ANALISIS STRUKTUR JEMBATAN

BAB IV
PERENCANAAN ABUTMENT (PANGKAL JEMBATAN)

4.1 Data Beban (dari hitungan terdahulu)

Beban Mati
QD = 5,6273 + 13,8590 = 19,4863 ton
Beban Hidup
QH = 12.9500 + 11.0989 = 24,0489 ton

4.2 Data Lokasi dan Rencana Abutment

Data lokasi dapat dilihat pada gambar 4.1. Ketentuan abutment sebagai berikut :
a. Tipe Abutmen = Cantilever Retaining Wall (CRW) tanpa angkur dan counterfort.
b. Tinggi Abutment = 7 m
c. Pondasi = sumuran
d. f’c = 25 MPa
e. fy = 390 MPa
f. γ beton = 2,4 t/m3
g. kedalaman muka air tanah = -3,0 m

Gambar 4.1 Topografi dan Rencana Abutment

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4.3 Analisi Data Tanah

Koefisien tanah aktif (tekanan tanah pasif diabaikan)

Ka = tan2 (45o – ϕ/2)
= tan2 (45o – 30o/2) = 1/3
Data karakteristik tanah
a. γ tanah = 1,90 ton/m3
b. Sudut gesek tanah = 30o
c. Kadar air ( w ) = 0,25
d. Angka pori ( n ) = 0,43
Berat Jenis tanah adalah sbb :
γk = γs (1 - n)
= 1,90 (1 - 0,43) = 1,0830 t/m3
γb = γk (1 + w)
= 1,0830 (1 + 0,25) = 1,3538 t/m3
γsat = γk + n
= 1,0830 + 0,43 = 1,5130 t/m3
γ’ = γsat - 1
= 1,5130 - 1 = 0,5130 t/m3

4.4 Analisa Mekanika

Gambar 4.2 Diagram tekanan tanah aktif dan pembebanan abutment

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h = 7 m P = 4,36364 t γk = 1,0830 t/m3

h1 = 3 m Q = 0,8000 t/m2 γb = 1,3538 t/m3
h2 = 4 m γsat = 1,5130 t/m3
γ’ = 0,5130 t/m3
h’ = l tan (45o +ϕ/2) – l tan ϕ
= 2,5 tan (45 o +30 o/2) – 2,5 tan 30 o
= 4,33 – 1,44 = 2,89

Tekanan tanah aktif

Ea1 = h q Ka Ea4 = ½ h22 γw
Ea2 = ½ h12 γb Ka Ea5 = ½ h22 γ’ Ka
Ea3 = h1 h2 γb Ka Ea6 = ½ P K a h’

Tabel 4.1 Perhitungan Gaya Horisontal (Ea) dan Momen (t-m), ditinjau untuk tiap 1 m
h b Ka H (ton) ke A (m) Momen (t-m)
Akibat beban merata
1 7 0,8000 1/3 b h Ka 1,8667 3,5000 6,5334
2 3 4,0614 1/3 ½ b h Ka 2,0307 5,0000 10,1535
3 4 4,0614 1/3 b h Ka 5,4152 2,0000 10,8304
4 4 4,0000 - ½bh 8,0000 1,3333 10,6664
5 4 2,0520 1/3 ½ b h Ka 1,3680 1,3333 1,8240
Akibat baban titik
6 2,89 2,5193 ½bh 3,6404 4,5967 16,7338
22,3210 56,7415

Tabel 4.2 Perhitungan Gaya vertikal dan Momen (t-m) Abutment

h b A (m2)
1 0,3 0,5 0,15
2 1,1 0,8 0,88
3 1,6 0,8 0,64
4 4,8 0,8 3,84
5 0,8 6,0 4,80
ΣA= 10,31
Titik berat abutment, x = 2,881 m
y = 2,317 m
Berat abutment = 10,31 × 1,0 × 2,4 = 24,7440 ton
Momen terhadap pusat dasar abutment = 24,7440 × ( 3,0 – 2,881 ) = 2,9445 t-m

