Why we look the way we do?

(Human Body Systems)

Of all the
living things,
the human
body in
particular
has been a
source of
curiosity by
most of us.
Why we look the way we do? Why we do the
things we do like walking, running, feeling,
seeing, hearing and a lot more intrigue us
The human body is a machine that does many things. To do these
things, it needs many parts. All these parts together are what we are.
Integumentary System
 The largest organ of the
integumentary system which is
made up of multiple layers of
epithelial tissues that guard the
underlying muscles and organs
of the body.
 It plays the most important
role in protecting the body
against pathogens.
 Its other main functions are
insulation, regulation of body
temperature, sensation and the
synthesis of Vitamins B and D.
 Skin is considered as one of
the most important parts of the
body.
Epidermis
made up of stratified squamous layer of
epithelial tissue
10 to 30 cells thick, about as thick as this page.
Dermis
made up of fibrous connective tissue containing
collagen and elastic fibers.
also contains muscle fibers, glands, pigment
cells, blood vessels and sensory nerves.
15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis.
provides structural support for all the epidermis
and as matrix for any nerve endings, muscles and
specialized cells in the skin.
 Functions:
1. Support the
body.
2. Attachment of
muscles.
3. Protection of
internal organs.
4. Act as levers
for movement.
5. Production of
blood cells.
6. Gives stability
and shape to the
body.
Skeletal System
There are total of 206 bones in an adult human
distributed as follows:

skull ( cranium + face ) = 22 ( 8 +

14 )
Ears =6
hyoid =1
vertebral column = 26
sternum =1
ribs = 24
pectoral girdle and forelimbs = 64
pelvic girdle and hindlimbs = 62
Muscular System Muscles make up about
half of the body’s bulk.
Working with the
skeleton, they generate
the energy to move, make
precise and intricate hand
movements, lift objects,
and even speak.
Involuntary muscles,
including the specialized
cardiac muscle and all
smooth muscles, provide
the essential power for
the respiratory,
cardiovascular and
digestive systems.
Digestive System
Functions:
1. Ingestion of food
2. Breaking down of complex
substance ( food ) into simple
forms ( nutrients )
3. Absorption of digested food
4. Egestion of excretion of
undigested food
Types of Digestion as to action:
* Mechanical digestion – food is
converted into small pieces by
physical means such as
mastication by the teeth.
* Chemical digestion – food is
converted into simpler forms by
the action of enzyme/s.
Deglutition - complicated process
that involves the coordinated
activity of the tongue, soft
palate, pharynx and esophagus
Metabolism
Metabolism - all of the physical and
chemical activities in your body that convert
or use energy. These include things like
breathing, digesting food, and circulating
blood.
Catabolic reactions are reactions that
involve the breakdown of biomolecules.
Anabolic reactions - reverse of catabolic
reactions. Build large biomolecules from
smaller ones.
1. Refers to all chemical reactions necessary to maintain life.__________________.
2. The process by which food is broken down into smaller particles or molecules for use
in the human body.______________________.
3. Muscular tube that provides a passageway for food and
air.______________________.
4. Straight, collapsible tube about 25 cm (10 inches long) and essentially a passageway
that conducts food by peristalsis to the stomach ___________________.
5. J-shaped, muscular, distensible sac, approximately 25 to 30 centimeters long..
_______________.
6. Digestive juice in the stomach. Under normal conditions, two to thre e lite rs of it are
produced everyday._________________.
7. Stores waste food products and absorbs small amounts of water and minerals.
________________.
8. Largest glandular organ of the body weighing from 3 to 4 pounds (1.4 to 1.8 kg) and
is a soft, dark red or chocolate-colored mass._____________________.
9. Body’ s major digestive organ and is about 20 feet (6m) long and empties into the
large intestine. It carries on most of the digestive process. _________________.
10. Tiny fingerlike projections in the wall of the small
intestine.____________________.
11. A gland lying crosswise in the abdomen just below the liver. It is a pinkish-yellow
gland about 6-8 inches (15.20 cm) long, 1 ½ inches (3.8 cm) wide, and 1 inch (2.5 cm)
thick which produces a digestive juice and the hormones insulin and
glucagons.________________.
 Respiratory System
The respiratory tract, working
together with breathing
muscles, carries air into and
out of the lungs. The
cardiovascular system
transport these gases to and
from all body tissues,
supplying vital oxygen and
removing waste carbon
dioxide. A variety of viruses,
bacteria, and chemicals
contaminate most of the air we
breath; overcoming these
threats to our health is a vital
role played by the immune
system.
• Lung is the organ of external respiration
(breathing) present in human beings. It is vital in
maintaining life and acts as an exchange point
where oxygen from the air is substituted for
carbon dioxide in the blood.
• Pleura is a continuous, thin, elastic membrane
that covers the outside of the lungs and the inner
walls of the chest cavity.
• Alveoli are the 300 millions of air sacs
emanating from the bronchioles making up the
bulk of the lungs.
Breathing
 1.Transport the oxygen and
carbon dioxide, soluble
food materials, organic
wastes, and hormones
2. Regulation of the pH of
tissue
3. Protection of the body
against invading
microbes
4. Regulation of body
temperature in warm-
blooded animals
The Blood
 A specialized connective
tissue
 The main transporting
medium of the body
 8% of total body weight
Cardiovascular System (4 to 6 liters in average
adult)
 Considered to be the
Circulation - means by which food is carried ‘ essence of life’
to the tissues of the body and wastes are
carried away.
Composition of blood:
Plasma - fluid portion of the
blood
Formed Elements:
• Erythrocytes or red blood
corpuscles (RBC) Small,
biconcave disks with
polysaccharides on the outer
membrane
• Leukocytes or white blood
cells (WBC) less than 1% of
the cells in human blood
• Thrombocytes or blood
platelets in humans.
Involved in blood clotting
or coagulation
ABO GROUPS
An antigen:

