SPECIAL PURPOSE VEHICLES (2180211) – IMPORTANT

QUESTIONS WITH ANSWER KEY

IMPORTANT DEFINITIONS:

1. Draw sketch of dozer and explain dozer, dozer blade its purpose and
working in detail.

• A bulldozer is a crawler (continuous tracked tractor) used to push soil, sand

or rubble, during construction work relatively short distances.
• Typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as a ripper) to
loosen densely compacted materials.
• In other words, Bulldozers are tractors equipped with a pusher blade, which
can be raised or lowered by hydraulic control and is used for digging and
pushing.
• The bulldozer's primary tools are the blade and the ripper.

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 DOZER BLADE
 The blade is a massive structure that has a rectangular base and
back.
 The leading edge of the base is a flat blade or knife of hard steel
which projects ahead of and below the rest of the blade.
 The front of the blade is called the moldboard and is concave and
sloped back.

 As this blade is pushed into the ground, the knife cuts and breaks
up the dirt, which is then pushed up the curve of the moldboard
until it falls forward.
 Push arms should be attached to the blade near its outside edges, as
the greatest strains normally occur at the corners
 Push arms are heavy, hollow beams extending from a hinged
connection with the tractor to the bottom of the blade.

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 Pitch Arms (Pitch Braces) are diagonal members between the push
arms and the blade top.
 They brace the blade against loads above the line of the push arms,
and may provide means for regulating its pitch and tilt.
 Lengthening both pitch arms will tip the blade forward, shortening
them will bring it back.
 Tipping forward will increase the suck of the edge and improve
penetration in hard soils.

TYPES OF BLADES
 S – BLADE (Straight blade)
 U – BLADE (Universal blade)
 ‘SU’ – BLADE (Semi-Universal blade)
 SPECIAL BLADES
o A – BLADE (Angle blade)
o L – BLADE ( Land – Fill blade)
o C – BLADE ( Cleaning blade)
o V – BLADE (Vegetations Blade)

 S - BLADE
 Smaller than U blades but easy to maneuver.
 Move heavy materials more efficiently.
 Almost have no curvature on their length and are mounted in a
fixed position.
 Designed for short and medium distance passes, such as
backfilling, grading, and spreading fill material.

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 U -BLADE
 Moves large amount of materials over long distances.
 Used for stock pile, land reclamation etc.
 The long-dimension outside edges is angled forward at 25o.
 This design avoids spoilage of loose material.
 Functions well in rough pioneering on side hills, and are ideal for
handling coal, garbage, and other loose materials.

 SEMI – UNIVERSAL BLADE

An "S-U" combination blade which is shorter has less curvature, and
smaller side wings. This blade is typically used for pushing piles of large
rocks, such as at a quarry

 ANGLE BLADE
 It is superior to the straight blade in light trench backfilling and
some other jobs.
 Can be angled up to 25o left or right.
 It cannot be pitched and effective in side-casting material.
 Wider by 1-2feet than S-blade.
 LAND FILL BLADE
 Specially designed to handle loose materials.
 The guard/screen mounted on top of the blade offers good
visibility and protects radiator.
 The curved moldboard imparts rolling motion to the materials
pushed forward

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 SPECIAL PURPOSE BLADE

 C- BLADE: The blade is chosen when land clearing
operations are primary important.

 V-BLADE: This is used to shear trees, stumps and bushes at

ground level.

 The two cutting edges form a sharp V. The vegetation can be

cut and pushed to the side at a constant level.

2. Explain Forklift operation techniques with its use.

 A forklift is a powered industrial truck used to lift and move

materials over short distances.
 Forklift is also called lift truck, fork truck, fork hoist, and forklift
truck.
 GENERAL OPERATIONS :
 Forklifts are rated for loads at a specified maximum weight and a
specified forward center of gravity.
 This information is located on a nameplate provided by the
manufacturer, and loads must not exceed these specifications.

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 GENERAL PRACTICES :
 Passengers not allowed
 Keep arms/hands inside cab area
 Wear you seatbelt at all times

 Picking up load
 Approach the load straight on with the forks in the travel
position.
 Stop when the fork tips are approx. 1 foot away from the
load.
 Level forks and drive slowly forward until load is against
backrest.
 Lift the load high enough to clear what is under it
 Look over both shoulders to make sure you are clear and
slowly back out one foot .
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 Sound horn before backing if can’t clearly see behind you.

 Slowly tilt mast back to stabilize the load.
 SETTING DOWN THE LOAD
 Drive to location, square up to load area and stop about one
foot away
 Level the forks and slowly drive forward
 Lower the load
 Tilt the forks slightly forward
 Forklifts are used to:

transport loads between areas

stack heavy objects

load and unload vehicles.

