Index

S.No. CONTENTS PAGE NO.

1. Certificate 02
2. Acknowledgement 03
3. Abstract 04
4. List of Figures 05
5. List of Tables 06
6. List of Abbreviation 07
7. Introduction 08
8. Project Description 10
9. Working 20
10. Applications 22
11. Conclusion 23
12. Bibliography 24

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 Abstract

The project's goal is to create an FM transmitter, which transmits, it redundancy, a signal or

sound to an FM receiver, without the need for cables.

The main aim of this project is to transmit the FM signal using two transistors. In this project
we use the two transistors in one circuit. Both transistors are of type 2N3904. Second
transistor base is connected to the collector of the first transistor. The circuit is basically a
radio frequency RF oscillator; it operates at 75 to 108MHZ frequency range. When the input
audio signal is applied to the first transistor then that signal is amplified by the first transistor.
Then the output of the first transistor at collector terminal is fed to the base of the second
transistor then this signal is modulated and set the resonant frequency. Here to set the
resonance frequency we have to change the capacitance value. After setting the resonance
frequency then we has to connect to the oscillator.

This physics project mainly uses the equipments of transistors, resistors, trimmer capacitors
to set the capacitance value. This project mainly used in transmitting the Frequency
modulated signal. There is the limited range for frequency modulated signal. The limit should
not be cross. The FM wireless signal should contain license, without the license it is illegal.
Here the difference is used the two transistors for amplification and for modulation.

This signal can be heard on stations already occupied with a frequency, i.e. to listen to our
sound emitted at the transmitter, we search the FM band station or frequency that is free or
empty.

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 List of Figures

Figure. No. Figure Name Page No.

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of FM Transmitter 09

Figure 1.1 Components 11
Figure 1.1 Transistor 12
Figure 1.1 Symbol of transistor 13
Figure 1.1 Capacitor 14
Figure 1.1 Ceramic Capacitor & Symbol of capacitor 14
Figure 1.1 Trimmer Capacitor 15
Figure 1.1 Resistor & Symbol of resistor 16
Figure 1.1 Microphone 17
Figure 1.1 LED & Symbol of LED 18
Figure 1.1 Universal PCB 19
Figure 1.1 Soldering Iron 19

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 List of Tables

Table No. TABLE NAME PAGE NO.

Table 1.1 List of Components 12

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 List of Abbreviations

FM – Frequency Modulation

AF – Amplitude Frequency

RF – Radio Frequency

MP3 – MPEG Audio Layer 3

MHz – Megahertz

VHF – Very High Frequency

FCC – Federal Communications Commission

CD – Compact Drive

LED – Light Emitting Diode

PCB – Printed Circuit Board

PF – Provident Fund

DC – Direct Current

AC – Alternative Current

IR – Infrared

IRED – Infrared Emitting Diode

AUX – Auxiliary port

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 Chapter – 1
Introduction

A personal FM transmitter is a low-power FM radio transmitter that broadcasts a signal from

a portable audio device (such as an MP3 player) to a standard FM radio. Most of these
transmitters plug into the device's headphone jack and then broadcast the signal over an FM
broadcast band frequency, so that it can be picked up by any nearby radio. This allows
portable audio devices to make use of the louder or better sound quality of a home audio
system or car stereo without requiring a wired connection. They are often used in cars but
may also be in fixed locations such as broadcasting from a computer sound card throughout a
building. Although the performance and working of the wireless audio transmitter circuit is
depends on the induction coil & variable capacitor.
Being low-powered, most transmitters typically have a short range of 100–300 feet
(30–100 meters), depending on the quality of the receiver, obstructions and elevation.
Typically they broadcast on any FM frequency from 87.5 to 108.0 MHz in most of the world,
76.0 - 95.0 MHz for Japan, 65.0 - 74.2 MHz for Russia (or 88.1 to 107.9 MHz in the US and
Canada).

1.1 What is an FM Transmitter?

The FM transmitter is a low power transmitter and it uses FM waves for transmitting
the sound, this transmitter transmits the audio signals through the carrier wave by the
difference of frequency. The carrier wave frequency is equivalent to the audio signal of the
amplitude and the FM transmitter produce VHF band of 88 to 108 MHZ.