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Tanah pengisi
Berat (ton) Lengan (m) Momen (t-m)
a 1,8 × 0,3 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 1,0260 2,10 2,1546
b 0,3 × 0,3 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 0,1710 1,05 0,1796
c 1,8 × 1,1 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 3,7620 2,10 7,9002
d 1,8 × 1,6 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 5,7420 2,10 11,4912
e ½ 0,8 × 1,6 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 1,2160 0,93 1,1309
f 2,6 × 3,2 × 1,0 × 0,5130 = 4,2682 1,70 7,2559
= 16,1852 30,1121

A. Kontrol Tegangan tanah

Kontrol tegangan tanah di dasar abutment sebelum jembatan dipasang
V = 24,7440 + 16,1852 = 40,9292 ton
M = - 2,9445 - 30,1121 + 56,7415 = 23,6849 t-m
A = 6 × 1 = 6 m2
W = 1/6 × 1,0 × 62 = 6 m3
V M
σ = ±
A W
40,9292 23,6849
σ maks = + = 10,7690 t/m2
6 6
40,9292 23,6849
σ min = − = 2,8741 t/m2
6 6
Kontrol tegangan-tegangan tanah di dasar abutment setelah jembatan dipasang
Kombinasi 1 (100% qa)
Jarak titik berat beban mati dan beban hidup terhadap titik berat tumpuan = 3,0-2,881
= 0,119 m
Beban V (ton) M (t-m)
Mati 19,4863 2,3187
Hidup 24,0489 2,8618
Abutment 24,7440 - 2,9445
Tanah pengisi 16,1852 - 30,1121
Tekanan tanah aktif 56,7415
84,4644 28,1909

84,4644 28,1909
σ maks = + = 18,7759 t/m2
6 6

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84,4644 28,1909
σ min = − = 9,3789 t/m2
6 6
di dasar sumuran, Berat jenis beton siklop = 2,2 t/m3
84,4644 5,6 × 0,6 × 6 × 0,5130 ((6 × 1) − (5,6 × 0,6)) × 6 × 2,2
σ maks = + +
6 6 6
σ maks = 14,0774 + 1,7237 + 5,8080 = 21,6091 t/m2 < qa = 2,25 kg/cm2 (22,5 t/m2)
Kombinasi 2 (125% qa)
Jarak titik berat beban mati dan beban hidup terhadap titik berat tumpuan = 3,0-2,881
= 0,119 m
gaya memanjang karena gesekan tumpuan = 0,25 × M = 0,25 × 19,4863 = 4,8716 ton
Momen = 4,8716 × 0,119 = 0,5797 tm
Beban V (ton) M (t-m)
Mati 19,4863 2,3187
Abutment 24,7440 - 2,9445
Tanah pengisi 16,1852 - 30,1121
Tekanan tanah aktif 56,7415
F 0,5797
60,4155 26,5833

60,4155 26,5833
σ maks = + = 14,4998 t/m2
6 6
60,4155 26,5833
σ min = − = 5,6387 t/m2
6 6
didasar sumuran, Berat jenis siklop = 2,2 t/m3
60,4155 5,6 × 0,6 × 6 × 0,5130 ((6 × 1) − (5,6 × 0,6)) × 6 × 2,2
σ maks = + +
6 6 6
σ maks = 10,0693 + 1,7237 + 5,8080 = 17,6010 t/m2 < 1,25 qa = 2,8125 kg/cm2 (28,125 t/m2)

B. Kontrol Stabilitas terhadap Penggulingan

Momen yang menggulingkan = 56,7415 + 0,5797 = 57,3212 tm
Momen yang menahan guling (titik penggulingan pada tepi luar)
a. Abutment = 24,7440 × (6 – 2,881) = 77,1765 tm
b. Tanah pengisi = 30,1121 tm
c. Mati = 19,4863 × 3 = 58,4589 tm
d. Hidup = 24,0489 × 3 = 72,1467 tm
= 237,8942 tm

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237,8942
Angka keamanan terhadap penggulingan, n = = 4,15 > 1,5 O K
57,3212

