is well linked by a loop of secondary streets connecting it with major temple road
as shown in . The road to Papanasam beach, passing through the south cliff, has major
1 1
F i g u r e
concentration of resorts, hotels, and home stays on both sides.
F i g u r e 1 1 : A c c e s s t o t h e P a p a n a s a m B e a c h
.
The most of the land adjoining Papanasam beach is under Hotels, Janardhan Swamy temple and
commercial activity. This area as shown in the figure above requires development for pedestrian
movement, necessary street furniture, proper landscaping of the public spaces along the cliff from
south to north.Existing landuse around the Papnasam beach is depicted in .
1
F i g u r e 2
R I T E S L t d .
75
F i g u r e 1 2 : E x i s t i n g L a n d U s e a r o u n d t h e P a p a n a s a m B e a c h
. k
The major issues area:

• Lack of proper connectivity and signage,
• Insufficient Parking spaces for visitors of Papanasam beach,
• Papanasam beach lacks basic infrastructure for performing rituals; there is no arrangement
of removing the garbage/residue left after performing the ritual in the beach,
• Papanasam beach also lacks basic amenities like toilets, changing room, shelters street
lighting, benches, dustbins, railing etc.,
• Lacks in security during night hours and becomes inaccessible due to lack of streetlights.
.
E P r o p o s a l
Thousands of people offer to propitiate their forefathers on the occasion of `Karkidakavavu'

` b
a l i '
which is one of the important rituals therefore; there is a heavy rush of devotees at Papanasam
beach and Janardhana Swamy temple during the festivals. The proposal aims at providing proper
connectivity from the major temple road through secondary streets, street furniture, parking areas
along the secondary streets thereby facilitating pedestrian movement.
R I T E S L t d .
76
F i g u r e 1 3 : P r o p o s e d A m e n i t i e s a r o u n d t h e P a p a n a s a m B e a c h
Secondary Street connecting Janardhan Swamy temple and the papanasam beach should be
developed by providing footpaths, streetlights, garbage bins and proper infrastructure for
performing ritual. The pedestrian link from helipad to papanasam beach should be strengthened
b
a l i
and provided with street lights to make it accessible during night hours.Proposed Amenities around
the Papanasam Beach is shown in .
1 3
F i g u r e
1 0 . . 3
2 N o r t h C l i f f
.
These cliffs, termed as Varkala Formation, that are found adjacent to the Arabian Sea are declared as
geological monuments by the Geological Survey of India. View of the North Cliff is presented in
.
1
F i g u r e 4
F i g u r e 1 4 : V i e w o f t h e N o r t h C l i f f
R I T E S L t d .
77
.
The secondary street from the temple road connects the north cliff at different points. The streets
perpendicular to the secondary streets connecting inner cliff part are the tertiary streets. Pedestrian
walkway connects the north cliff from one end to the other but due to landslides and other extreme
weathering conditions, the cliff is falling at certain areas and resultantly the walkway is not
continuous. However, at certain intervals, the beach is made approachable through the steps.Access
to the North Cliff is given .
1
F i g u r e 5
F i g u r e 1 5 : A c c e s s t o t h e N o r t h C l i f f
.
The major land use around the North cliff comprises hotels, restaurants and resorts, while the cliff
edge caters to the major commercial activities. According to the CRZ guidelines up to 100 meter
from the cliff’s edge permanent construction activities are not permitted but there exist a large
number of illegal constructions. During the peak season, the walkway along the cliff becomes
congested due to overlapping of different activities. Existing Land Use around the North Cliff is
shown in below.
1
F i g u r e 6
F i g u r e 1 6 : E x i s t i n g L a n d U s e a r o u n d t h e N o r t h C l i f f
R I T E S L t d .
78
. k

• Public Parking spaces are not available at north cliff area, parking lots should be proposed
along the secondary streets and the major road for better tourist connectivity and
accessibility while reducing resultant congestion along road side parking
• North cliff being one of the famous spot at Varkala many tourists choose to accommodate
themselves from the stretch of helipad to black beach, which has given rise to the large
number of commercial activities along the cliff’s edge. Due to lack of proper waste disposal
arrangement the area gets littered with garbage from restaurants as well as tourist areas.
• The cliff edge becomes a major issue for pedestrians during the nighttime since it is not
demarcated properly with some kind of fencing
• Safety and security are also very important aspects near the cliff area, however it lacks the
security during night hours and it also becomes inaccessible due to lack of streetlights
.
E P r o p o s a l
The proposal aims at providing proper connectivity from the major temple road and also widening
the inner roads in north cliff area. Since there is lack of parking spaces in the north cliff area, proper
parking spaces will be marked and vehicles will be allowed to a certain point and the streets will be
pedestrianized.Due to landslides of the cliff the paved walkway has been damaged at certain points
hence firstly the proper cliff edge needs to be protected by making bio fencing and secondly leaving
a wide paved footpath with a buffer of open space in front of commercial activities.Proposed
Amenities around the North Cliff have been depicted in .
1
F i g u r e 7
F i g u r e 1 7 : P r o p o s e d A m e n i t i e s a r o u n d t h e N o r t h C l i f f
R I T E S L t d .
79
Secondary Streets connecting inner cliff area should be developed by providing footpaths, street
lighting, benches and garbage bins. It should be placed along the street at a distance of 4 meters.
Likewise, the pedestrian connection from helipad to black beach should be strengthened and made
accessible during night hours.
1 0 . . k
2 4 R e n o v a t i o n o f V a r a l a T u n n e l
To tap the potential of backwater tourism and to meet the foreign travelers demand it is necessary
to make the Varkala tunnel navigable. shows the Canal and Other Water Bodies in Varkala.
1
F i g u r e 8
F i g u r e 1 8 : C a n a l a n d O t h e r W a t e r B o d i e s i n V a r k a l a
Canals are waterways that are sheeted to provide a new path of travel to vessel (as opposed to
improving a national water ways along its current course)
F i g u r e 1 9 : P o t e n t i a l N o d e s f o r U p g r a d a t i o n a l o n g T . S . C a n a l
R I T E S L t d .
80
F i g u r e 2 0 : C o n c e p t u a l D e v e l o p m e n t a l o n g T . S . C a n a l
R I T E S L t d .
81
F i g u r e 2 1 : D e v e l o p m e n t a t P r o p o s e d N o d e s a l o n g T . S . C a n a l
The Varkala Tunnel waterway is an aqueduct type of canal that is proposed to be used for
conveyance and delivery of portable water for human use, municipal uses and irrigation.Conceptual
irrigation.
Development along T.S. Canal is shown in .
0
F i g u r e 2
The Varkala Tunnel connecting Chilakkur backwater area is expected to be navigable with the
assistance of Government of India at a cost of Rs. 100 crore including drudging. The project is to be
taken
aken up under GOK/GOI/LSGD assistance.Development
assistance.Development at Proposed Nodes along T.S. Canal is
shown in .
1
F i g u r e 2
1 0 . .
2 5 I d e n t i f i c a t i o n o f F u t u r e A r e a f o r D e v e l o p m e n t w i t h U r b a n D e s i g n G u i d e l i n e s
The area earmarked along the sea indicated in the figure below has high potential for development.
These are in the immediate vicinity of the North Cliff and helipad. These areas are less developed as
compared to the area in the north cliff and helipad. The
The sprawl of development - hotels and resorts
is on either side of the north cliff. The northern side area is – Odayam, Manthara, Vettakada beach
and southern side area is – Enikkal and Chilakkur beach.High
beach.High potential areas for development along
the coastline is given in .
F i g u r e 2 2
R I T E S L t d .
82
F i g u r e 2 2 : H i g h P o t e n t i a l A r e a s f o r D e v e l o p m e n t a l o n g t h e C o a s t l i n e
. k k
A B e a c h t o u r i s m i n C h i l a u r
The average beach area in Chilakkur in the peak tourism season is 8750 sq. m. and 1500 sq. m. in the
off-season. The Chilakkur area has some fishermen’s colony and growing to prevent the attack of the
sea. As compared to other areas, Chilakkur beach is rough, especially during off-season. During peak
season, the beach is beautiful with a panoramic view of the sand, fishermen’s boats and country
boats.
. k
B B e a c h t o u r i s m i n V e t t a a d a
The beach in Edava Panchayat has an available beach area of 450 sq. m. in the peak season and only
250 sq. m. in the off-season.
R I T E S L t d .
83
These two cliffs have high potential to develop in near future. To control sensitive coastal areas,
tourism activities be properly planned and adopt protection measures. Concentration of
developments in the narrow stretch of landmass has already caused problems like overcrowding,
insufficient infrastructure, environmental issues, unhealthy competitions etc.
Following urban design guidelines to be followed:
• Strict implementation of CRZ norms,
• Bio fencing (5- 10 m) from cliff edge,
• Footpath width from limit of bio fence,
• Immediate prevention of all development activities from 100 m of cliff edge,
• Strengthening water drainage system on larger scale,
1 0 . . k
2 6 D e v e l o p m e n t a r o u n d K a p p i l L a e
.
Kappil a backwaters Lake in the north-west in Edava Panchayat area, is flanked by the coconut
plantation and paddy fields and attracts a large number of domestic and foreign tourists. It is famous
for Kappil Bhagavathy temple and as a tourist spot during the festivals. Recently DTPC has provided
boating facilities in the backwaters. The boat club offers Safari boat, speed boat, pedal boats and
rowing boats at moderate rates. Communication facilities, parking and refreshment facilities are
inadequate for the current level of tourist flow itself. Kappil beach is the meeting point of Kappil
Lake and Arabian Sea.Location of Kappil Lake is shown in .
3
F i g u r e 2
F i g u r e 2 3 : L o c a t i o n o f K a p p i l L a k e
R I T E S L t d .
84
. k
B M a j o r I s s u e s / D r a w b a c s
The major issues are:

