ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS

(ELECTIVE)

UNIT – 1 GENERAL CONCEPTS :

Introduction to distribution systems, an overview of the role of Computers in distribution
system planning. Load modelling and characteristics. Coincidence factor, contribution
factor loss factor. Relationship between the load factor and loss factor. Classification of
loads (Residential, commercial, Agricultural and Industrial) and their characteristics.

UNIT – II DISTRIBUTION FEEDERS :

Design Considerations of Distribution Feeders: Radial and loop types of primary
feeders, voltage levels, feeder loading; basic design practice of the secondary
distribution system.

UNIT – III SUBSTATIONS:

Location of Substations: Rating of distribution substation, service area within primary
feeders. Benefits derived through optimal location of substations.

UNIT – IV SYSTEM ANALYSIS:

Voltage drop and power-loss calculations: Derivation for voltage drop and power loss in
lines, manual methods of solution for radial networks, three phase balanced primary
lines.

UNIT – V PROTECTION & COORDINATION:

Objectives of distribution system protection, types of common faults and procedure for
fault calculations. Protective Devices: Principle of operation of Fuses, Circuit
Reclosures, line sectionalizes, and circuit breakers. Coordination of Protective Devices:
General coordination procedure.

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UNIT – VI POWER FACTOR IMPROVEMENT AND VOLTAGE CONTROL:

Capacitive compensation for power-factor control.

Different types of power capacitors, shunt and series capacitors, effect of shunt
capacitors.(Fixed and switched)
Power factor correction, capacitor allocation. Economic justification. Procedure to
determine the best capacitor location.
Voltage Control: Equipment for voltage control, effect of series capacitors, effect of
AVB/AVR, line drop compensation.
TEXT BOOK:
1. “Electric Power Distribution system, Engineering” – by Turan Gonen,
Mc Graw-hill Book Company.

REFERENCE BOOK:
Electric Power Distribution – by A.S. Pabla, Tata Mc Graw-hill Publishing
company, 4th edition, 1997.

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 LECTURE SCHEDULE
UNIT – I
S.No Topic No. of lectures
1. Introduction to Distribution System 1
2. Role of computer in Distribution System 1
3. Load modeling and characteristics 1
4. Coincidence factor, contribution factor, loss factor 1
5. Relation between load factor and loss factor 2
6. Classification of Loads & Characteristics 2

UNIT – II
S.N Topic No. of lectures
o
7. Radial and loop type of primary feeder 2
8. Voltage levels, feeder loading 2
9. Basic design practice of the secondary distribution system 2

UNIT – III
S.No Topic No. of lectures
10. Rating of distribution system 2
11 Service area with in primary feeder 2
12 Benefits derived through optimal location of 2
substation

UNIT – IV
13 Voltage drop and power loss calculations 2
14 Derivation for volatage drop and power loss in 2
lines
15 Manual methods of solution for radial networks 3
16 3-φ balanced primary lines 2

UNIT – V

17 Objectives of distribution protection 1

.
18 Types of common fault 2
.
19 Fault calculations 2
.
20 Principle of operation of fuses, circuit reclosures, 1
. line sectionalizes and circuit breakers

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21 General coordination procedure 1
.

UNIT – Vl
22 Capacitive compensation for power factor 2
. control
23 Types of power capacitor 1
.
24 Shunt and series capacitors 2
.
25 Effect of shunt capacitors 1
.
26 Power factor correction, capacitor allocation 2
.
27 Economic justification. Procedure to determine 2
. the best capacitor location
28 Equipment for voltage control 1
.
29 Effect of series capacitors & AVR 1
.
30 Line drop compensation 1
.
31 Review of all topics 1
32 Total 5
0

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 UNIT – I
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION

1. Define non coincident demand.

2. Define demand factor.
3. Define coincident demand.
4. Define coincidence factor.
5. Define contribution factor.
6. Explain the diversity factor.
7. Explain about street lighting.
8. Explain about feeder load characteristics.
9. Explain the various types of communication system available for distribution
automation.

