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Pictorial Essay

Arterial Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract: Variations

and Relevance to Transcatheter Embolization of the Uterus
Jean-Pierre Pelage1’2, Olivier Le Dref1, Philippe Soyer1, Denis Jacob3, Mourad KardaChe1, Henri Dahan1, Jean-Pierre Lassau2,
Roland Rymer1

T ranscatheter
is commonly
arterial
performed
embolization
in the
vascularization,
broid-related bleeding
women with
are usually
postpartum
young and
or
oth-
Ii- artery and other
the procedure-relevant
anastomotic
arteries
arteries was limited
in all patients.
to

management of intractable bleed- erwise healthy. with normal arterial supply. Angiographic and anatomic examinations were
Indications to perform embolotherapy were uter- performed by two observers independently. Of the
ing due to various causes, including obstetric
me myoma (n = 133); postpartum (ii = 49), post- 394 angiographic studies (two each for 197 pa-
and gynecologic disorders and pelvic trauma
abortion (,‘ = 5). and postoperative (n = 2) tients) that were available for review. 19 angio-
[I, 2]. Recently, arterial embolization of the
hemorrhage: and bleeding related to adenomyosis grams (5%) were excluded because they did not
uterine arteries as a preoperative adjunct or as (a = 3), malformation (ii = 1 ), or cancer (n = 4) include the internal iliac artery. Thus. 375 angio-
an alternative to surgery has been used in treat- (Table I ). Angiography of the contralateral inter-
ing uterine leiomyoma [3]. The widespread ac- nal iliac artery and selective study of the anterior
indications for Uterine
ceptance of this technique necessitates greater division were performed to find the origin of the
Itely Embolization
knowledge of the arterial anatomy of the fe- uterine artery. Superselective catheterization of the
male genital tract so that safer embolization contralateral uterine artery was then performed us-
ing a 5-French cobra catheter (Radifocus: Terumo.
procedures can be performed and untargetted
Tokyo, Japan) in 186 patients (95%) and a hydro-
embolization avoided. Angiographic studies
philic polymer-coated 0.032-inch guidewire
provide a comprehensive assessment of the
(Radifocus) in all 197 patients. Each injection of
anatomy of the internal iliac artery, especially
nonionic contrast media consisted of 10-15 ml of
of its patterns of division and branches. In this iohexol (Omnipaque 300; Nycomed, Paris,
pictorial essay, we report the main arterial van- France). In six patients, a 3-French microcatheter
ations in uterine vascularization. (Tracker 18; Target Therapeutics, Fremont,
CA) was needed to perform superselective cathe-
terization. Selective study of the anterior stem of
Material and Methods the ipsilateral internal iliac artery and superselec-
This pictorial essay is based on the retrospec- tive study of the uterine artery was then performed
tive study of 197 patients who underwent uterine using the same catheter in all patients. Because of
embolization between July 1994 and November ethical considerations regarding the potential toxic-
1997. Although most vascular malformations and ity of iodinated contrast material and radiation ex-
cervical malignancies have complex and abnormal posure, the study of branches of the internal iliac

Received August 3, 1998; accepted after revision September 24, 1998.

1 Department of Body and Vascular Imaging, H#{244}pital
Lariboisi#{232}re,
AP-HP, 2 rue Ambroise Pare, 75475 Paris Cedex 10, France. Address correspondence to J.-P. Pelage.

2 Institut d’Anatomie des Saints-P#{232}res, 45 rue des Saints-P#{232}res, 75270 Paris Cedex 06, France.

3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, H#{227}pital

Lariboisi#{232}re,
75475 Paris Cedex 10, France.