There are a wide range of forklifts, including
pedestrian operated and ride on forklifts.
 Forklifts vary in size, ranging from one tonne capacity
for general warehouse type work, up to 50 tonne
capacity for shipping container work.
3. How the power shovel is selected? Write the factors which
affect the output of a power shovel.

Power shovel is selected based on

a) Job Location
b) Type of footing.

For selecting the best size of the shovel, the following factors
must be examined:
1) The cost per cubic meter output
2) The job/site conditions

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Factors affecting the output:

 Class of material
 Depth of cut
 Angle of swing
 Job Conditions
 Management conditions
 Size of hauling units
 Skill of operator
 Physical condition of the shovel.
4. Explain wheel loader with its applications.

 Wheel loaders are used in the logging and timber industry to

move cut logs and stack them in a pile. Instead of a bucket on the
front of these devices, the front attachment is replaced with
hydraulic grabs which pinch around the wood to secure a stronger
grip. The logs are placed on a truck and transferred to a factory or
sawmill. These loaders are also used to unload the trucks when
the wood arrives at its destination. These wheel loaders are
sometimes called log stackers.
 Construction
 A wheel loader can often be seen outside of construction zones as
they are frequently used to clean debris or level the ground of a
construction area. These loaders remove dirt, building materials
and bricks. When given other attachments, however, the wheel
loaders can be used for even more applications like grabbing
pipes with a pipe fork, stockpiling materials with a high-dump
bucket or handling trash with refuse buckets. The versatility of
wheel loaders makes them valuable tools in the construction
industry.

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 Farming
 The farming industry has used wheel loaders for years for various
purposes. A wheel loader can move bales of hay that weigh up to
half a ton for feeding horses and cattle. Tractors can move large
quantities of manure from a pasture to disposal. Seeds, dirt and
grain can be moved quickly and easily from one part of a farm to
another. Also, land can be cleared or tilled using special
attachments for the planting season.

 OPERATIONS DONE BY WHEEL LOADER

1. Loading:- scooping, lifting, turning and dumping
2. Hauling :- moving loose materials over short distances
3. Excavating
4. Clearing:- knock down temporary buildings and clear the debris

5. List the various types of excavators and explain hydraulic

excavator
 Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of
a boom, dipper (or stick), bucket and cab on a rotating platform
known as the "house".
 The house sits a top an undercarriage with tracks or wheels.
 They are a natural progression from the steam shovels and often
mistakenly called power shovels.
 All movement and functions of a hydraulic excavator are
accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, with hydraulic
cylinders and hydraulic motors.
 An excavator is a machine that is used for construction sites. It is
a heavy duty equipment that can progressively excavate various
types of soils . There are different types of excavators used for

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various applications such as landscaping, material handling,

construction, demolition and river dredging.
 Excavators come in different sizes and shapes depending on their
utility. The different types of excavators are:

1. Crawler excavators
2. Backhoe
3. Suction excavator
4. Dragline excavators

CRAWLERS EXCAVATOR - are also called as compact excavators. Because of

their high horsepower, these excavators are used for mining and other heavy duty
purposes. Crawler excavator is a heavy duty equipment used to lift up debris and
soil using hydraulic power mechanisms. It runs on a chain wheel system. They are
the best alternative when it comes to grading or landscaping hilly areas. Their risk
of sliding down the hill is minimal because of their versatile framework.

BACK HOE - Among all different types of excavators that are available, backhoe
is the most commonly used today. Its effectiveness is widely applicable in areas
that may not be specific to excavation only. A backhoe excavator has a bucket that
faces the driver. The bucket extracts soil by pulling it towards the driver before
lifting. Backhoe excavators are used to excavate soil in mining or construction sites
or unload waste in dumpsites. They are small in size as compared to the other
excavators but they serve various purposes.

SUCTION EXCAVATORS are also known as vacuum excavators. They come

along with a suction pipe that helps carry away loose soil and debris, cuts using
sharp teeth at the edge of the pipe. Before the excavation begins, a water jet is used
in order to loosen the ground. These types of excavators are used in places that
require careful and safe exploration of underground elements.

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DRAGLINE EXCAVATOR is a heavy duty equipment that is slightly different

and much bigger in size. These types of excavators are used in large scale
applications. Dragline excavators can be further divided into standard mobile
draglines and on-site draglines. On-site draglines are large size excavators that are
assembled and built on site, while the standard ones are bigger than the back hoe
excavators but smaller than the on-sites. Draglines are too heavy and can damage
the roads so are transported in parts and assembled on site.