1.2 Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of FM Transmitter

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 The above image shows the block diagram of the FM transmitter and the required
components of the FM transmitter are; microphone, audio pre amplifier, modulator,
oscillator, RF- amplifier and antenna. There are two frequencies in the FM signal, first one is
carrier frequency and the other one is audio frequency. The audio frequency is used to
modulate the carrier frequency. The FM signal is obtained by differing the carrier frequency
by allowing the AF. The FM transistor consists of oscillator to produce the RF signal.

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 Chapter – 2
Project Description

FM (frequency modulation) transmitters can yield a number of results, depending on their

power and range. Extremely low-power transmitters can be used in very small locales, for
purposes such as eavesdropping. At the high end, radio transmitters are sometimes used for
propaganda and psychological warfare through broadcasting. Between these extremes are the
low-power radio transmitters, capable of making every user a broadcaster, that have long
been an issue of concern for the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
Mini transmitters, which have a range of about 50 feet(15.2 m), are available commercially to
serve purposes such as that of a baby monitor, but are easily adapted for eavesdropping as
well. Although they are capable of operating anywhere on the FM dial, from 88 to 108 MHz,
the recommended range for most of these is 88 to 95 MHz, where there is least likely to be
interference. Low-power FM transmitters, with a range of 100 to 400 feet (30.5–122m), make
it possible to transmit voices over a greater distance, and are applied commercially for
purposes such as listening to compact discs (CDs) in a car that does not have a CD player.

2.1 List of components

Figure 2.1 Components

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 Components Value Price

Transistors 2N3904 General NPN Transistor (2x) 5

Capacitors 15pF or 40pF Trimmer Capacitor 10
100nF Ceramic Capacitor (2x) 2
10nF Ceramic Capacitor 2
4pF Ceramic Capacitor 2
Resistors 1M Ohm ¼w Resistor 1
100K Ohm ¼w Resistor 1
10K Ohm ¼w Resistor (3x) 1
1K Ohm ¼w Resistor 1
100 Ohm ¼w Resistor 1
Diode LED 5
Tools Soldering Iron 750
Other Universal PCB 25
Condenser Microphone 5
Table 2.1 List of component

2.1.1 Transistors

Figure 2.2 Transistor

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 Transistor is a semiconductor device that can both conductor and insulator. A transistor
can act as a switch and an amplifier. It converts audio waves into electronic waves and
resistor, controlling electronic current. Transistors have very long life, smaller in size, can
operate on lower voltage supplies for greater safety and required no filament current. The
first transistor was fabricated with germanium. A transistor performs the same function as a
vacuum tube triode, but using semiconductor junctions instead of heated electrodes in a
vacuum chamber. It is the fundamental building block of modern electronic devices and
found everywhere in modern electronic systems.

Figure 2.3 Symbol of transistor

A transistor is a three terminal device. Namely,
 Base: This is responsible for activating the transistor.
 Collector: This is the positive lead.
 Emitter: This is the negative lead.
The basic idea behind a transistor is that it lets you control the flow of current through
one channel by varying the intensity of a much smaller current that’s flowing through a
second channel.

2.1.2 Capacitor

The Capacitor is an electrical device that stores energy in the form of an electric field.
It consists of two metal plates separated by a dielectric or non-conducting substance. The
capacitor types broadly divided based on fixed capacitance and variable capacitance. The
most important are the fixed capacitance capacitors, but capacitors with variable capacitance

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also exist. These include rotary or trimmer capacitors. Capacitors with fixed capacitance are
divided into film capacitors, ceramic capacitors, electrolytic, and superconductor capacitors.

Figure 2.4 Capacitor

* Ceramic Capacitor

Ceramic capacitors are most commonly found in every electrical device and it uses a
ceramic material as the dielectric. The ceramic capacitor is a non-polarity device, that means
they do no have polarities. So we can connect it in any direction on a circuit board.

For this reason, they are generally much safer than electrolytic capacitors. Here is the
symbol for a non-polarised capacitor given below. Many types of capacitors, such as the
tantalum bead do not have a polarity.