AJR 1999;172:989-994 0361-803X/99/1724-989 © American Roentgen Ray Society

AJR:172, April 1999 989

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Pelage et al.

grams of the internal iliac artery were available for three panietal branches (obturator, inferior the uterine artery originated from one, three, or
review. During the review, special attention was gluteal, and internal pudendal) and three vis- four stems, ipsilateral anterior oblique was the
given to trunk formation and the sequence of main ceral vessels (vesical, uterovaginal, and mid- best projection (Fig. 5). The width of the uterine
branches from the internal iliac artery. The origin,
dle rectal) were identified (Figs. 1 and 2). artery was subject to great variation: Evaluation
width, course, and branches of the uterine artery
was based on successful catheterization and in-
were noted. Anastomoses were searched for. Ar-
Origin ofthe Uterine Artery jection in free-flow in 191 patients (97%) with a
teries that mimicked the uterine artery and other
The origin of the uterine artery was usually 5-French cobra catheter (1 French = 0.33 mm).
arteries selectively studied were analyzed.
not visible on anteroposterior views. Contralat- Thus, the width of the uterine artery was be-
end anterior oblique was the best projection tween 2 and 5 mm. Vasospasm was noticed in 97
Results
when the uterine artery arose from the anterior arteries (26%) (Fig. 6). Va.sodilators were not
Superselective catheterization of the uterine
division ofthe internal iliac artery (Fig. 2). When used to prevent or treat uterine artery spasm.
artery was successful in 97% of cases, includ-
ing two different procedures in nine women. In
10 cases of life-threatening hemorrhage, em-
bolization of the anterior division of the inter-
nal iliac artery was preferred to shorten the
procedure and reduce radiation exposure.

Internal IliacArtery
The internal iliac artery terminated into
two main stems, one anterior and one poste-
rior, in 77% of cases (Figs. 1-3). Other
modes of division of the internal iliac artery
were three stems in 14%, four or more stems
in 3%, and one main stem in 4% of cases
(Fig.4). No systematization was possible in
2% of cases. In all cases, the posterior trunk
gave rise to the iliolumbar, the lateral sacral,
and the superior gluteal arteries (Fig. 3). The
superior gluteal artery was invariably the ter-
Fig. 1.-Anatomic drawing shows lateral view of division offemale internal iliac artery into two main stems. Note
minal branch. The anterior division was not that uterine artery is branch of anterior division of internal iliac artery. Piriformis muscle (orange), sacrospinal
as well defined as the posterior stem: Usually ligament (light green), and sacrotuberal ligament (dark green) are also portrayed.

Fig. 2.-28-year-old woman with primary postpartum Fig. 3.-39-year-old woman with uterine fibroids. Dig- Fig. 4-41-year-old woman with uterine fibroids.
hemorrhage. Digital subtraction angiogram of right in- ital subtraction angiogram of left internal iliac artery in Digital subtraction angiogram of left internal iliac ar-
ternal iliac artery in left anterior oblique projection right anterior oblique projection (contralateral ob- tery shows division into three stems. 1 = posterior
(contralateral oblique) shows division into two main lique) shows division into two main stems. Note poste- branches, 2 = common trunk between internal puden-
stems. Note anteriortrunk (arrow) and posterior trunk nor branches: 1 = iliolumbar artery, 2 = superior sacral dal artery and inferior gluteal artery, 3 = genitourinary
(arrowhead). 1 = enlarged uterine artery, 2 = umbilical artery, 3 = inferior sacral artery, 4 = superior gluteal ar- branches. Arrow indicates uterine artery.
artery, 3 = vaginal artery, 4 = inferior gluteal artery, 5 = tery. Uterine artery is indicated by arrow.
obturator artery, 6 = pudendal artery.

990 AJR:172, April 1999

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Arterial Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract

Course ofthe Uterine Artery ligament segment coursing medially, the uter- and divided into its terminal branches-tubal
We identified the characteristic U-shaped me arch part, and the marginal or ascending and ovarian-creating anastomoses with the
course of the uterine artery 141, which consists segment running along the side of the uterus ovarian artery branches [4, 5] (Figs. 9 and 10).
of a panietal or descending segment running [4] (Fig. 8). At the superior angle of the uterus,
Branches ofthe Uterine Artery
downward and medially (Fig. 7). a transversal the artery penetrated into the broad ligament
Most branches of the uterine artery were iden-
tified. The cervicovaginal artery (Fig. I 1) was vis-
ible arising from the arch in 201 (53%) (left, 112;
tight, 89) of 375 arteries. When the utetine artery
originated from the internal iliac artery, the ceM-
covaginal branch was not seen because of its
small size. Intramural branches arising along the
side of the uterus (also called arcuate arteries)
were observed in all cases (Fig. 8). The terminal
branches ofthe arcuate arteries were anastomosed
with those ofthe contralateral side (Fig. 12).