• No bus or auto stands near the lake,
• Lack of basic amenities for the tourists,
• Lack of awareness among the tourist regarding keeping the environs clean,
.
C D e v e l o p m e n t a l P o t e n t i a l s
The place has high potentials for development for the following reasons:
• Scenic beauty and backwaters,
• Estuary – a place where backwater and sea meets,
• Changing character of the place i.e. during high tide the sea meets backwater, while in low
tide recedes to make the beach accessible,
• Pleasant weather- sea breeze
.
D P r o p o s a l
The orange color in the map shows the potential area for tourism development. Various viewing
points have been identified, which will act as independent nodes for development of various
activities such as fishing, boating, high end resorts, home stays etc. A pedestrian bridge connecting
view point-3 with view point-2 has been proposed. Each of these nodes has viewing towers. Various
other proposed activities have also been listed. This lake is also a major connectivity to the
waterways proposed. The lake has potential for development of Dolphin Park.Proposed
Development around Kappil Lake is shown in .
F i g u r e 2 4
F i g u r e 2 4 : P r o p o s e d D e v e l o p m e n t a r o u n d K a p p i l L a k e
R I T E S L t d .
85
i) There is no bus/auto stand within 2 km area of the Kappil Lake and hence it has been
proposed,
ii) Tourist information centre and police booth service has been proposed for awareness of
locations around the Kappil Lake and for assuring safety of tourists especially during the
morning and evening,
iii) Provision of water booth and public toilet near the beach area.
1 0 . .
2 7 G o l d e n I s l a n d
.
Ponnumthuruthu, also known as Golden Island is 20 km from Varkala, is the home of many birds like
cormorants, egrets and herons, eagles and gulls. Various water birds too can be seen here. The
mainland on the other side of Ponnumthuruthu is a coir village. There is a small coir-making unit
near the ferry. Location of Golden Island is shown in .
F i g u r e 2 5
This island is known for the Shiva Parvathi temple, also called ‘Thuruthukshethram’ by the natives.
The temple is situated amidst thick coconut groves. Valiyapurackal family owns the island and the
temple. The temple is more than 100 years old and the entire island is temple property. Royal Family
used to hide their cache of gold and ornaments on the island in order to keep it safe and hence it
obtained the name, Ponnumthuruthu. The temple was in ruins for a long time till a decade ago, it
was rebuilt. Two major festivals celebrated are:-
1. Sivarathri is a major festival celebrated at the temple. It is this festival that makes it alive
otherwise less frequented. Many devotees spend the night on the island during Sivarathri
and the place lit with lights which make it enchanting.
2. Nagapanchmi is the other important festival celebrated by the local people.
V A R K A L A
P O N N U M T H U R U T H U
F i g u r e 2 5 : L o c a t i o n o f G o l d e n I s l a n d
R I T E S L t d .
86
. k

• The backwater is not much known to tourists,
• There is no proper information available about the island,
• There is no proper signage from Varkala leading to this island,
• The island is owned privately and no basic facilities are available viz. toilets, drinking facilities
.
C P o t e n t i a l s f o r D e v e l o p m e n t
Tourism at Golden Island can flourish because of its historical importance with presence of flora and
fauna. The access to the place could be strengthened by promoting backwaters boating. The
surrounding area has immense developmental potential for tourist resorts. The backwater is
surrounded by has residential area, therefore home stays can be promoted for experiencinglocal
traditions and culture.
.
D P r o p o s a l
The orange color in the map shows the potential area for development of tourism related activity.
Various viewing points are created to act as development nodes for of various activities. The
activities which are proposed in these nodes are fishing, boating, high end resorts, home stays etc. A
pedestrian bridge connecting view point-6 and view point-7 has been proposed. Each of these nodes
has viewing towers. Various other proposed activities are further listed below. This island is also a
major connectivity to the waterways proposed.Proposed tourism activities along the Golden Island is
shown in .
F i g u r e 2 6
Location of infrastructure facilities in the island is shown in . Activities to be taken up

F i g u r e 2 7
include:
• Improvement of connectivity mainly from Trivandrum and Varkala town, as it is the major
entry point to this back water
• Providing signage,
• Alternate entry to the island and improvement of the existing entry with proper path ways
• The designated platform structure for boats which is safe for every age group
• Provision of basic facilities inside the temple,
• Environmental awareness campaign among the people,
• Templates of flora about its type and importance.
R I T E S L t d .
87
F i g u r e 2 6 : P r o p o s e d T o u r i s m A c t i v i t i e s a l o n g t h e G o l d e n I s l a n d
F i g u r e 2 7 : L o c a t i o n o f I n f r a s t r u c t u r e F a c i l i t i e s i n t h e I s l a n d
R I T E S L t d .
88
1 0 . .
2 8 A n j e n g o F o r t
.
Anjengo or Anjuthengu, meaning five coconut trees, is located about 36 km North of