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 ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Explain the factors effecting system planning.
2. Explain the models of distribution system planning.
3. Explain the control role of the computer in Distribution planning.
4. Explain about Distribution Automation and different types of control functions.
5. Define & Explain the terms briefly
i. Demand
ii. Demand interval
iii. Maximum demand
iv. Connected load
v. Utilization factor
vi. Plant factor
6. Define & Explain
i. Load factor
ii. Load diversity
iii. Loss factor
7. The annual peak load of a primal feeder is 300kW, at which power loss i.e. total

copper (or) loss is 100kW per three phase. Assuming an annual loss
factor of 0.15. Determine
i. The average annual power loss
ii. The total annual energy loss due to copper loss of the feeder
circuits.
8. Find the relationship between the load factor and loss factor during
i. Off – peak load is zero and
ii. Load is steady
iii. Very short lasting peak
9. Explain about maximum diversified demand and explain the any method to
determine if
10. Explain the load characteristics w.r.t.
a) Nature of load
b) Type of loads
c) System power factor
d) System load diversity
e) System load

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11. Explain briefly about connected load
a) Explains the different terms related to industrial loads
b) Cottage industries
c) Small scale industries
12. Water supply
a) Irrigation
b) Sensitive loads
c) Dirty loads

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 UNIT – 2
SHORT ANSWER QUESTION
1. Explain about radial feeder with non uniformly Distribution load.
2. Explain about radial feeder with uniformly distribution loads.
3. Explain about primary feeder voltage levels.
4. Explain the factors affecting the selection of a primary feeder rating.
5. Define the factor affecting the design loading of a feeder.
6. Explain the application of the A,B,C,D, general circuit constraints to Radial
Feeder.
7. Explain about design of Radial primary distribution system for over head
primaries.
8. Explain about design at radial primary distribution system for under ground
residential distribution.

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 ESSAY QUESTION
1. Explain the different distribution feeder (or) sub transmission lines.
2. Explain the typical distribution substation.
3. Explain different substation bus schemes.
4. Explain about location of substation in brief.
5. Explain about the rating of a Distribution Substation.
6. Explain the substation area with n-primary feeders
7. Explain comparison of four and six feeder patterns.
8. The 3-φ, 4.16kV wye - grounded feeder main has #4 copper conductors with an
equivalent spacing of 37 in between phase conductors and lagging load power
factor of 0.9.
a) Determine the K constant of the main
b) Determine the K constant of man by using the precalculated voltage drop
per kvA – mile
9. A lumped – sum load of 600 kvA with a lagging load power factor of 0.9 is
connected at the end of 1 mi-long feeder main calculate the percentage voltage
drop in the mat.

10. A 500kvA load is uniformly distributed along the feeder main, calculate the
percentage voltage drop in the main.

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11. A 500kvA load has an increasing load density. Calculate the percentage voltage
drop in the main.

12. Explain the radial type primary feeders.

13. Explain the loop type primary feeder and primitive network.
14. Explain about primary feeder loading.

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 UNIT – III
ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS
1. Show that changing a 1-φ lateral to an equivalent 3-φ lateral both the unit drop
and the power loss due to copper loss in primary lines are halved?
2. Show that voltage drop and power loss due to load currents in 1-φ two wire
unigranted lateral with full capacity neutral is six times larger than three phase
four wire.
3. Assume that a single phase feeder circuit has total impedance of 1+j3Ω for lines
and / or transformers. The receiving end voltage and load current are 2400∠00V
and 50∠00A respectively. Determine the following
a) the power factor of the load
b) the load power factor for which the voltage drop is maximum.
4. Consider the 3-φ 3 wire 240V secondary system with balanced loads at A,B
and C. Determine the following.
a) Calculate the total voltage drop, or as called as voltage regulation in one
phase of the lateral by using approximate method.
b) calculate the real power per phase for each load
c) calculate the reactive power per phase for each load.
d) Calculate the kilo voltampere output and load power factor of the
distribution transformer.

5. Write the methods to analyze distribution feeder costs?

6. Derive the expression for voltage drop and power loss due to load current in the
conductors of the 2-φ, 3-wire lateral with multigranded neutral is approximately
1.5, 1.64 times larger than the equivalent 3-φ lateral.
7. How do you evaluate the coss of losses in old and a new transformer?

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8. Consider the given blow circuit which represents a 1-φ circuit if dimensional
variables are used, it represents a balanced 3-φ circuit if per unit variables are
used. The R+jx represents the total impedance of lines and / or transformers.

The power factor of the load is Cosθ= cos(θ θ ). Find the load power
factor for which voltage drop maximum.

9. Consider the figure and assume that this 3-φ 3 – wire 480V secondary system
supplies balanced loads at A,B and C. Determine the following
a)the total voltage drop in 1-φ of the lateral among the approximate method.
b) the real power per phase for each load.
c) the reactive power per phase for each load.
d) The kilo volt-amperes output and load power factor of distribution
transformer.

0.01+j0.03/phase 0.01+j0.01/phase 0.08+j0.01/phase

30A 20A 50A

UPF 0.5 lag 0.95 lag

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10.