C. Kontrol Stabilitas terhadap Penggeseran

Gaya geser = 22,3210 ton
Gaya geser penahan = Σ V tan ϕ (diasumsikan ϕ = 30o)
= (24,7440 + 16,1852 ) tan 30o
= 23,6305 ton
23,6305
Angka keamanan terhadap penggeseran, n = = 1,06
22,3210
4.5 Penulangan Abutment
A. Penulangan Titik I

Tabel 4.3 Perhitungan Gaya Horisontal (Ea) dan Momen (t-m), ditinjau untuk tiap 1 m thd ttk I
h b Ka H (ton) ke I (m) Momen (t-m)
Akibat beban merata
1 6,2 0,8000 1/3 b h Ka 1,6533 3,1000 5,1252
2 3 4,0614 1/3 ½ b h Ka 2,0307 4,2000 8,5289
3 3,2 4,0614 1/3 b h Ka 4,3322 1,6000 6,9315
4 3,2 4,0000 - ½bh 6,4000 1,0667 6,8269
5 3,2 2,0520 1/3 ½ b h Ka 1,0944 1,0667 1,1674
Akibat baban titik
6 2,89 2,5193 ½bh 3,6404 3,7967 13,8215
42,4014

Perhitungan baja tulangan

M = 424,0140 KNm
h = 800 mm ρperlu = 2,5410 × 10-3
d = 740 mm Asperlu = 2656,3780 mm2
k = 0,9679 MPa Tulangan pokok = ∅16-75
ρb = 0,028069 Asterpakai = 2800,8253
ρmaks = 0,02105175 Tulangan bagi = ∅16-250
ρmin = 3,5897 × 10-3

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B. Penulangan Titik J

Tabel 4.4 Perhitungan Gaya Horisontal (Ea) dan Momen (t-m), ditinjau untuk tiap 1 m thd ttk J
h b Ka H ke J (m) Momen (tm)
Akibat beban merata
1 3,0 0,8000 1/3 b h Ka 0,8 1,5000 1,2000
2 3,0 4,0614 1/3 ½ b h Ka 2,0307 1,0000 2,0307
Akibat baban titik
6a 1,56 1,3599 ½bh 1,0607 1,04 1,1031
6b 1,56 1,1594 bh 1,8087 0,78 1,4108
5,7446

Perhitungan baja tulangan

M = 57,4460 KNm
h = 800 mm ρperlu = 3,3720 × 10-3
d = 740 mm Asperlu = 2656,3780 mm2
k = 0,1311 MPa Tulangan pokok = ∅16-75
ρb = 0,028069 Asterpakai = 2800,8253
ρmaks = 0,02105175 Tulangan bagi = ∅16-250
ρmin = 3,5897 × 10-3

C. Penulangan Titik K

Tabel 4.5 Perhitungan Gaya Horisontal (Ea) dan Momen (t-m), ditinjau untuk tiap 1 m thd ttk K
h b Ka H ke J (m) Momen (tm)
Akibat beban merata
1 1,4 0,8000 1/3 b h Ka 0,3733 0,7000 0,2613
2 1,4 4,0614 1/3 ½ b h Ka 0,9477 0,4667 0,4423
0,7036

Perhitungan baja tulangan

M = 7,0360 KNm
h = 500 mm ρperlu = 1,1653 × 10-4
d = 440 mm Asperlu = 1579,4680 mm2
k = 0,0454 MPa Tulangan pokok = ∅16-125
ρb = 0,028069 Asterpakai = 1680,4952
ρmaks = 0,02105175 Tulangan bagi = ∅16-250
ρmin = 3,5897 × 10-3

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D. Penulangan Dasar Abutment

2,6 m 0,8 m 2,6 m 3,4

y1 = 9,3789 + 9,3970 = 14,7039 t/m2
6
y2 y1 2,6
y 2 = 9,3789 + 9,3970 = 13,4509 t/m2
9,3789 6