Thiruvananthapuram, 14 km away from the Varkala Helipad, and lying on the seacoast, has been
declared monument of national importance under the Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Sites
and Remains Act, 1958. It was one of the important forts of East India Company in Kerala. It served
as a first signaling station for ships arriving from England and as a depot for military stores during
Carnatic war. Fort is square on plan with 4 bastions with high laterite walls. Two of them face on sea
side and other two on the land side. The fort campus also has two Tombstones of the Commodore of
Anjengo.Aerial view of Anjengo Fort is shown in below.
F i g u r e 2 8
F i g u r e 2 8 : A e r i a l V i e w o f A n j e n g o F o r t
Located about 36 km North of Thiruvananthapuram, near the famed beach of Varkala, and lying on
the seacoast is Anjengo or Anjuthengu, meaning five coconut trees, 14 km away from the Helipad,
Varkala.
. k

• Lack of maintenance,
• The fort has no proper road connectivity,
• Lack of awareness among the local people surrounding the fort,
• Lack of signage on the existing road leading to the fort,
• There is no parking space and hence cars are parked on the roads at the entrance,
• Big colonies of fishermen houses built between the fort and the beach.
.
C P o t e n t i a l s f o r D e v e l o p m e n t
The fort is located right next to the beach giving it a beautiful view and location. Moreover the fort is
also of great historic importance.
R I T E S L t d .
89
.
D P r o p o s a l
Proper connectivity should be provided and a proper access to the beach. The condition of roads
should be improved and roads should be widened. Proper signage should be provided for better
direction. Proper maintenance should be done and sound and light show (case study: Golconda fort
and Udaipur palace) should be organized for the visitors. Organized parking should be provided.
ASI should organize awareness campaigns. Tourist attracting activities such as water sports, camels
riding etc. should be encouraged. Proposed Development at Anjengo Fort is shown in .
9
F i g u r e 2
1 . F i s h e r m a n B o a t s
5 . R e s o r t s / H o t e l s
2
. T o u r i s t B o a t s
3
. F o o d S t a l l s
4 . L i g h t & S o u n d S h o w
F i g u r e 2 9 : P r o p o s e d D e v e l o p m e n t a t A n j e n g o F o r t
R I T E S L t d .
90
1 0 . 3 0 0
L I S T O F P R O J E C T S - V I S I O N V A R K A L A 2 2
The list of projects identified in the Vision Varkala 2020 document and their tentative relevant
provisions in different areas/zones in the Master Plan have been listed in tabular form below:
k 0 0
L i s t o f P r o j e c t s i d e n t i f i e d i n V i s i o n V a r a l a 2 2
.
S r P r o j e c t N a m e P r o v i s i o n i n M a s t e r P l a n
.
N o ( Y e s / N o )
1 Shopping Malls at Varkala Yes (UA-1/UA-2)

2 Reef and Cliff Protection Yes
3 NORKA Extension Centre / NRI Cell at Varkala Yes
4 Business School at Varkala Yes (UA-1/Education Hub)
5 Engineering College with a Foreign University Campus at Yes (UA-1/Education Hub)
Varkala
6 Super Specialty Block for Varkala Government Taluka Yes (UA-1/Health Hub)
Hospital
7 Beach Tourism in Chilakkur and Vettakkada Yes (UA-1/Recreation Hub)
8 Infrastructure Development for Schools at Varkala Yes (Social Infrastructure)
9 Coconut Processing Complex for High Value Added Yes (UA-1/Agro Based Industry
Products and Food Park at Varkala Hub)
10 Protection of Small Ponds and Water Shed Development Yes (Conservation)
11 Varkala Bazaar Yes (UA-1/Recreation Hub/
Cultural Hub)
12 Infrastructure Upgradation In Varkala Helipad Yes (Infrastructure)
13 Heavy Maintenance and Improvements of Roads and Yes (Traffic and Transportation)
Junction Development
14 Bali Mandapam at Beach Area Yes (UA-1/Recreation Hub)
15 Flyovers at Varkala Yes (Traffic and Transportation)
16 Development of Village Roads and Drainage System Yes (Physical Infrastructure/
Traffic and Transportation)
17 Modernization of Varkala Railway Station Yes (Physical Infrastructure/
18 Total Water Supply in Varkala Yes (Physical Infrastructure/
19 Infrastructure Development in Nature Cure Centre at Yes (Social Infrastructure/ Cultural
Varkala Hub/ Recreation Hub)
20 Development of Varkala Ayurveda Hospital into a Most Yes (Social Infrastructure)
Modern Centre
21 Total Electrification Yes (Physical Infrastructure)
22 Development of Heritage Site – Varkala Temple Area Yes (Conservation)
23 Tourism Infrastructure – Yatri Niwas Yes (UA-1/Recreation
Hub/Cultural Hub)
24 Kappil-Kayalpuram Water Sports Complex Yes (UA-1/Recreation
R I T E S L t d .
91
.
S r P r o j e c t N a m e P r o v i s i o n i n M a s t e r P l a n
.
N o ( Y e s / N o )
Hub/Cultural Hub)
25 All-seater Stadium at Varkala Yes (Physical Infrastructure /
Social Infrastructure)
26 Strengthening DTPC Work at Varkala Yes (UA-1/Recreation
Hub/Cultural Hub)
27 Electronic and IT Park at Janardhanapuram Yes (UA-1&2 /Technology Park)
28 Meat Processing Unit at Kallambalam Yes
29 Urban Infrastructure Development Scheme for Small and Yes (Infrastructure)
Medium Towns
30 Modern Slaughter House at Varkala Municipality Yes
31 Housing for Houseless by NRIs, IAY, EMS Yes
32 Apparel Park under SITP Yes
33 Varkala Tourism Circuit Yes
34 Centre for Uplifting Traditional Arts at Janardhanapuram Yes (UA-1/Recreation Hub/
Cultural Hub)
35 Strengthening Janasree Units (40 No’) Yes
36 Renovation of Varkala Tunnel Yes
37 Fishing Sector Development Yes
38 Co-operative Sector Development Yes
39 Mineral Water Plant at Papanasam Area Yes
40 Twinning Varkala with Penag, Malaysia -
41 Varkala Exhibition Centre Yes (UA-1/Recreation
Hub/Cultural Hub)
42 Port Marina at Vettakkada Junction - Edava Yes (Physical Infrastructure/
43 Sivagiri International Convention Centre Yes (UA-1/Recreation
Hub/Cultural Hub)
44 Varkala Meditation Centre at Sreenivasapuram Yes (UA-1/Recreation Hub/
Cultural Hub)
R I T E S L t d .
92
1 1 C H A P T E R : D E V E L O P M E N T G U I D E L I N E S
Chapter Contents
• Z o n i n g
• U s e s P e r m i s s i l e
• F l o o r A r e a a t i o
• r o u n d C o v e r a g e a n d M a r g i n s
• B u i l d i n g H e i g h t
• C o a s t a l e g u l a t i o n Z o n e
This chapter focuses on the development guidelines which includes land use zoning, permissible uses
within the main land use, floor area ratio, etc.
R I T E S L t d .
93
1 1 . 1
L A N D U S E O N I N G
To promote investments at the investors preferred locations, the strict land use regulation and
zoning has not been adopted. Therefore, the approach adopted is designating the development
zones and theme parks to give freedom to the developing agency for allowing investments at
locations of investors’ choice. The broad categorization of proposed Land Use Zones is given as
under;
i. Urbanization Area-1 (UA-1),