Figure 2.5 Ceramic Capacitor & Symbol of capacitor

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* Trimmer Capacitor

It is a variable capacitor which has the facility to vary its capacitance value, but
frequently once variation is sufficiently, it is known as the trimmer capacitor. It is also
called as simply trimmer or padder. In some applications, the need for variation in the
capacitance value is not frequent such variable capacitor are trimmer capacitors. The trimmer
is similar look like padder but padder has more plates and the size of padder is larger than
trimmer. The trimmers are available in number of shapes. The dielectric material is used for
trimmers are ceramic, mica or plastic. The capacitance value of trimmer is range from
between 5 pF to 30 pF where the capacitance value of padder is range between 10 pF to
100pF.

Figure 2.6 Trimmer Capacitor

2.1.3 Resistor

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 A resistor is an electrical component that limits or regulates the flow of
electrical current in an electronic circuit. Resistors can also be used to provide a
specific voltage for an active device such as a transistor.
All other factors being equal, in a direct-current (DC) circuit, the current through a
resistor is inversely proportional to its resistance, and directly proportional to the voltage
across it. This is the well-known Ohm's Law. In alternating-current (AC) circuits, this rule
also applies as long as the resistor does not contain inductance or capacitance.
Resistors can be fabricated in a variety of ways. The most common type in electronic
devices and systems is the carbon-composition resistor. Fine granulated carbon (graphite) is
mixed with clay and hardened. The resistance depends on the proportion of carbon to clay;
the higher this ratio, the lower the resistance.
Another type of resistor is made from winding Nichrome or similar wire on an
insulating form. This component, called a wirewound resistor, is able to handle higher
currents than a carbon-composition resistor of the same physical size. However, because the
wire is wound into a coil, the component acts as an inductors as well as exhibiting resistance.
This does not affect performance in DC circuits, but can have an adverse effect in AC circuits
because inductance renders the device sensitive to changes in frequency.

Figure 2.7 Resistor & Symbol of resistor

2.1.4 Condenser microphone

Condenser microphones use a pair of charged metal plates, one fixed (the back plate)
and one movable (the diaphragm), forming a capacitor. When a sound wave hits the
diaphragm, the distance between the two plates changes which produces a change in an

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electrical characteristic called capacitance. It is the variation of the spacing, due to the motion
of the diaphragm relative to the fixed back plate, which produces the electrical signal
corresponding to the sound picked up.

Figure 2.8 Microphone

2.1.5 LED

A light-emitting diode (LED) is a semiconductor device that emits visible light when
an electric current passes through it. The light is not particularly bright, but in most LEDs it is
monochromatic, occurring at a single wavelength. The output from an LED can range from
red (at a wavelength of approximately 700 nanometers) to blue-violet (about 400
nanometers). Some LEDs emit infrared (IR) energy (830 nanometers or longer); such a
device is known as an infrared-emitting diode (IRED).

An LED or IRED consists of two elements of processed material called P-type

semiconductors and N-type semiconductors. These two elements are placed in direct contact,
forming a region called the P-N junction. In this respect, the LED or IRED resembles most
other diode types, but there are important differences. The LED or IRED has a transparent

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package, allowing visible or IR energy to pass through. Also, the LED or IRED has a large
PN-junction area whose shape is tailored to the application.

Benefits of LEDs and IREDs, compared with incandescent and fluorescent illuminating
devices, include:
 Low power requirement: Most types can be operated with battery power supplies.
 High efficiency: Most of the power supplied to an LED or IRED is converted into
radiation in the desired form, with minimal heat production.
 Long life: When properly installed, an LED or IRED can function for decades.

Figure2.9 LED & Symbol of LED

2.1.6 Universal PCB

A printed circuit board (PCB) is the board base for physically supporting and wiring the
surface-mounted and socketed components in most electronics.

In applications where fine conductive traces are needed, such as computers, PCBs are made by
a photolithographic process, in a larger scale version of the way conductive paths in processors are
made.
Electronic components are typically placed by Iron onto a finished PCB that has solder
dabs in place. The PCB bakes in an industrial oven to melt the solder, which joins the
connections. Most PCBs are made from fiberglass or glass-reinforced plastics with copper
traces.

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 PCBs can be single-layer for simple electronic devices. Printed circuit boards for
complex hardware, such as computer graphics cards and motherboards, may have up to
twelve layers. PCBs are most often green but they can come in any color.