18,7759
bagian depan dinding
⎛ 2,6 ⎞ ⎛ 1 2 × 2,6 ⎞
M maks = ⎜14,7039 × 1,0 × 2,6 × ⎟ + ⎜ × (18,7759 − 14,7039 ) × 1,0 × 2,6 × ⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝2 3 ⎠
= 49,6992 + 9,1756 = 58,8748 tm
Perhitungan baja tulangan
M = 588,7480 KNm
h = 800 mm ρperlu = 3,5623 × 10-3
d = 740 mm Asperlu = 2656,3780 mm2
k = 1,3439 MPa Tulangan pokok = ∅16-75
ρb = 0,028069 Asterpakai = 2800,8253
ρmaks = 0,02105175 Tulangan bagi = ∅16-250
ρmin = 3,5897 × 10-3

bagian belakang dinding

1.momen akibat tanah pengisi
Berat (ton) Lengan (m) Momen (t-m)
a 1,8 × 0,3 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 1,0260 1,70 1,7442
b 0,3 × 0,3 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 0,1710 0,65 0,1112
c 1,8 × 1,1 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 3,7620 1,70 6,3954
d 1,8 × 1,6 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 5,7420 1,70 9,7614
e ½ 0,8 × 1,6 × 1,0 × 1,90 = 1,2160 0,5333 0,6485
f 2,6 × 3,2 × 1,0 × 0,5130 = 4,2682 1,30 5,5487
= 16,1852 24,2094

2. momen akibat berat abutment

= 24,7440 × ( 2,881 – 2,6 ) = 6,9531 t-m

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3. momen akibat tekanan tanah

h b Ka H (ton) ke I (m) Momen (t-m)
Akibat beban merata
1 6,2 0,8000 1/3 b h Ka 1,6533 3,1000 5,1252
2 3 4,0614 1/3 ½ b h Ka 2,0307 4,2000 8,5289
3 3,2 4,0614 1/3 b h Ka 4,3322 1,6000 6,9315
4 3,2 4,0000 - ½bh 6,4000 1,0667 6,8269
5 3,2 2,0520 1/3 ½ b h Ka 1,0944 1,0667 1,1674
Akibat baban titik
6 2,89 2,5193 ½bh 3,6404 3,7967 13,8215
42,4014

Momen total = 42,4014 – (24,2094 + 6,9531) = 11,2389 tm

Perhitungan baja tulangan
M = 112,3890 KNm
h = 800 mm ρperlu = 6,6171 × 10-4
d = 740 mm Asperlu = 2656,3780 mm2
k = 0,2565 MPa Tulangan pokok = ∅16-75
ρb = 0,028069 Asterpakai = 2800,8253
ρmaks = 0,02105175 Tulangan bagi = ∅16-250
ρmin = 3,5897 × 10-3

E. Penulangan Sayap
Bentuk garis leleh disederhanakan sebagai berikut :

A B

im
6,2 m
E

m
b

im
C D
2,6 m

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Perhitungan Gaya Horisontal (Ea) dan Momen (t-m), ditinjau untuk tiap 1 m
h b Ka H (ton) ke I (m) Momen (t-m)
Akibat beban merata
1 6,2 0,8000 1/3 b h Ka 1,6533 3,1000 5,1252
2 3 4,0614 1/3 ½ b h Ka 2,0307 4,2000 8,5289
3 3,2 4,0614 1/3 b h Ka 4,3322 1,6000 6,9315
4 3,2 4,0000 - ½bh 6,4000 1,0667 6,8269
5 3,2 2,0520 1/3 ½ b h Ka 1,0944 1,0667 1,1674
Akibat baban titik
6 2,89 2,5193 ½bh 3,6404 3,7967 13,8215
42,4014

im = m
1,4 1,4
ρ min = = = 3,5897 × 10 −3
f y 390

As = ρ x b x d = 3,5897 x10-3 x 1000 x 140 = 502,558 mm2

As × f y 502,558 × 390
a= = = 9,2 mm
0,85 × f × b
c
'
0,85 × 25 × 1000

mu = φ × As × f y (d − a2 )

= 0,8 × 502,558 × 390 × (140 − 92, 2 ) × 10 −6 = 21,2305 KNm

Bagian CDE
(im + m ) × 2,6 = qu ( 12 × 2,6 × b ) × b3
254,766
qu = 1)
b2
Bagian ABCE
(im + m ) × 6,2 = qu ( 12 × 2,6 × b ) × 23,6 + qu ((6,2 − b ) × 2,6) × 22,6
1579,5492
qu = 2)
125,736 − 13,52b
1) = 2)
254,766 1579,5492
=
b 2
125,736 − 13,52b