ii. Urbanization Area-2 (UA-2),
iii. Tourism Promotion Zone (TPZ),
iv. Conservation Zone,
v. Agriculture Zone,
The areas earmarked under various proposed land uses in Urbanization Areas, the character and
activities envisaged therein, and the intensity of development of in zone is given tabular form as
under:
U r b a n i z a t i o n A r e a - 1 ( U A - 1 )
D e l i n e a t e d S p a t i a l A r e a A c t i v i t i e s e n v i s a g e d I n t e n s i t y o f D e v e l o p m e n t
• Comprises existing • Extension, densification of • Medium intensity- G to G+2

predominantly existing developed areas and • Up to G+4 on roads having
built/developed areas of development of surrounding width of 15m or more
Varkala Municipality areas • Relaxation of height up to
• Parts of Edava, Vettoor that • Mixed land Use- Residential, G+6 for Educational and
are contiguous to Varkala commercial, Institutional, Health institutions along NH
Municipality and witnessing Tourism etc. and the Bypass subject to
its influence and more • Developments of higher special approvals
intense interdependency order activities of residential,
than rest of the project area commercial, and other uses
• Existing development and on roads having width of 15m
developing areas along the or more
NH and potential areas along
the proposed NH-By pass at
Navaikulam
R I T E S L t d .
94
• Comprises the Panchayats of • Extension, densification of • Low to Medium intensity- G

Edava and Vettoor adjoining existing developed areas and to G+1
Varkala Municipality, development of new areas • Up to G+2 on roads having
• Chemmaruthy Panchayat • Mixed Use- Residential, width of 15m or more
that has witnessed highest commercial, recreation • Up to G+3 on roads having
population growth rate service and cottage industry, width of 21m or more
among all Panchayats, • Mixed use corridors for • Relaxation of height up to
• Navaikulam Panchayat higher order activities along G+6 for Educational and
• Parts of Elakamon, roads having width of 21m or Health institutions along NH
Madavoor and Pallickal more by pass subject to special
Panchayats identified based • Agro-based industries (part of approvals
on the pattern of existing Vettoor), Sports and
development and proposed Recreation (area around
road network common boundary of Edava
and Elakamon)
• IT, ITES activities at growth
node around common
boundary of Madavoor and
Pallickal
T o u r i s m P r o m o t i o n Z o n e ( T P Z )
• Comprises areas of existing • Mixed Use- Residential, • Low to Medium intensity- G

hotels, resorts, commercial to G+1
concentration of home- • Hotels, resorts, home-stays • Up to G+3 on roads having
stays, with additional space • Restaurants, Tourism related width of 15m or more
in western and north- services and allied activities, • In the case of Hotels, resorts
western parts of Varkala i.e. Yoga, Ayurveda, tourist and other tourism related
Municipality amenities development on approach
• Areas north of Varkala Ciff • Cultural and recreational road having width of 9m or
which is south-western part activities such as Art centres, more:
of the Edava Panchayat museums, Theme parks, - Relaxation of height
• Locations offering proximity Congregation spaces, fair restriction up to one
to tourist attractions and grounds, leisure and additional floor - Relaxation
peaceful environment, i.e. adventure sports, in Base FSI up to 0.33
near Kappil lake in Elakamon • Informal shopping areas,
Panchayat and near street vending,
Ponnamthuruthu island in
Vettoor Panchayat
R I T E S L t d .
95
C
o n s e r v a t i o n Z o n e
• Comprises areas of relatively • All types of residential • Low intensity- G to G+1

sparse development and development including home- • Up to G+2 on roads having
having larger tracts of vacant stays width of 15m or more
lands and incidental • Shops and commercial
agriculture fields development having built
• Northern part of Elakamon area upto 300 sq. m.
Panchayat • Restaurants and other
• Eastern part of Navaikkulam tourism allied activities
Panchayat having built area upto 300 sq.
• Madavoor Panchayat area m.
except the D-2 zone in its • Hotels, resorts having plot
western part area upto 2000 sq. m.
• Pallickal Panchayat area • Cottage industries (of lower
except the D-2 zone in its scale), agro based industries
southern part • Agriculture and allied
activities
A g r i c u l t u r e Z o n e
• Comprises areas of existing • Agriculture, Paddy, • Low- Residences, farm houses

paddy fields which are horticulture, seed farms, up to G+1 with floor area
primarily the low-lying areas Dairy farms upto 10% of plot area
and valleys • Fish farms, aquaculture
• Single family residence
incidental to agriculture
1 1 . 2
I S S I B L S S I N T H S D L A N D S N S
P E R M E U E E P R O P O E U E Z O E
Various uses permissible in each of the proposed land use zones are presented in detail in the table
below. While there are certain uses/activities permitted subject to the width of access roads which
are also listed alongside, some other uses are restricted which shall special approvals from the
competent authority. The uses not mentioned in any of these three categories shall be prohibited in
the respective zone.
s e s e r m i t t e d s e s e r m i t t e d s u b j e c t t o o f s e s e s t r i c t e d
U P U P R O W U R
a b u t t i n g / a p p r o a c h r o a d
• All residential buildings • Townships with plot area

A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h - 9 m o r m o r e
detached and semi- • Apartment houses, quarters upto larger than 2 Hectares on
detached dwelling units, G+2 storeys approach road of 15 m and
plotted/group housing, • Dharmshala, lodging or rooming above
R I T E S L t d .
96
• Home-stays houses and dormitories, • IT, ITES, Software and