Figure 2.9 Universal PCB

2.1.7 Soldering Iron

Soldering (pronounced “soldering”) involves a material called solder that melts when placed
on a hot object; the melted solder cools and forms a bond between two items. Your most basic
soldering tool is a soldering iron with a soldering station.
A soldering station holds your hot soldering iron and keeps your solder and tip cleaner
organized. Purchase a small 15 W to 30 W Soldering iron made for electronics and a
soldering station. Also buy thin .032-inch-diameter rosin-core solder. You can purchase these
at your local Radio Shack and other places.

Figure 2.10 Soldering Iron

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 Chapter – 3
Working

In the previous chapter we have discussed about the description of the project. Now we are
going to describe the working of the project as per circuit diagram mention in the figure 3.1.

Figure 3.1 Circuit Diagram of FM transmitter

3.1 Working
The above circuit diagram shows the FM transmitter circuit and the required electrical
and electronic components for this circuit is the power supply of 9V, resistor, capacitor,
trimmer capacitor, inductor, mic, transmitter, and antenna. Let us consider the microphone to
understand the sound signals and inside the mic there is a presence of capacitive sensor. It
produces according to the vibration to the change of air pressure and the AC signal.
The formation of the oscillating tank circuit can be done through the transistor of
2N3904 by using the inductor and variable capacitor. The transistor used in this circuit is an
NPN transistor used for general purpose amplification. If the current is passed at the inductor
L1 and variable capacitor then the tank circuit will oscillate at the resonant carrier frequency
of the FM modulation. The negative feedback will be the capacitor C2 to the oscillating tank
circuit.
To generate the radio frequency carrier waves the FM transmitter circuit requires an
oscillator. The tank circuit is derived from the LC circuit to store the energy for oscillations.
The input audio signal from the mic penetrated to the base of the transistor, which modulates

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the LC tank circuit carrier frequency in FM format. The variable capacitor is used to change
the resonant frequency for fine modification to the FM frequency band. The modulated signal
from the antenna is radiated as radio waves at the FM frequency band and the antenna is
nothing but copper wire of 20cm long and 24 gauge. In this circuit the length of the antenna
should be significant and here you can use the 25-27 inches long copper wire of the antenna.

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 Chapter – 4
Applications of FM Transmitter

Following are the some application of FM transmitter:-

 The FM transmitters are used in the homes like sound systems in halls to fill the sound
with the audio source.
 They can also be used for low-power broadcasting and pirate radio but only to a very
limited audience in near proximity.
 The correctional facilities have used in the FM transmitters to reduce the prison noise in
common areas.
 FM transmitters are commonly used as a workaround for playing portable audio devices
on car radios that don't have an Auxiliary "AUX" input jack or Bluetooth audio
connectivity.
 They can also be used as a "talking sign" in real estate sales or similar.
 This circuit can be used at any place to transmit audio signals using FM transmission,
especially at institutions and organizations
 These are used in the fitness centers.
 Radio channels (like Radio Mirchi, My FM, Red FM, Big FM etc.) are also using FM
transmitter to transmit their channel

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 Chapter – 5
Conclusion

A FM transmitter is a low power FM radio transmitter, which allows listening music or any
other audio message from CD player, portable media player or any other audio system which
is used to be played by a nearby FM radio. Due to crowding in AM broadcast and failure of
basic AM receiver to remove noise, FM transmission helped us to overcome from these
detriments and therefore, can be used to transmit music, or audio signals and this may leads
to rising the number of auditors to famous as well as classical music, by which FM station
draw the higher audience ratings as compared to AM stations. FM transmitter consist of mice
from where an audio signal is transmitted to different section of transmitter, after processing
the signal from these section it will transmit through antenna and these signal catch by
receiver side antenna.

This device is very useful to transmit to a radio station, not only creates this device, but
also, you can create one with a radius of 2 km, for the transmission of a radio, a long or
simple.

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BIBILOGRAPHY

https://en.wikipedia.org
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=joFourugXvs
https://www.scribd.com
https://www.instructables.com/id/How-to-Make-FM-Transmitter
https://www.elprocus.com/making-of-fm-transmitter-circuit-working-application

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