Flight
An intercontinental ballistic missile trajectory consists of three parts: the powered
flight portion; the free-flight portion, which constitutes most of the flight time; and
the re-entry phase, where the missile re-enters the Earth's atmosphere. (The flight
phases for shorter-range ballistic missiles are essentially the first two phases of the
ICBM, as some ballistic categories do not leave the atmosphere.)
Side view of Minuteman-III ICBM
Ballistic missiles can be launched from fixed sites or mobile launchers, including
vehicles (e.g., transporter erector launchers (TELs)), aircraft, ships, and submarines.
The powered flight portion can last from a few tenths of seconds to several minutes and can consist of multiple
rocket stages.
When in space no morethrust is provided, the missile enters free-flight. In order to cover large distances, ballistic missiles are usually
launched into a high sub-orbital spaceflight; for intercontinental missiles, the highest altitude (apogee) reached during free-flight is
about 2,000 kilometers (1,200 mi).[4]
The re-entry stage begins at an altitude where atmospheric drag plays a significant part in missile trajectory, and lasts until missile
impact.
Reentry vehicles reenter the Earth's atmosphere at very high velocities, on the order of 6-8 kilometers (4–5 miles) per second at
ICBM ranges.[5]
Advantages
The course taken by ballistic missiles has two significant desirable properties. First, ballistic missiles that fly above the atmosphere
have a much longer range than would be possible for cruise missiles of the same size. Powered rocket flight through thousands of
kilometers of air would require vastly greater amounts of fuel, making the launch vehicles larger and easier to detect and intercept.
Powered missiles that can cover similar ranges, such as cruise missiles, do not use rocket motors for the majority of their flight, but
instead use more economical jet engines. However, cruise missiles have not made ballistic missiles obsolete, due to the second major
advantage: ballistic missiles can travel extremely quickly along their flight path. An ICBM can strike a target within a 10,000 km
range in about 30 to 35 minutes. With terminal speeds of over 5,000 m/s, ballistic missiles are much harder to intercept than cruise
missiles, due to the much shorter time available. Therefore, ballistic missiles are some of the most feared weapons available, despite
the fact that cruise missiles are cheaper, more mobile, and more versatile.
Missile types
Ballistic missiles can vary widely in range and use, and are often divided into categories based
on range. Various schemes are used by different countries to categorize the ranges of ballistic
missiles:
Throw-weight
Throw-weight is a measure of the effective weight of ballistic missile payloads. It is measured in kilograms or tonnes. Throw-weight
equals the total weight of a missile's warheads, reentry vehicles, self-contained dispensing mechanisms, penetration aids, and missile
guidance systems—generally all components except for the launch rocket booster and launch fuel. While throw-weight may refer to
any type of warhead, in normal modern usage it almost exclusively refers to nuclear or thermonuclear payloads. It was once also a
consideration in the design of naval ships and the number/size of guns they carried.
Throw-weight was used as a criterion in classifying different types of missiles during Strategic Arms Limitation Talks between the
Soviet Union and the United States.[7] The term became politically controversial during debates over the arms-control accord, as
critics of the treaty alleged that Soviet missiles were able to carry larger payloads and therefore enabled the Soviets to maintain
-payload missiles.[8]
higher throw-weight than an American force with a roughly comparable number of lower
The missiles with the world's heaviest payloads are the Russian SS-18 and Chinese CSS-4 and Russia is developing a new heavy-lift,
liquid-propellant ICBM called theSarmat.[5]
Depressed trajectory
Throw-weight is normally calculated using an optimal ballistic trajectory from one point on the surface of the Earth to another. An
optimal trajectory maximizes the total payload (throw-weight) using the available impulse of the missile. By reducing the payload
weight, different trajectories can be selected which either extends the nominal range, or decreases the total time in flight. A depressed
trajectory is a non-optimal, lower and flatter trajectory which takes less time between launch and impact, but with a lower throw-
weight. The primary reasons to choose a depressed trajectory are either to evade anti-ballistic missile systems by reducing the time
available to shoot down the attacking vehicle (especially during the vulnerable burn-phase against space-based ABM systems), or in
a nuclear first-strike scenario.[9] An alternate, non-military, purpose for a depressed trajectory is in conjunction with the space plane
concept with use of air-breathing engines, which requires the ballistic missile to remain sufficiently low inside the atmosphere for air-
breathing engines to function.
See also
Anti-ballistic missile
List of ICBMs
List of NATO reporting names for ballistic missile submarines
Surface-to-surface missile
Weapons of mass destruction
List of missiles
List of missiles by nation
List of currently active missiles of the United States military
NATO reporting name (has lists of various Soviet missiles)
Payload
MIRV
References
1. Zaloga, Steven (2003).V-2 Ballistic Missile 1942–52. Reading: Osprey Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-84176-541-9.
2. Clayton K. S. Chun (2006).Thunder Over the Horizon: From V-2 Rockets to Ballistic Missiles. Greenwood Publishing
Group. p. 54.
3. U.S. Department of State (8 April 2010). "T
reaty between the United States of America and the Russian Federation
on Measures for the Further Reduction and Limitation of Strategic Of
fensive Arms":
https://www.state.gov/documents/organization/140035.pdf. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
4. Almasy, Steve; Kwon, K. J.; Lee, Taehoon (14 May 2017)."North Korea launches missile"(http://edition.cnn.com/201
7/05/13/asia/north-korea-projectile/index.html)
. CNN. Retrieved 2017-10-14.
5. "Ballistic and Cruise Missile Threat"(http://www.nasic.af.mil/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=F2VLcKSmCTE%3d&portalid=
19). Defense Intelligence Ballistic Missile Analysis Committee. June 2017.
6. (2nd LD) N.K. leader calls SLBM launch success, boasts of nuke attack capacity
(http://english.yonhapnews.co.kr/na
tional/2016/08/24/35/0301000000AEN20160824009552315F .html) - Yonhap, 25 Aug 2016 08:17am
7. James John Tritten, Throw-Weight and Arms Control(http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/198
2/nov-dec/tritten.html), Air University Review, Nov-Dec 1982.
8. New York Times, What Is Throw-Weight? (https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/15/world/what-is-throw-weight.html),
July 15, 1991.
9. Science & Global Security, 1992, Volume 3, pp.101-159 Depressed Trajectory SLBMs: A Technical Evaluation and
Arms Control Possibilities[1] (http://www.princeton.edu/sgs/publications/sgs/pdf/3_1-2gronlund.pdf)
Further reading
Futter, Andrew (2013). Ballistic Missile Defence and US National Security Policy: Normalisation and Acceptance
after the Cold War. Routledge. ISBN 978-0415817325.
Neufeld, Jacob (1990).The Development of Ballistic Missiles in the United States Air Force, 1945-1960. Office of Air
Force History, U.S. Air Force. ISBN 0912799625.
Swaine, Michael D.; Swanger, Rachel M.; Kawakami, Takashi (2001). Japan and Ballistic Missile Defense. Rand.
ISBN 0833030205.
External links
Ballistic Missile Reference from theFederation of American Scientists
Missile Threat: A Project of theCenter for Strategic and International Studies
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