• Old age homes, orphanage, • Shops, Professional Offices, Hardware units, BPOs, Call
night shelter, Commercial offices, Banks, Financial centre on road 15m or more,
• Shops, Professional Offices, institutions, customary home • Automobile workshop,
Commercial offices, Banks, occupation having a built area upto automobile service station,
Financial institutions, 500 sq. m. Cottage/service industry of
customary home • Markets, shopping non-nuisance nature as listed
occupation having a built centres/complexes, shopping malls in Annexure-1 with workers
area upto 150 sq. m. having a built area upto 1000 sq. m. upto 20 without power and
• Restaurant, Gymnasium, • Restaurants, Gymnasium, Yoga 10 with power up to 30HP
Yoga/ Ayurveda centre, Spa, Centre, Ayurveda centre, Spa, provided width of approach
Wellness centre, Travel Wellness centre, Travel agency, road is 21m or more,
agency, Souvenir/ Souvenir/Handicraft Shops having a • Agro-based industry,
Handicraft Shops of built up built area upto 300 sq. m. processing units, fish
area upto 150 sq. m. • Hotels, Resorts, Guest houses processing and allied
• Bakeries and having plot area upto 2000 sq. m. activities on a road of 15m or
Confectionaries of built area • Bakeries and Confectionaries having more,
upto 150 sq. m. built area up to 300 sq. m. • Cold storage, Godown,
• Cottage/service industry of • Automobile workshop for 2/3 warehousing/storing non-
non-nuisance nature as wheelers hazardous materials on road
listed in Annexure-1 with • Middle schools, secondary and not less than 21m width
workers upto 6 without higher secondary schools, students' • Electric Sub-station on a road
power and 3 with power hostels of 15m width or more,
upto 5HP, • Clinics, dispensaries, primary health • Water distribution stations,
• Day care, crèche, Nursery centres/ sub-centres, maternity pump house, Water
schools, pre-primary and home, women and child welfare treatment plant, Sewerage
primary schools, centre, hospitals (upto 20 beds) treatment plant at approved
• Clinics, dispensaries, • Diagnostic centre, laboratories places,
primary health centres/ • Police stations, Fire post/stations, • solid waste management ,
sub-centres, maternity telephone exchange, segregation at approved
homes, women and child • Telecommunication towers, places,
welfare centres, hospitals transmission towers, wireless • Cremation Ground, Burial
• Govt. offices, Public sector stations Ground, Crematorium at
enterprises, Police post, • Taxi/jeep stands approved places,
post offices, civic centres, • Library, Reading room, Community • Fuel filling stations at
• Public Utility buildings, Hall, Wedding Hall, Art Gallery, approved places,
equipments and areas, Social welfare centre, Indoor sport, • Sports Stadia, Outdoor sports
• Parking Lots/Plazas, Bus Gymnasium with built area upto 500 centres, sports training
Shelter, Auto stand sq. m. academy provided width of
• Places of worship with plot approach road is 30m or
area upto 500 sq. m.
A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h -
1 5
m o r m o r e
more
• Library, Reading room, • Apartment houses, quarters up to
Community Halls, Wedding G+4 storeys
Halls, Art Gallery, Social • Shops, Professional Offices,
R I T E S L t d .
97
welfare centres, Indoor Commercial offices, Banks, Financial

sports, Gymnasium with institutions having a built area upto
built area upto 200 sq. m. 1000 sq. m.
• Tot lots, parks, playgrounds, • Markets, shopping centres/
plant nursery, complexes, shopping malls having a
built area upto 2000 sq. m
• Restaurants, Gymnasium, Yoga
Centre, Ayurveda centre, Spa,
Wellness centre, Travel agency,
Souvenir/Handicraft Shop having a
built area upto 500 sq. m.
• Hotel, Resort, Guest house having
plot area upto 5000 sq. m.
• Clinic, dispensary, primary health
centre/ sub-centre, maternity
home, women and child welfare
centre, hospital (upto 50 beds)
• Place of worship with plot area
more than 1000 sq. m.
• Library, Reading room, Community
Hall, Wedding Hall, Art Gallery,
Social welfare centre, Indoor sports,
Gymnasium, Swimming pool having
a built area upto 1000 sq. m.
• weekly market site, Open Air
Theatre, Museum, Theatre
2 1
A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h - m o r m o r e
• Shops, Professional Offices,

Commercial offices, Banks, Financial
institutions (no upper limit for built
up area)
• Market, shopping centre/complex,
shopping mall (no upper limit for
built up area)
• Restaurant, Gymnasium, Yoga
Souvenir/Handicraft Shop (no upper
limit for built up area)
• Hotel, Resort, Guest house (no
upper limit for plot area)
• IT, ITES, Software Units, BPOs
• Cottage/service industry of non-
R I T E S L t d .
98
nuisance nature as listed in

Annexure-1 with workers upto 20
without power and 10 with power
upto 30HP,
• Cold storage, Godowns, warehouses
storing non-hazardous materials
• Parking plots including multi-story
Transport/Bus Terminal/Depot
• Ashram, Mutt
• Fair grounds, event and exhibition
grounds, Exhibition centre,
Convention centre, Auditorium
A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h - 3 0 m o r m o r e
• College, Institute of higher studies,

Research institute, technical
institute, vocational and
professional training center, medical
and paramedical college, university
• Clinics, dispensary, primary health
centre, hospitals (> 50 beds)
• Truck/lorry stand, mobility hub,
Truck Parking, Container Terminals,
Weigh bridges
U P U P R O W U R
• All residential buildings • Townships with plot area

detached and semi- • Home-stays larger than 2 Ha on a road of

detached dwelling units, • Dharmshala, lodging or rooming 21m or more,
plotted group housing, houses and dormitories • Electric Sub-station on a road
quarters • Shops, Professional Offices, of 21m or more,
• Old age homes, Commercial offices, Banks, Financial • Water distribution station
orphanages, night shelters institutions, customary home Water treatment plant,
• Shops, Professional Offices, occupation having a built up area Sewerage treatment plant at
Commercial offices, Banks, upto 300 sq.m. approved place,
Financial institutions, • Restaurant, Gymnasium, Yoga • solid waste management,
customary home Centre, Ayurveda centre, Spa, segregation at approved
occupation having a built up Wellness centre, Travel agency, place,
area up to 150 sq. m. Souvenir/Handicraft Shop having a • Ashram, Mutt on approach
R I T E S L t d .
99
• Restaurant, Gymnasium, built up area up to 300 sq. m. road having width 15m upto
Yoga Centre, Ayurveda • Hotel, Resort, Guest house having 21m
centre, Spa, Wellness plot area up to 1000 sq. m. • Cremation Ground, Burial
centre, Travel agency, • Bakery and Confectionary having Ground, Crematorium at
Souvenir/Handicraft Shop built up area up to 300 sq. m. approved place,
having a built up area up to • Automobile workshop for 2/3 • Fuel filling stations at
150 sq.m. wheelers approved place,
• Bakeries and • Agro-based industry, processing • Golf courses, motor sports,
Confectionaries having built units, fishing, fish processing and shooting range, adventure
up area up to 150 sq. m. allied activities, sports provided at approved
• Cottage / service industry, • Middle school, secondary and place,
of non-nuisance nature as higher secondary school, hostel • Camping sites, amusement
listed in Annexure-1 with • Clinic, dispensary, primary health parks provided width of
workers upto 6 without centre/ sub-centre, maternity approach road is 15m or
power and 3 with power up home, women and child welfare more
to 5HP centre, hospital (up to 20 beds)
• Day care, crèche, Nursery • Diagnostic centre, laboratories
school, pre-primary and • Police station, Fire post/station,
primary school telephone exchange,
• Clinics, dispensary, primary • Telecommunication tower,
health centre/ sub-centre, transmission tower, wireless station
maternity home, women • Library, Reading room, Community
and child welfare centre, Hall, Wedding Hall, Art Gallery,
hospital (up to 5 beds) Social welfare centre, Indoor sports,
• Govt. office, Public sector Gymnasium with built up are up to
enterprise, Police post, post 500 sq. m.
offices, civic centre
• Public Utility area, buildings, A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h -
1 5
m o r m o r e
equipments • Apartment houses, quarters up to