HYDRAULIC EXCAVATOR
 A hydraulic excavator (digger) is a large vehicle that is designed for
excavation and demolition purposes. Hydraulic excavators consist of a
chassis, boom, and bucket, and move via tracks or wheels. They range in
size and function, an example of which is the similar but smaller “mini
excavator.” All versions are generally designed for the same purposes.
Hydraulic excavators weigh between 3,000 and 2 million pounds and their
speed ranges between 19 HP and 4,500 HP.
 How Does A Hydraulic Excavator Work?
Hydraulic excavators are entirely dependent on hydraulic systems. The
hydraulic excavator’s base/undercarriage consists of a track or wheeled
platform and provides transportation for the vehicle while supporting the
chassis. The chassis allows the driver to control the hydraulic excavator by
using levers to drive the vehicle, raising the boom up and down, and
controlling the bucket. Because the chassis is built on top of the
undercarriage, it is able to rotate 360 degrees. The boom and bucket are
attached to the chassis, work in conjunction to move materials, but are
controlled independently.
 Applications
Hydraulic excavators are used for a wide variety of applications, the most
notable being excavation. They are also capable of being used for demolition
purposes, however, as even the smallest models are more than capable of
demolishing buildings. Hydraulic excavators are also commonly used for
moving large amounts of materials, such as minerals, from one area to
another. Hydraulic excavators are usually used in conjunction with
bulldozers and loaders for construction purposes.
 Advantages
Hydraulic excavators have many advantages that allow them to be used in

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the ways that they are. For example, they are small enough to work on
specific tasks within a project area and can usually be transported from one
project to another by either being towed or stored on a large truck. Hydraulic
excavators can also take advantage of many different attachments: a mallet
for demolition purposes, a blade for scraping, or a grapple for picking up
objects. Hydraulic excavators are also widely available and can be purchased
new or used.
 Disadvantages
Hydraulic excavators have few disadvantages, most of which are expected in
such a vehicle. For example, hydraulic excavators are heavy and cannot
simply be driven across large distances or on non-reinforced roads.
Likewise, they generally use large amounts of fuel and can be a very
expensive investment, the latter being countered by the fact that they can
remain operable for decades. Additionally, hydraulic excavators can be
difficult to repair due to their large size and many moving parts.

6. Explain comparison of Wheel loader and Shovel

(REFER PPT)

7. List and explain the layout, transmission unit and various

implements used with tractor.

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 Tractor is a self – propelled power unit having wheels or tracks

for operating agricultural implements and machines including
trailers.
 Tractor engine is used as a prime mover for active tools and
stationary farm machinery through power take-off shaft (PTO) or
belt pulley.

1. Clutch – the device that connects or disconnects two torque

transmitting devices.
2. Transmission – a device for transmitting power at a multiplicity of
speed and torque
3. P.T.O drive – the parts that transmit torque from the engine to the
PTO spline on the rear of the tractor.

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4. Differential – the device, usually in the axle housing, that allows

the two wheels on an axle to rotate at different speeds.
5. Brake – the device, usually in the axle housing, that stops the
motion of the tractor.
6. Axle- the shaft and connecting parts that transmits torque from the
differential or final gear reduction, to the wheels.

o
 A power transmission system for a tractor has two functions:
 To disconnect the engine from the road wheels when desired.
 To transmit the torque in a smooth manner without shocks and
jerks.
 To reduce the engine speed as desired based on tyre size and
forward speed required.
 To change engine torque and speed required by the wheel for
different task required for a tractor.

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 To provide for auxillary power outlet in the form of power the

implements and also for stationary machinery.
Mathematically : Te Ne (eff) = Tw Nw = constant
 Where Te = torque of the engine
 Ne = rpm of the engine
 Tw = torque at drive wheels
 Nw = rpm of drive wheels
 Eff = efficiency of the power transmission system
 VARIOUS IMPLEMENTS USED IN TRACTORS
 TILLAGE - It is the mechanical manipulation of soil to provide
favorable condition for crop production.
 It breaks the compact surface of earth to certain depth and loosens
the soil mass so that roots of the crop penetrate and spread into the
soil.
 Soil Crust: After sowing, if its rains, the top layer of soil becomes
so hard that seed is unable to germinate. This strong or hard soil is
called as soil crust.
OBJECTIVES OF TILLAGE
 To obtain deep seed bed, suitable for different type of crops.
 To control weeds or to remove unwanted crop plants.
 To manage plants residues and fertility of soil
 To incorporate and mix fertilizers, pesticides or soil amendments
into the soil.
CLASSIFICATION OF TILLAGE
 Primary Tillage
 Secondary Tillage
PRIMARY TILLAGE:
 The operation performed to open up any cultivable land with a
view to prepare a seedbed for growing crops
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 Various equipments used for primary tillage are mould board

plough, disc plough, heavy-duty harrow, chisel plough, rotavator.
 SECONDARY TILLAGE:
 They are the lighter and finer operations performed on the soil
after primary tillage
 These operations are generally performed on surface soil
Implements are disc/other harrows, cultivators, sweeps, tillers
MOULD BOARD PLOUGH
 Mould board plough is one of the oldest of all agricultural
implements
 It consumes more traction energy than other operation
 It cuts loose the furrow slice, inverts the furrow slice more or less
in pulverized form
 It is used for covering grass into soil immediately after rains
TYPES OF MOULD BOARD PLOWS
• Trailed
• Semi-Mounted
• Mounted
1. Trailed:
 It is also known as pull type and it is complete unit in itself
supported on two wheels. The complete unit is hitched by the
drawbar of the tractor.
2) Semi- Mounted:

