In criminal cases, to justify a conviction, the culpability of an

accused must be established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.

The burden of proof is on the prosecution, as the accused enjoys a
constitutionally enshrined disputable presumption of innocence.
The court, in ascertaining the guilt of an accused, must, after
having marshalled the facts and circumstances, reach a moral
certainty as to the accused’s guilt. Moral certainty is that degree of
proof which produces conviction in an unprejudiced mind.
Otherwise, where there is reasonable doubt, the accused must be
acquitted (Caunan v. People, G.R. Nos. 181999 & 182001-04, 02 September 2009).