• Parking Lot/Plazas, Bus G+2 storeys
Shelter, Auto stand • Shops, Professional Offices,
• Place of worship with plot Commercial offices, Banks, Financial
area up to 500 sq. m. institutions having a built up area
• Library, Reading room, upto 500 sq. m.
Community Hall, Wedding • Market, shopping centre /complex,
Hall, Art Gallery, Social shopping mall having a built up area
welfare centre, Indoor up to 1000 sq. m.
sport, Gymnasium with built • Hotel, Resort, Guest house having
up are up to 200 sq. m. plot area up to 2000 sq. m.
• Tot lot, park, playground, • Cottage/service industry of non-
plant nursery nuisance nature as listed in
Annexure-1 with workers upto 20
without power and 10 with power
up to 30HP
R I T E S L t d .
100
• Taxi / jeep stands

• Place of worship with plot area
a built up area up to 1000 sq. m.
• weekly market site, Open Air
Theatre, Museum, Theatre
2 1
• Shops, Professional Offices,

Commercial offices, Banks, Financial
institution having a built up more
than 500 sq. m.
• Market, shopping centres/complex,
shopping mall having a built up
built up area up to 500 sq. m.
site area up to 1 Ha
• IT, ITES, Software Units, BPOs
• Cold storage, Godown/ warehouse
storing non-hazardous materials
• College of higher studies, Research
institution, technical institution,
vocational and professional training
center, medical and paramedical
colleges, universities
• Clinic, dispensary, primary health
centre, hospital (> 20 beds)
• Parking ground, multi-storied
parking, Transport/Bus Terminal/
Depot
• Truck/lorry stand, mobility hub,
Truck Parking, Container Terminal,
Weigh bridge
R I T E S L t d .
101
• Ashram, Mutt
a built up area > 500 sq. m.
• Sports Stadia, Outdoor sports
centre, sports training academy
• Fair ground, event and exhibition
ground, Exhibition centre, Museum,
Convention centre, Auditorium
A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h - 3 0 m o r m o r e

built up area > 500 sq.m.
site area > 1 Ha
T o u r i s m P r o m o t i o n Z o n e ( T P Z )
U P U P R O W U R
• Restaurants, Gymnasium, • Aquaculture, zoological park,

A p p r o a c h r o a d w i d t h - 9 m a n d a b o v e
Yoga Centre, Ayurveda • Restaurants, Gymnasium, Yoga botanical park, geo park
centre, Spa, Wellness Centre, Ayurveda centre, Spa, • Amusement park, camping
centre, Travel agency, Wellness centre, Travel agency, sites
Souvenir/Handicraft Shop Souvenir/Handicraft Shop having • Electric Sub-stations, water
having built up area up to built up area up to 500 sq. m. distribution station, pump
500 sq. m. • Hotels, Resorts, Guest houses house provided Water
• Hotels, Resorts, Guest having plot area up to 2000 sq. m. treatment plant at approved
houses having plot area up • Clinics and dispensary, places
to 2000 sq. m. • Police post, post offices, • Sewerage treatment plant
• Clinics and dispensary, • Public Utility areas, buildings, • solid waste management at
• Police post, post offices, equipments approved places,
• Public Utility areas, • Parking Lots/Plazas, Bus Shelter, • Cremation Ground, Burial
buildings, equipments Auto stand Ground, Crematorium at
• Parking Lots/Plazas, Bus • Places of worship with plot area up approved places,
Shelter, Auto stand to 500 sq. m. • Fuel filling stations at
• Places of worship with plot • Library, Reading room, Art Gallery, approved places,
area up to 500 sq. m. Indoor sports, Gymnasium with built
• Library, Reading room, Art up are up to 200 sq. m
R I T E S L t d .
102
Gallery, Indoor sports,

Gymnasium with built up
1 5
are up to 200 sq. m. • Hotels, Resorts, Guest house having

plot area > 5000 sq. m.
• Clinic, dispensary,
• Police stations, Fire post/stations,
telephone exchange,
Telecommunication towers,
transmission towers, wireless
stations
• Library, Reading room, Art Gallery, ,
Swimming pool, Indoor sports,
Gymnasium, having built up area
more than 500 sq. m
• Museum, Exhibition/ Convention
centre, Auditorium, Theatre
2 1
• Professional Offices, Commercial

offices, Banks, Financial institution,
having a built up area > 1000 sq. m
• shopping complex/ mall having a
built up area > 2000 sq. m
• Clinics, dispensaries, primary health
centre,
C
o n s e r v a t i o n Z o n e
U P U P R O W U R
• All residential buildings • Apartment houses, quarters

detached and semi- • Home-stays up to G+2 storeys provided

detached dwelling units, • Dharamshalas width of approach road is 21
plotted group housing, • Shops, Professional Offices, m or more
quarters Commercial offices, Banks, Financial • lodging or rooming houses
• Old age homes, orphanages, institution, Customary home and dormitories provided
Night Shelters occupation having a built up area up width of approach road is 15
• Day care, crèche, Nursery to 150 sq.m. m or more
schools, Pre-primary and • Restaurants, Gymnasium, Yoga • Hotels, Resorts, Guest houses
Primary schools Centres, Ayurveda centres, Spas, having plot area up to 2000
• Clinics, dispensaries, Wellness centres, Travel agency, sq.m. provided width of
primary health centres/ Souvenir/Handicraft Shops having approach road is 15 m or
sub-centres, maternity built up area up to 150 sq.m. more
homes, women and child • Bakeries and Confectionaries up to • Electric Sub-stations provided
R I T E S L t d .
103
welfare centres, hospitals 150 sq.m. built up area width of approach road is 15
(up to 5 beds) • Automobile workshop for 2/3 m or more
• Govt. offices, Public sector wheelers • Water distribution stations,
enterprises, Police post, • Agro-based industries, processing pump houses provided width
post offices, civic centres units, fishing, fish processing and of approach road is 9 m or
• Public Utility areas, allied activities more
buildings, equipments • Parking Lots/Plazas, Bus Shelter, • Water treatment plant
• Places of worship with plot Auto stand • Sewerage treatment plant
area up to 500 sq.m. • solid waste storage,
• Library, Reading rooms, segregation provided width
1 5
Community Halls, Wedding • Shops, Professional Offices, of approach road is 15 m or

Halls, Art Gallery, Social Commercial offices, Banks, Financial more
welfare centres, Indoor institution, Customary home • Cremation Ground, Burial
sports, Gymnasium with occupation having a built up area up Ground, Crematorium
built up are up to 200 sq.m. to 300 sq.m. • Fuel filling stations provided
• Tot lots, parks, playgrounds, • Restaurants, Gymnasium, Yoga width of approach road is 15
plant nursery Centres, Ayurveda centres, Spas, m or more
Wellness centres, Travel agency, • Sports Stadia, Outdoor sports
Souvenir/Handicraft Shops having centres, sports training
built up area up to 300 sq.m. academy provided width of
• Cottage industries, service approach road is 15 m or
industries of non-nuisance nature as more
listed in Annexure-1 having number • Golf courses, motor sports,
of workers up to 6 without power shooting range, adventure
and 3 with power up to 5HP sports provided width of
• Middle schools, secondary and approach road is 15 m or
higher secondary schools, students' more
hostels
• Clinics, dispensaries, primary health
centres/ sub-centres, maternity
homes, women and child welfare
centres, hospitals up to 20 beds
• Diagnostic centre, medical
laboratories
• Police stations, Fire post/stations,
telephone exchange
• Taxi/jeep stand
• Library, Reading rooms, Community
Halls, Wedding Halls, Art Gallery,
Social welfare centres, Indoor
sports, Gymnasium having built up
area up to 500 sq. m.
R I T E S L t d .
104
A g r i c u l t u r e Z o n e
U P U P R O W U R
• Single family detached • Public Utility areas, buildings,