Ovarian Artery
Identification ofthe ovarian artery, which arises
anterolaterally from the abdominal aorta below
the renal artery, was possible on aortography in
two patients when the catheter was positioned at
the level ofthe second lumbar vertebral body (Fig.
13). The ovarian artery presented th its charac-
teristic sinuous course (Fig. 14). This artery anas-
tomosed with the uterine artery (Figs. 9 and 10).

Arteria!Anastomoses
Fig. 5.-42-year-old woman with uterine fibroids. Digital subtraction angiograms of left internal iliac artery in
right anterior oblique projection (contralateral) 300 oblique (A) and left anterior (homolateral) 30#{176}
oblique (B). Or- Three types of anastomoses were identified.
igin of uterine artery (arrow, A and B) is well identified on homolateral oblique because of its upper origin. Transversal anastomoses between right and

Fig. 6.-43-year-old woman with uterine fibroids treated Fig. 1.-40-year-old woman with uterine fibroids. Digital Fig. 8.-29-year-old woman with primary postpartum
with gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists. Digital subtraction angiogram of selective injection into left inter- hemorrhage related to uterine atony. Digital subtraction
subtraction angiogram of right internal iliac artery. nal iliac artery shows characteristic course of left uterine angiogram of superselective injection into left uterine ar-
Spasm of right uterine artery (arrow) was observed be- artery panetal segment (1). arch part (2). and marginal or tery shows ascending segment (1) and numerous intra-
fore superselective catheterization was attempted. ascending segment(3). Cathetershould be carefully placed mural branches (2).
into descending segment of uterine arteryfor embolization.

AJR:172, April 1999 991

 Fig. 9.-Anatomic drawing of normal left uterine arteries (Figs. 12 and 15) were visi-
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vascularization of uterus and ad- ble in 19 patients (10%). Anastomoses be-

nexa shows internal iliac artery (IIA);
ovarian artery (0) originating from tween the uterine and ovarian arteries (Fig. 10)
abdominal aorta (not shown); uter- were visible in 22 patients ( 1 1%) (left, six;
me artery (UA); uterus (U); intramu- right, nine; both sides, seven). A round liga-
ral branches (IM); bladder (B); and
ment artery that was a branch of the proximal
cervicovaginal artery (CV). A = anas-
tomoses between uterine and ova- epigastric artery was an anastomosic supplier
nan arteries. to a previously embolized uterine artery in one
patient(Fig. 16).

Other Procedure-Relevant Pelvic Vessels

The vaginal artery arising from the anterior
division of the internal iliac artery just below
the uterine artery was identified in 186 cases
(50%) (left, 50; right, 32; both sides, 52) (Figs.
I , 2, and SB). In I 8 patients (9%), the vaginal
artery arose from a common trunk formed
with the uterine artery. The vesical artery, anis-
ing from the anterior division of the internal il-
iac artery usually above the uterine artery, was
identified in 345 (92%) of 375 cases. A com-
mon trunk with the uterine artery was found in
three cases (1%) (Fig. 17). It took a downward
medial course to reach the lateral part of the
bladder and gave off three terminal branches,
which were easily identified when the bladder
was full (Fig. l7B).

