BETH 3323

Control and Instrumentation

MUSTAFA BIN MANAP (Coordinator)

012-227 5317
CHAPTER 1:
Measurement
&
Instrumentation
What YOU should learn from this chapter?
 Define unit and standard.
 Define SI standard system.
 Recognize the importance of calibration.
 Know the types of measurement standard.
 Explain the basic concepts in dynamic measurement.
 Familiarize the elements in a generalized measurement system.
Unit and SI Standard
• The International System of Units (abbreviated as SI from the French
language name Système International d'Unités) is the modern revision
of the metric system.
Quantity Symbol Unit Short form Dimension

• It is the world's Length l meter m [L]

most widely used Mass m kilogram kg [M]
system of units, Time t second s [T]

both in everyday Electrical Current I or i Ampere A [I]

commerce and Thermodynamic

T Kelvin K
temperature
science. Luminous intensity I Candela Cd
Amount of Substance - mole mol
Calibration
Calibration is a comparison process and correction of output for
each instrument based on standard value (from reference device).

Why it is so important?
• To ensure readings from an instrument are consistent with other
measurements.
• To determine the accuracy of the instrument readings.
• To establish the reliability of the instrument i.e. that it can be
trusted.
Measurement Standard.
Standard can be categories into 4 types according to hierarchy:

Accuracy
Measurement Standard cont..
International Standards
Defined by an international agreement which represent certain units of measurement
with the closest possible accuracy which current technology allowed.

Primary Standards
Main function of primary standards is for the verification and calibration of the
secondary standards. These primary standards are maintained at national standards
laboratories in different countries.

Secondary Standards
These standards are the basic reference standards used by measurement and
calibration laboratories in the industry
Working Standards
Used to check and calibrate the instruments used in the laboratory or to make
comparison measurements in industrial application.
Basic Concepts in Dynamic Measurement.

A measurement system usually has two characteristics; static and dynamic

measurements.

Static Measurement
• Input signals are constant.
• Example: deflection of a beam under
constant load.
Basic Concepts in Dynamic Measurement.

Dynamic Measurement
• Variable input signals caused by
elements of a system which have
energy storing capabilities i.e. inertial
loads (masses, inductances, etc.) and
capacitances (electric, thermal, fluid).
• Example: vibration of a beam caused by
changing or oscillating loads.
 Generalized Measurement System
• Several measurement systems are in use today. Before measuring a physical quantity,
it is necessary to understand the working of the measurement system used.
• Generalized measurement system is a system that is comprised of the typical
elements of a measurement system. It helps to understand how a measurement
system works.
• It is a system that is designed from a combination of more than one instrument to
do measurement, monitoring and controlling process.
• A generalized measurement system consists of the following elements:

Input Output
Signal Signal Data
Sensing
Conditioning Processing Presentation
Element
True Value Element Element Element Measured
Value
Generalized Measurement System

Input Output
Signal Signal Data
Sensing Conditioning Processing Presentation
Element Element Element
Distance Element Measured
Value

Proximity Sensor
Generalized Measurement System

Input Output
Signal Signal Data
Sensing
Processing Presentation
Element Conditioning
Element Element Measured
Distance Element
Value

Filter Circuit
Generalized Measurement System

Input Output
Sensing
Signal Signal Data
Conditioning Presentation
Element Element Processing Element
Distance Measured
Element Value
Generalized Measurement System

Input
Signal Signal Data Output
Sensing
Element
Conditioning Processing Presentation
Element Element
Distance Element Measured
Value