dwelling units, farm houses equipments
with ground coverage up to • Telecommunication towers,
10% of plot area and of transmission towers, wireless
height up to ground storey stations
• Agriculture farms, Paddy
• Seed farms, Dairy farms,
Poultry farms, Fodder
farms,
• Fish farms and aquaculture
• Horticulture
• Contour bunding
1 1 .
3 I S S I B L S S I N T H I D N T I F I D I N V S T N T N D S
P E R M E U E E E E E M E O E
Various uses permissible in each of the identified investment nodes are presented in detail in the
table below.
I n v e s t m e n t N o d e / o n e e r m i s s i b l e s e
Z P U
Commercial Hub • Minimum 50% of the total area to be kept for commercial use
(main use) and the remaining area can be put under supporting
land use (Ancillary to the main use),
Cultural Hub • Minimum 50% of the total area to be kept for cultural institutes
(main use) and the remaining area can be put under supporting
land use (Ancillary to the main use),
Health and Education Hub • Minimum 50% of the total area to be kept for institutes (main use)
and the remaining area can be put under supporting land use
(Ancillary to the main use), with maximum permissible use for
residential at 10% of the total area,
Technology Parks • Minimum 50% of the total area to be kept for IT and Other
Technology industries (main use) and the remaining area can be
put under supporting land use (Ancillary to the main use),
Sports and Leisure / Tourism • Minimum 50% of the total area to be kept for sports and leisure /
and Recreational Hub tourism and recreation related activities (main use) and the
remaining area can be put under supporting land use (Ancillary to
the main use),
Agro Based Industries Hub • Minimum 40% of the total area to be kept for agro based industry
R I T E S L t d .
105
I n v e s t m e n t N o d e / o n e e r m i s s i b l e s e
Z P U
/ food processing industry (main use) and the remaining area can
be put under supporting land use (Ancillary to the main use),
Transportation Hub • Minimum 50% of the total area to be kept for transportation
related activities (main use) and the remaining area can be put
under supporting land use (Ancillary to the main use),
1 1 . 4
F L A A A T I F A
O O R R E R O ( R )
The FAR permissible is proposed based on the zone-wise land use and not occupancy-wise as
prescribed in the KMBR/KPBR. The permissible Base FAR (without additional fees), and Maximum
FAR (Base FAR+ Premium FAR permitted on payment of additional fees) for the proposed land use
zones are as mentioned in the table below.
)
L a n d s e o n e s F A o f A p p r o a c h / A c c e s s o a d i n m e t r e s
U Z R R O W R (
1 5 2 1
9 m 9 m o r m o r m o r 3 0 m o r
<
m o r e m o r e m o r e m o r e
Urbanization Base FAR 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50 2.00

Area- 1 (UA-1) Maximum FAR 1.00 1.50 2.50 3.00 4.00
Urbanization Base FAR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50 1.50
Area- 2 (UA-2) Maximum FAR 1.00 1.20 1.50 2.50 3.00
Tourism Base FAR 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.50
Promotion Zone Maximum FAR 1.00 1.20 1.50 2.00 2.50
(TPZ)
Conservation Base FAR 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80 0.80
Zone Maximum FAR 0.80 0.80 0.80 1.00 1.20
Agriculture Base FAR 0.30
Zone
Green Zone 0.10 FAR of the total area of site, for the permitted activities,
subject to the approval of the competent authority
The Master Plan-2041 also proposes certain strategic development nodes to facilitate development
of cluster of activities such, Cultural, Food Park, IT and Technologies.
1 1 . 5
N D C V A A N D A I N S
G R O U O E R G E M R G
For ground coverage and margins, the Kerala Municipal Building Rules and Kerala Panchayat Building
Rules shall be applicable, as amended from time to time, within Municipal area and the Panchayat
areas, respectively.
R I T E S L t d .
106
1 1 . 6
B I L D I N H I H T
U G E G
The maximum permissible building height shall be as per the regulations mentioned hereinabove,
and permissible as per KMBR/KPBR, as applicable.
1 1 . 7
C A S T A L L A T I N N S
O R E G U O Z O E
The Ministry of Environment and Forests, Government of India, under the provisions of Environment
(Protection) Act, 1986, has issued a notification in February, 1991, which was modified on January
06, 2011. The notification declared area stretch of 500 m wide along the sea coast, bays and
estuaries and up to 100 m. from the rivers and creeks as a Coastal Regulation Zone. The
developments within this zone are required to be regulated in accordance with the provisions of the
notification and the Coastal Zone Management Plans which are required to be prepared for every
Planning area. Govt. of Kerala has prepared the Coastal Zone Management Plan (CZMP) for the state
and has delineated the CRZs.
The CRZs applicable to the project area has been reviewed and superimposed on the map. The areas
under various CRZ categories have been provided in the .
a p 9
Regulation of activities permissible under various CRZs shall be as per the notifications of MoEF,
Govt. of India, and CZMP of Kerala and the amendments issued in this regard from time to time.
R I T E S L t d .
107
1 2 C H A P T E R : I N S T I T U T I O N A L M E C H A N I S M
D e v e l o p m e n t V i s i o n
V a r k a l a
I n f r a s t r u c t u r e
C o r p o r a t i o n L t d
Other Related
Municipality Gram Panchyats
Departments
Chapter Contents
• I n s t i t u t i o n a l F r a m e
• P P P
This chapter focuses on the institutional arrangement of the study area and also highlights the PPP
for the various projects.
R I T E S L t d .
108
1 2 . 1
I N S T I T T I N A L A A N N T
U O R R G E M E
Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd. is a newly established arm of the State
Government to plan, regulate and develop Varkala project area. With the preparation of the Master
Plan 2041, it is essential to make institutional arrangements for the implementation of the Master
Plan. In view of the limitations of the Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation Ltd
relating to the granting of various development permissions under the laws applicable to the project
area and the limited trained human resource, the following are the proposals for effective and
speedy clearances of the permissions:-
6. The powers exercised under the Kerala Municipality Building Rules, 1999 by the municipal
officer for granting development permissions for areas measuring 200 square metres and above
should be made exercisable by the officer of the ViVIDC Ltd.
7. The powers exercised under the Kerala Panchayat Buildings Rules, 2011 for regulating the
development and granting development permissions in the Panchayat areas by the officers of
the Administrative Department be exercisable by the officers of the ViVIDC Ltd.
8. It would be appropriate to depute officers from various Departments and placed under the
control of ViVIDC Ltd and shall keep drawing their salaries from the parent Department till such
time theViVIDC Ltd becomes self-sustainable. Such officers must have such delegation of
powers exercised by them in their parent department relating to development permission,
designing of infrastructure, preparing detailed project reports and according approvals thereof.
9. The above arrangement is to provide one-stop-shop kind of service to enable quick processing
of proposals and approval thereof under one roof.
10. There must be a capacity building training program of the staff in ViVIDC Ltd for explaining and
understanding the provisions of Master Plan, framing of various development proposals, their
processing for according approvals, there implications and implementation. They are also
required to understand the building rules, there interpretation, implementation/enforcement
and above all, sensitization towards people oriented service.
1 2 . 2
B L I C – I V A T A T N S H I
P U P R E P R E R P ( P P P )
As stated in the Institutional Arrangement, Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation

