Garcia, Reden Anthony D.

November 27, 2018

BSCS1 – 2 Prelim-Assignment #2

I.

1. Descriptive Statistics

Descriptive statistics is the term given to the analysis of data that helps describe, show or summarize data
in a meaningful way such that, for example, patterns might emerge from the data. Descriptive statistics do
not, however, allow us to make conclusions beyond the data we have analyzed or reach conclusions
regarding any hypotheses we might have made. They are simply a way to describe our data.

2. Inferential Statistics

Inferential statistics are techniques that allow us to use these samples to make generalizations about the
populations from which the samples were drawn. It is, therefore, important that the sample accurately
represents the population. The process of achieving this is called sampling. Inferential statistics arise out
of the fact that sampling naturally incurs sampling error and thus a sample is not expected to perfectly
represent the population.

II.

1. Mode

Is a statistical term that refers to the most frequently occurring number found in a set of numbers. The
mode is found by collecting and organizing data in order to count the frequency of each result. The result
with the highest number of occurrences is the mode of the set.
Example: in {4, 3, 9, 4, 4, 5, 9, 4, 7} the Mode is 4 (it occurs most often).

2. Median

Is a simple measure of central tendency. To find the median, we arrange the observations in order from
smallest to largest value. If there is an odd number of observations, the median is the middle value. If
there is an even number of observations, the median is the average of the two middle values.
Example: find the Median of {14, 23, 11, 16, 15, 4, 27}.
Put them in order: {4, 11, 14, 15, 16, 23, 27}
The middle number is 15, so the median is 15.

3. Percentile

The value below which a percentage of data falls.

Example: A class of 20 students had the following scores on their most recent test: 75, 77, 78, 78, 80, 81,
81, 82, 83, 84, 84, 84, 85, 87, 87, 88, 88, 88, 89, 90. The score of 80% has four scores below it. Since 4/20 =
20%, 80 is the 20th percentile of the class.
4. Quartile

Is a statistical term describing a division of observations into four defined intervals based upon the values
of the data and how they compare to the entire set of observations.
Example: 8, 8, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 3, 1
Put them in order: 1, 3, 3, 4, 5, 6, 6, 7, 8, 8
Q1 = 3
Q2 = 5.5
Q3 = 7

5. Range

The difference between the lowest and highest values.

Example: In {4, 6, 9, 3, 7} the lowest value is 3, and the highest is 9, so the range is 9 − 3 = 6.

6. Interquartile Range

Is a measure of variability, based on dividing a data set into quartiles.

Example: Consider the following numbers: 1, 3, 4, 5, 5, 6, 7, 11. Q1 is the middle value in the first half of
the data set. Since there are an even number of data points in the first half of the data set, the middle value
is the average of the two middle values; that is, Q1 = (3 + 4)/2 or Q1 = 3.5. Q3 is the middle value in the
second half of the data set. Again, since the second half of the data set has an even number of
observations, the middle value is the average of the two middle values; that is, Q3 = (6 + 7)/2 or Q3 = 6.5.
The interquartile range is Q3 minus Q1, so IQR = 6.5 - 3.5 = 3.

7. Standard Deviation

Is a statistic that measures the dispersion of a dataset relative to its mean and is calculated as the square
root of the variance.
Example: Calculate the sample standard deviation of the length of the crystals.

1. Calculate the mean of the data. Add up all the numbers and divide by the total number of data
points.

(9+2+5+4+12+7+8+11+9+3+7+4+12+5+4+10+9+6+9+4) / 20 = 140/20 = 7
 2. Subtract the mean from each data point (or the other way around, if you prefer... you will be
squaring this number, so it does not matter if it is positive or negative).

(9 - 7)2 = (2)2 = 4
(2 - 7)2 = (-5)2 = 25
(5 - 7)2 = (-2)2 = 4
(4 - 7)2 = (-3)2 = 9
(12 - 7)2 = (5)2 = 25
(7 - 7)2 = (0)2 = 0
(8 - 7)2 = (1)2 = 1
(11 - 7)2 = (4)22 = 16
(9 - 7)2 = (2)2 = 4
(3 - 7)2 = (-4)22 = 16
(7 - 7)2 = (0)2 = 0
(4 - 7)2 = (-3)2 = 9
(12 - 7)2 = (5)2 = 25
(5 - 7)2 = (-2)2 = 4
(4 - 7)2 = (-3)2 = 9
(10 - 7)2 = (3)2 = 9
(9 - 7)2 = (2)2 = 4
(6 - 7)2 = (-1)2 = 1
(9 - 7)2 = (2)2 = 4
(4 - 7)2 = (-3)22 = 9

3. Calculate the mean of the squared differences.

(4+25+4+9+25+0+1+16+4+16+0+9+25+4+9+9+4+1+4+9) / 19 = 178/19 = 9.368

This value is the sample variance. The sample variance is 9.368

4. The population standard deviation is the square root of the variance. Use a calculator to obtain this
number.

(9.368)1/2 = 3.061

The population standard deviation is 3.061

III. Sources

https://statistics.laerd.com/statistical-guides/descriptive-inferential-statistics.php

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/mode.asp

https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=median

https://www.mathsisfun.com/

https://www.mathsisfun.com/definitions/range-statistics-.html
https://stattrek.com/statistics/dictionary.aspx?definition=interquartile%20range

https://www.thoughtco.com/sample-standard-deviation-problem-609528