Consider the single – line diagram of a simple 3-φ four wire γ-grounded primary
feeder. The nominal operating voltage and the base voltage is 7200/12470V
Assume that all the loads are balanced 3-φ and all have 90% power factor
lagging. The given values of the constant K are based on 7200/12470V

Run Conductor type Distances mi K % VD/(kVA.mi)

Sub to a # 4/0 ACSR 1 0.0005
a to b # 1 ACSR 2 0.0010
a to c # 1 ACSR 2 0.0010
a to d # 1 ACSR 2 0.0010

There is a total of a 3000 kVA uniformly distributed load over a 4- mi line between
b and c determine the following.
a) Find the total percent voltage drop at points a,b,c and d.
b) If the substation bus voltages are regulated to 7300/12650V what are the
line to neutral and line to line voltages at point a.

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 UNIT – IV
1. What is switch
2. What is fuse
3. What is isolator
4. What is circuit breaker.
5. What is relay.
6. What is lighting arrester
7. What is distribution system
8. What is fault
9. Mention different types of faults
10. What is abbreviated form of HRC fuse.
11. Which fault is most worst fault in power system.
12. List out the different protection devices used in power system / distribution
system.
13. What is automatic line sectionalizer.
14. What is automatic reclosers.
15. Mention different types of distribution systems.

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 ESSARY TYPE QUESTION

1. What are the objectives of distribution system protection and explain the same.
2. List out the different types of family and explain then in brief.
3. Deduce the fault current expression for the following fault.
i) three phase fault
ii) line to line fault
iii) line to grand fault
4. What is automatic re counter, explain the same. Draw a neat sketch of 1-φ
hydraulically controlled automatic recloser.
5. Write note on fuse to fuse coordination.
6. Write note on recloser to recloser
7. Write note on recoloser to fuse coordination.
8. Assume that there is a single phase line to line secondary fault on a 120/240-V
three wire service as shown in figure (i) and that the sub transmission system is
taken as infinite bus. The substation transformer is three phase 7500 kVA with 7
% impedance and 1 % resistance. The 12.47kV primary feeder has three phase
conductors of 336 AS37 with a neutral conductor of 0AS7 at 62 – in spacing.
The secondary transformer (i.e., distribution transformer) has 100 kVA capacity
with 1.9 percent impedance and 1 % resistance. The 60-ft-long self supporting
services cable (SSC) with ACSR neutral has three wires and is given to be 3-4
ALSSC. Assume that it has a resistance of 0.4660 ohm/1000 ft and a reactance
of 0.0293ohm/1000H. Use table 10.7 to determine the necessary sequence
impedance values for the primary line and determine the following.
a) the impedance of the substation transformer in ohms.
b) The positive – and zero sequence impedance of the line in ohms.
c) The line to ground impedance in the primary system in ohms.
d) The total impedance through he primary in ohms.
e) The total primary impedance referred to secondary in ohms.
f) The distribution transformer impedance in ohms.
g) The impedance of the secondary cable in ohms.
h) The total impedance to the fault in ohms.
i) The single phase line to line fault for the 120/240V

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 UNIT – V
SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS
1. What is capacitor.
2. What do you mean the VAR compensation in distribution system.
3. Draw the vector diagram of 1-φ phase system with and without capacitor.
4. What is optimal location of capacitor in distribution system.
5. Write ten advantages due to capacitor placement in distribution system.
6. Why we need pof correction.
7. Define capacitor bank.
8. Draw the waveform of a simple phase system with regard to lending, lagging and
unity power factor.
9. Define series and shunt compensation.
10. Define power factor.
11. List out the types of 3-φ capacitor bank connections.
12. Define voltage regulation.
13. What is base voltage.
14. What is rated voltage.
15. Define nominal voltage.
16. What is voltage sag.
17. List out the reasons for voltage fluctuations.
18. What is the relation between voltage, frequency load.

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 ESSAY TYPE QUESTIONS

1. Explain the effect of series capacitance in Distribution system.

2. Explain the effect of shunt capacitance in Distribution system, along with voltage
phasor diagram.
3. Explain and derive the expression for power factor correction.
4. Let 700 kVA load has 65% power factor. It is desired to improve the power factor
to 90%. Determine the following using data sheet.
i) The correction factor required
ii) The capacitor size
iii) What should be the resulting power factor if the next higher standard
capacitor size is used.
5. Explain economic justification for capacitor.
6. Explain the mathematical procedure to determine the optimal allocation of
capacitor.
7. Draw a neat sketch of 1-φ voltage regular and explain.
8. What is line drop compensation and explain it in detail.
9. What is distribution system. Mention different types of distribution systems and
explain each in detail.
10. Classify and explain the distribution system.

UNIT -VI

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