any substance that causes your immune system to

produce antibodies against it.
may be a foreign substance from the environment, such as chemicals,
bacteria, viruses, or pollen.
may also be formed inside the body, as with bacterial toxins or tissue
cells.

An antibody:
a protein produced by the body's immune system when it detects
harmful substances, called antigens. Examples of antigens include
microorganisms (bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses) and chemicals.
may be produced when the immune system mistakenly considers
healthy tissue a harmful substance. This is called an autoimmune
disorder.
each type of antibody is unique and defends the body against one
specific type of antigen.
The Heart
• main pumping
organ of the body
• highly muscular
organ located in the
mid-ventral region
of the thoracic
cavity
• enclosed by a
tough connective
tissue, the
pericardium
• An adult’s heart is
about 3 inches (13
cm.) long, 3 ½
inches (9 cm.) wide
and 2 ½ inches (6.4
cm.) thick.
• The septum
divides the heart
into right and left
portions.
• Valves control the
flow of blood
through the heart.
Each heart is a sequence of muscle contractions and relaxation
called the cardiac cycle.
Blood Vessels
The Lymphatic System

• Consists of transport
tubes and lymphoid
organs ( lymph vascular
system,) which
supplements pulmonary
and the systematic
circulation.
• When the tissue fluid
has moved into these
tubes, it is called the
lymph.
• The lymphoid organs,
which take part in
defense responses, are
structurally and
functionally connected
with both the blood and
lymph vascular system.
Urinary System
The brain is the seat of both consciousness and creativity. Through the spinal cord and nerve
branches, the brain also controls all body movement. The nervous system works with endocrine
glands to monitor and maintain the other body systems
Neuron
The spinal cord, the
sparkling white continuation
of the brain stem is
approximately 17 inches (42
cm ) long.
Functions of the spinal cord
1.Reflex activities/Reflex
Action
2.Conduction of sensory
impulses - - upward through
ascending tracts to the brain.
3.Conduction of motor
impulses - from the brain
down through descending
tracts to the efferent neurons
that supply muscles or
glands.
According to the direction of the nerve impulses, the
functional classification groups of neurons travel relative to
the Central Nervous System.
 Afferent or sensory neurons are the neurons carrying
sensory input to the Central Nervous System.
 Efferent neurons are the neurons carrying motor output
away from the Central Nervous System.

Efferent neurons are of two distinct systems.

• Somatic Nervous System is the system of efferent nerves
leading from the central nervous system to the skeletal
muscles.
• Autonomic Nervous System is composed of efferent
nerves leading from the central nervous system to cardiac
cells, muscle cells, smooth muscles cells and glands.
A neuron is separated
from a next neuron by
a junction or a tiny gap
called a synapse. No
matter how close
neurons are they do not
actually touch each
other. Synaptic cleft is
the space between two
neurons and to cross
them will require the
actions of the
neurotransmitters.
Autonomic Nervous System
Eyes
PARTS OF THE EYE
Sclera or white of the eye is a firm membrane that forms the outer layer of the eyeball.
Cornea is a transparent convex membrane found in front of the eye that refracts the light rays to
focus on the retina.
Lacrimal Glands are situated in recesses just above each eye. They secrete tears composed of
water, salts and the bacteria-killing enzyme lyso zo me .
Eyelids form a pair of protective shutters closing instantly if injury is feared. They also spread
tears over the cornea keeping it moist and free from infection.
Choroid that is rich in blood vessels lines the inner surface of the sclera.
Melbonian glands are modified sebaceous glands associated with the eyelid edges producing an
oily secretion that lubricates the eye.
Iris is the part of the eye that regulates the amount of light that enters the eye lying behind the
cornea and in front of the lens.
Pupil a rounded opening in the iris through which light passes.
Lens is a flexible biconvex crystal-like structure situated behind the pupil. It divides the eye into
two chambers:
a. Aqueous chamber a clear watery fluid, which helps maintain intraocular pressure or pressure
inside the eye, and also provides nutrients for the lens and cornea.
b. Vitreous chamber a gel - like substance, which prevents the eyeball from collapsing inward by
reinforcing it internally.
Retina is the light sensitive layer lining the eye. It contains nerve fibers and specialized cells called
ro ds and co ne s, which are the pho to re ce pto rs.
1. The rods about 125 million are essential for seeing in dim light. They contain a pigment known
as visual purple, which is broken down in the light and regenerated in the dark.
2. The cones about 6-7 million, function in bright light and are necessary for sharp vision. They
are most concentrated in the fovea, a small depression in the retina.
Ocular muscles allow vision in different directions without turning the head and allow the eye be
swiveled around in the socket.
Male Reproductive System
Female Reproductive System
Endocrine System