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 These are more compact and more maneuverable than pull type.
 Sizes and numbers of bottoms are same as that of pull type.
 They are less expensive and these put more vertical load on tractor
rear wheels.
MOUNTED MOULD BOARD PLOUGH:
 They are called as direct mounted, tractor mounted or tractor
carried plows.
 These plows use tractors lift linkages which are controlled
hydraulically.
 It is available in 2-5 bottoms depending upon the capacity of
tractor.

8. Write the difference between crawler & wheel tractor

(REFER PPT)
9. Explain power take off unit of tractor.
 Power Take-Offs (PTOs) are mechanical gearboxes that attach to
apertures provided on truck transmissions and are used to transfer
the power of the vehicle engine to auxiliary components, most
commonly a hydraulic pump.
 The hydraulic flow generated by the pump is then directed to
cylinders and/or hydraulic motors to perform work.
 The transmission’s PTO aperture may be of the six-bolt, eight-
bolt, or ten-bolt type, referring to the number of fasteners used to
attach the PTO to the transmission.

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 The six and eight-bolt openings are S.A.E. standard sizes. The
ten-bolt opening is exclusive to automatic transmissions
manufactured by Allison and Caterpillar.
 The PTO apertures of foreign transmissions, or U.S.–made
transmissions with metric bolts, are referred to as “non-standard”
openings.


THE POWER TAKE-OFF INPUT GEARS
 Power Take-Off input gears are designed to mesh with the
transmission’s PTO drive gear and transmit power to the PTO
output shaft.
 Muncie works closely with truck transmission manufacturers to
insure that the PTO gear matches the mounting depth, pitch,
pressure angle, and helix angle of the transmission gear.

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PTO INFO
 PTO operates by turning at speeds of 9-16 rotations per seconds.
 This speeds and the device makes the PTO very dangerous.
 A PTO guarding system includes:
 A master shield
 Connection end shield
 Drive line shield
 Implement input
 connection shield.
PTO SAFETY PRACTICES
 Keep PTO system shielded and guarded.
 Regularly test driveline guards by spinning or rotating them to
ensure they have not become stuck to the shaft.
 Disengage the PTO and shutoff the tractor before dismounting to
clean, repair, service, or adjust machinery.
 Walk around the machinery instead of steeping over the shaft.
10. Explain stability, design and control system of crane
STABILITY OF CRANE
 In the crane field, the fulcrum of the balance beam is replaced by the term
“Tipping Axis” and we call the center of gravity the “CG”. The equation
above illustrates how a crane is similar to a balance beam. However, when
working with cranes, and one side of the equation equals the other side of
the equation, the crane is considered to be in a balanced condition and
tipping is ready to occur at any moment.
 It would be unsafe to operate a crane where the load’s leverage was equal to
the crane’s leverage, so “Reserve” stability is built into crane stability load
ratings. Reserve stability can be best illustrated by looking at a crane that has
hoisted its maximum safe working load in the area of stability.

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 For this
example, we can use a typical hydraulic truck crane, which is based on a
maximum rating of 85% of its tipping load. When the crane hoists its
maximum load, the outriggers closest to the load support 85% of the crane
and load weight. The crane can remain stable, because there is a reserve of
15% of crane’s leverage positioned on the outriggers farthest from the load.
 A mistake made by many is that a crane can lift more load than is indicated
on the load chart. This is absolutely incorrect and the capacities in the load
chart should never be exceeded. The example below shows a crane that is
overloaded or the load’s leverage is greater than the crane’s leverage. If the
weight you attempt to lift is too great, the crane will tip or turnover in the
direction of the load.

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DESIGN FEATURE OF CRANE

 A Wide range of different types of crane can be used on
construction projects as a means for lifting and moving materials
and other building elements from place to place.
 Cranes can range from a simple rope pulley to a tower crane fixed
to the top of a skyscraper
 The choice of crane for a particular site will depend a number of
different factors, including
 The type of loads that need to be lifted
 The height and horizontal distances that need to be covered
 The radius of the swing
 The time period of the lifting operations
 The utilization factor (the ratio of time spent in use compared to the total
time it could be in use)
 The degree of mobility required.

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