Discussion
Several methods of analysis of variations in
the arterial anatomy of the female genital tract
have been used in previous studies. To our
knowledge, until now, information gained from
dissections of cadavers or during surgical proce-
dures has been the basis of the most comprehen-
sive accounts in the literature [6). Angiography
has been used occasionally to establish trunk
formation of the internal iliac artery and identify
Fig. 10-37-year-old woman with uterine fibroids. Digital Fig. 11.-31-year-old woman with delayed post- the origin of visceral and parietal branches [4].
subtraction angiogram of superselective injection of 10 ml of partum bleeding. Digital subtraction angiogram of In our series, the relative frequencies of modes
iodinated-contrast material into left uterine artery before superselective injection into left uterine artery ofdivision ofthe internal iliac artery were differ-
embolization shows anastomosis between tubal part of left shows left cervicovaginal artery (1) arising from
uterine artery (1) and uterine part of left ovarian artery (2). arch part of uterine artery (2). ent from those previously reported in the litera-
ture. The pattern most frequently encountered in
our study was division into two main stems,
which was found in 77% of all arteries, more
than the 60% that was previously reported [4].
The internal iliac artery terminates at the upper
limit of the greater sciatic notch into two main
stems, one anterior and one posterior, in most
cases [4]. The posterior division must be pre-
served during the embolization of the anterior
branches of the internal iliac artery [2]. The ante-
rior division of the internal iliac artery is subject
to numerous variations. During angiographic pro-
cedures, identification of these anterior branches,
especially the parietal ones, is facilitated if bony
landmarks are established and superselective
catheterization performed. Right and left symme-
try ofthe branching pattern ofthe internal iliac an-
tery was observed in 91% of patients.
Fig. 12.-35-year-old woman with uterine fibroids. Digital subtraction angiogram of superselective injection shows The uterine artery arises from the anterior
enlarged left uterine artery (1) and anastomosis (2) with right uterine artery (not shown). division of the internal iliac artery. We describe

992 AJR:172, April 1999

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Arterial Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract

a simple and useful technique of identification

and catheterization using oblique incidence: In
practical terms. if the internal iliac artery is di-
vided into two main trunks, the best projection
to identify the origin of the uterine artery is the
contralateral anterior oblique with 20-30#{176}of
inclination. The width of the artery is subject
to great variation; enlargement is common in
pregnant patients and those with leiomyoma
[5]. In the midline, the terminal parts of arcu-
ate branches of the uterine artery anastomose
with those of the contralateral side [5].
The paired ovarian arteries arise from the
anterolateral abdominal aorta below the renal
arteries [7]. Although the uterine artery pro-
vides the dominant blood flow to the uterus,
the ovarian artery is frequently involved in
pathologic hypervascularized processes [7].
Each ovarian artery usually anastomoses
with the corresponding terminal branches of
the uterine artery [5].
The round ligament artery plays a minor
role in physiologic conditions [8]. This
branch, which arises either from the inferior
epigastric artery or from the external iliac ar-
tery, may be responsible for persistent bleed-
ing after hysterectomy. Fig. 13-27-year-old woman with primary postpar- Fig. 14-28-year-old woman with numerous uterine fi-
tum hemorrhage. Aortogram obtained with 5-French broids. Digital subtraction angiogram of superselective
The vesical artery arises from the anterior
pigtail catheter located just below level of renal ar- catheterization ofrightovarian artery providing uterine vas-
division of the internal iliac artery, sometimes teries shows enlarged ovarian arteries (arrows) sup- culanzation to posterolateral intramural myoma (arrow)
from a common trunk with the uterine artery, plying uterus. shows characteristic sinuous course of ovarian artery.

Fig. 15-39-year-old woman with polymyomatous uterus. Gross specimen obtained af- Fig. 16.-27-year-old woman with persistent bleeding after bilateral embolization of uterine
ter hysterectomy. Red dye injection into left uterine artery (arrows) and blue dye injec- arteriesfor primary postpartum hemorrhage. Digital subtraction angiogram of selective in-
tion into right uterine artery (arrowhead). Anastomoses between both sides identified jection into left external iliac artery shows left round ligament artery(1) arising from inferior
in myometrium. epigastric artery (2) providing blood supplyto previously embolized left uterine artery (3).

AJR:172, April 1999 993

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Pelage et al.

use of a hydrophilic polymer-coated 0.032-inch

(rather than 0.035-inch) guidewire can prevent
vasospasm of the uterine artery.
In this study of pelvic angiograms, the blood
supply ofthe uterus is discussed. Precise knowl-
edge of the normal and variant anatomy of the
female genital tract should be the basis for accu-
rate interpretation of angiographic studies and
safe performance of embolization of the uterus.

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