Ltd (ViVIDC) will be constraint by limited human resource. It will also have resource constraint and
technological limitations. Therefore, to keep pace with the required infrastructure and to clear the
backlog, the option available is adopting PPP model. Despite its pros and cons, this joint effort of
government agency and of private sector partnership, the benefit of private sector funds and
expertise can be harnessed.
Therefore,ViVIDC has to mobilize the private sector for the following reasons:
iv. Financial resource mobilization for infrastructure projects,
v. Technical man power and technology,
vi. For better delivery of services.
R I T E S L t d .
109
The repercussion of such an arrangement is reflected in the cost of using the service to be borne
exclusively by the users of the service. In such a paradigm, the responsibility of the public sector is
to:
vii. Providing land to the partner for infrastructure development free from all encumbrances;
viii. Where only right-of-way is involved on the ground, above the ground, or below the ground, the
responsibility is of public sector to enable or facilitate all approvals or clearances from various
government agencies/Departments,
ix. Drafting of an agreement that meets the requirement of the partners and ultimately builds the
financial health of the public sector agency and builds the capacity of the agency to take future
projects on its own strength,
x. Establishing carefully the special purpose vehicle (SPV) to develop, build, maintain and operate
the assets during the contract period with a careful risk-hedging mechanism.
The caution is that this exercise should not be for load shedding of the public servants or for their
relaxing, nor be allowed the SPV to step in the shoes of the Government. Both as partners are to be
performers striving for the larger satisfaction of the users who pay the user charges. This factor
seeks keen involvement or participation of the public sector agency.
The project where private sector can be involved, i n t e r

-
a l i a
,
could be the following;

vii. Infrastructure for promotion of tourism as identified in the Varkala Master Plan 2041 such as;
d. Ropeways, viewing towers and pedestrian bridges,
e. Water Sports, boating, running of ferries,
f. Building/ establishing Tourism Circuit
viii. Developing Road network
b. New roads after acquisition of land through a carefully drafted concessionaire
agreement,
b. Existing road widening, strengthening and maintenance thereof
ix. Developing energy source and linking with the state supply network,
x. Sewage treatment and solid waste management including compost plant,
xi. Cultural complex
xii. Developing a mechanism of partnerships with the land owners for eliminating the land
acquisition costs, shortening of the time of taking the possession of land, reducing the
litigations by ensuring long term returns to the owners.
There could be many other projects but the project listed above are those which require immediate
attention for attracting investors, creating more job opportunities and to make Varkala as the most
preferred tourist destination in a shortest possible time.
R I T E S L t d .
110

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DRAFT MASTER PLAN PREPARATION OF MASTER PLAN FOR VARKALA

3.1.1 Foreign Tourist Arrivals (FTAs) in Kerala ................................................................................... 14

3.2.1 Accommodation Unit Survey .................................................................................................... 18

3.2.2 Non-Accommodation Unit Survey ............................................................................................ 21

3.3.1 Road Network in the Project Area ............................................................................................ 24

4.1.1 Population Estimates ................................................................................................................ 32

7.2.1 Cliff Erosion and Protective Measures ...................................................................................... 47

7.5.1 Issues related to Traffic and Transportation ............................................................................ 48

8.4.1 Multinucleated Approach ......................................................................................................... 52

8.6.1 Proposed Road Network ........................................................................................................... 55

9.1.1 Water Supply ............................................................................................................................ 64

9.2.1 Education Facility ...................................................................................................................... 67

10.2.1 Janardhan Swamy Temple ...................................................................................................... 72

10.2.8 Anjengo Fort ........................................................................................................................... 89

Table 1: Project Area and Administrative Units 2

Table 30: Projected Tourists Inflow to Kerala and Varkala (Month-Wise) 39

Map 1: Location & Regional Linkages of Varkala 07

Figure 1: Location of Varkala in Thiruvananthapuram District 5

AGR Annual Growth Rate

NBC National Building Code

Varkala, a coastal town, situated at a distance of about 50 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and 37

The major concerns identified were:

of employment, entrepreneurship and informal activities, marginal jobs/low wages from

commoditization of culture and art forms, new building styles/westernization of styles

The main vision of the Master Plan is:

The ultimate mission is:

• Janardhan Swamy Temple Development

As stated in the institutional arrangement, Vision Varkala Infrastructure Development Corporation

The project where private sector can be involved, i n t e r - a l i a ,

ii. Developing Road network

Varkala, north of Thiruvananthapuram, is one of the important religious tourist destinations in

1 Varkala Municipality 15.21

i. Assessing existing demographic and infrastructural scenario in the project area,

Varkala, a coastal town, is situated at a distance of about 50 km north of Thiruvananthapuram and

Thiruvananthapuram City 50 km Thiruvananthapuram International Airport 55 km

Total No. of Towns 6 10 5 31

1 Varkala (M) 34,009 38,987 40,728 40,048 18.0%

2 Edava 24,839 26,537 26,903 25,994 11.7%

3 Elakamon 19,222 21523 24,385 25,307 11.4%

4 Chemmaruthy 23,118 27,093 30,918 32,444 14.6%

5 Navaikulam 29,058 33,602 38,214 40,702 18.3%

6 Pallickal 13,032 14,740 16,470 16,873 7.6%

7 Madavoor 15,809 18,510 20,855 21,118 9.5%

8 Vettoor 18,356 18,790 19,301 19,668 8.9%

Source: Census of India

1 Varkala (M) 40,048 13,166 10,229 2,937 4.85% 1.92% 93.23%

2 Edava 25,994 7,095 5,211 1,884 7.23% 1.61% 91.16%

3 Elakamon 25,307 8,979 6,919 2,060 16.35% 1.86% 81.79%

4 Chemmaruthy 32,444 12,171 8,600 3,571 14.17% 2.34% 83.49%

5 Navaikulam 40,702 14,065 10,257 3,808 23.60% 4.50% 71.90%

6 Pallickal 16,873 5,259 3,923 1,336 27.81% 1.48% 70.71%

7 Madavoor 21,118 7,851 5,597 2,254 23.62% 1.72% 74.66%

8 Vettoor 19,668 6,132 4,523 1,609 3.62% 3.89% 92.49%

Source: Census of India

1 Tube well supply may not suffice in the near

• Varkala is a ‘Class-C’ municipality • There is no waste segregation at source,

• Government Naturopathy Hospital in • The Taluka hospital is not only catering to

• Many tourist sites have parking issue,

• There are about 22 nationalized banks Varkala Municipality is contemplating to

maintained by the Sivagiri trust infrastructure,

1 Thiruvananthapuram 103,558 119,940 151,578 193,924 234,797 176,571 204,049 30.95%

Source: Kerala Tourism Statistics 2010

1 1999 4,888,287 9.07%