1579,5492b 2 + 3444,4363b − 32033,2578 = 0

b = 3,5431 m

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254,766
qu = = 20,2943 KN/m
3,54312
Arah CD
m = 20,2943 × ( 12 × 2,6 × 3,5431) × 3,5431
3 = 110,3985 KNm (untuk lebar plat 2,6 m)
M = 110,3985 KNm
h = 200 mm d = 200 - 60 = 140 mm
M 110,3985 × 10 6
k= = = 2,7080 MPa
φ × b × d 2 0,8 × 2600 × 140 2
f c' × β1 0,003 25 × 0,85 0,003
ρ b = 0,85 × = 0,85 × = 0,028069
fy fy 390 390
0,003 + 0,003 +
Es 200000

ρmaks = 0,75 ρb = 0,75 x 0,028069 = 0,02105175

f c' ⎛ 2k ⎞ 25 ⎛ 2 × 2,7080 ⎞
ρ perlu = 0,85 ⎜1 − 1 − ⎟ = 0,85 ⎜1 − 1 − ⎟ = 7,4534 × 10 −3
fy ⎜ 0,85 f c' ⎟ ⎜
390 ⎝ 0,85 × 25 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
1,4 1,4
ρ min = = = 3,5897 × 10 −3
f y 390

As = ρ x b x d = 7,4534 x10-3 x 2600 x 140 = 2713,0376 mm2

Dipakai tulangan ∅16 (As = 210,0619 mm2), dengan jarak antar tulangan
210,0619 × 2600
s perlu = = 201,3098 mm
2713,0376
dipakai tulangan ∅16-200 mm
210,0619 × 2600
As = = 2730,8047 mm2
200
tulangan bagi = 20 % × 2730,8407 = 546,1609 mm2
dipakai tulangan ∅16-250 mm

Arah AC
m = qu ( 12 × 2,6 × b ) × 23,6 + qu ((6,2 − b ) × 2,6) × 22,6 = 263,2617 KNm (untuk lebar plat 6,2 m)

M = 263,2617 KNm
h = 200 mm d = 200 - 60 = 140 mm
M 263,2617 × 10 6
k= = = 2,7080 MPa
φ × b × d 2 0,8 × 6200 × 140 2

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f c' × β1 0,003 25 × 0,85 0,003

ρ b = 0,85 × = 0,85 × = 0,028069
fy fy 390 390
0,003 + 0,003 +
Es 200000

ρmaks = 0,75 ρb = 0,75 x 0,028069 = 0,02105175

f c' ⎛ 2k ⎞ 25 ⎛ 2 × 2,7080 ⎞
ρ perlu = 0,85 ⎜1 − 1 − ⎟ = 0,85 ⎜1 − 1 − ⎟ = 7,4534 × 10 −3
fy ⎜ 0,85 f c' ⎟ ⎜
390 ⎝ 0,85 × 25 ⎟⎠
⎝ ⎠
1,4 1,4
ρ min = = = 3,5897 × 10 −3
f y 390

As = ρ x b x d = 7,4534 x10-3 x 6200 x 140 = 6469,5512 mm2

Dipakai tulangan ∅16 (As = 210,0619 mm2), dengan jarak antar tulangan
210,0619 × 6200
s perlu = = 201,3098 mm
6469,5512
dipakai tulangan ∅16-200 mm
210,0619 × 6200
As = = 6511,9189 mm2
200
tulangan bagi = 20 % × 6511,9189 = 1302,3838 mm2
dipakai tulangan ∅16-250 mm

Tabel 4.6. Penulangan Abutment

Tulangan
No. Elemen struktur
pokok bagi
1 Dinding (titik I) ∅16-75 ∅16-250
2 (titik J) ∅16-75 ∅16-250
3 Parapet (titik K) ∅16-125 ∅16-250
4 Dasar abutment
Bagian depan dinding ∅16-75 ∅16-250
Bagian belakang dinding ∅16-75 ∅16-250
5 Sayap ∅16-200 ∅16-250

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