Tutorial 1 worksheet

Part A-short questions

1)____________ Law describes the relationship between pressure and volume for an gas.

2). _____________________ is a measurement of force per unit area.

3). The _______________ pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by that gas in a
mixture of 2 or more gases.

4.) The _________________ equation is an attempt to compensate for the deviations

from ideal behavior that 'real' gases exhibit.

5.) The _____________________________ Theory consists of five postulates that help

us to understand at a microscopic level the changes we observe at a macroscopic
level.

6.) Deviations from the ideal gas law are greater at pressure and temperature

7.) ____________________ Law relates volume and temperature

Part B

1) What do we mean by a real gas versus an ideal gas? When will a real gas behave
most like an ideal gas?

2) A 0.650 gram sample of oxygen occupies 1.00 L at 0.5 atm. The gas is then
cooled. At what temperature (oC) would the gas occupy 0.5 L at 0.25 atm?
(Atomic weight: O = 16.00).

3) A An incandescent light bulb with a volume of 125 cm3 contains 2.5

x 10-3 moles of argon. What is the pressure of argon (atm) at 25oC?
(Atomic weight: Ar = 39.95).

4) How many atoms of neon exist in a 250 mL container at 1.5 x 10-6 torr and
1200oC?
(Atomic weight: Ne = 20.2).

5) The van der Waals constants a and b are 5.489 L2 atm mole-1 and 0.0638
-1
L mole for C2H6. Calculate the volume correction term (L) for 10.0 moles
of the compound in a 4.86 L flask at 300.0oK.
 Tutorial 2 worksheet

1. Obtain the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following species.
a) Fe2+;
b) Mg.

2. Predict the products of the following reactions and balance the equations.

a) C2H4 (g) + O2 (g) →

b) Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) →

3. How many grams of Si3N4 can be produced from 0.46 moles of N2?
(Atomic weights: Si = 28.09, N = 14.01).
3 Si + 2 N2 Si3N4

4. How many grams of H2 can be produced by reaction of 1.60 g Fe

and 2.00 g HCl?
(Atomic weights: Fe = 55.85, Cl = 35.45, H = 1.008).
Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2

5. How many moles of UO2(NO3)2 can be produced by reaction of 0.35

moles U3O8, 1.8 moles HNO3, and 0.2 moles O2 according to the following
reaction?
2 U3O8 + 12 HNO3 + O2 6 UO2(NO3)2 + 6 H2O

6. What volume, in mL, of 0.265 M HBr will react completely with

0.155 g of zinc?
(Atomic weights: Zn = 65.38, Br = 79.9, H = 1.008).
Zn + 2 HBr ZnBr2 + H2

7. A 5.00 mL solution of battery acid (H2SO4) requires 16.25 mL of 2.19 M

sodium hydroxide solution. What is the molarity of the sulfuric acid?
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
Tutorial 3 worksheet

1. A green neon traffic light has a wavelength of 502 nm. What is the frequency of
this light?

2. Obtain the electron configurations for the following molecules or ions.

i) Al
ii) Mg2+
iii) Cl

3. Write the electron configuration (i.e. use the s,p,d,f nomenclature) for the
following atoms.

4. Scrodinger's equation is based on the four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, ms.Explain

the quantum numbers accordingly

5. Explain the application of the below principle/rules

i) Pauli Exclusion Principle

ii) Aufbau Principle

iii) Hund's Rule

6. Write the electron configuration for a filled fifth shell:

 Tutorial 4 worksheet

1. The ___________________________ is the energy required to remove an electron

from an atom in the gas phase.

2. The ___________________________ is the energy required to add an electron to an

atom in the gas phase.

3. A nonmetal hydroxide is ____________________ (acidic/basic)

4. The 'family' name for the elements in Group VIIA is the _________________.

5. The 'family' name for the elements in Group II is the _________________.

6. Atomic radii _________________ (increase/decrease) as we go from left to right

across a period on the Periodic Table.

7. Arrange the following in terms of increasing ionization energy.

a) Na
b) Rb
c) Mg
d) Cl.

8. Arrange the following in order of decreasing (more negative) electron affinity.

a) Na
b) Cs
c) C
d) F.

9. Arrange the following in order of increasing ionic radius. [4 marks]

a. Na+
b. Cs+
c. O2-
d. F-.

10. For the following pairs of atoms and their ions, indicate which has a larger radius.

a) Cl, or Cl-

b) Na, or Na+
Tutorial 5 worksheet

1. Obtain the Lewis structures for the following molecules. [10 marks]
a) CH3I
b) BBr3
c) NClO molecule (use the nitrogen as the central atom).

2. Draw and obtain the shapes of the following molecules. [4 marks]

a) CH3I;
b) BBr3;
c) AlCl4-;
d) NH2Cl.
Tutorial 1 worksheet(Answers)
Part A-short questions

1) Boyle’s Law describes the relationship between pressure and volume for an gas.

2). Pressure is a measurement of force per unit area.

3). The partial pressure of a gas is the pressure exerted by that gas in a mixture of 2 or
more gases.

4.) The Van der Waals equation is an attempt to compensate for the deviations from ideal
behavior that 'real' gases exhibit.

5.) The Kinetic Gas Theory consists of five postulates that help us to understand at a
microscopic level the changes we observe at a macroscopic level.

6.) Deviations from the ideal gas law are greater at high pressure and low
temperature

7.) Charle’s Law relates volume and temperature

Part B
1. What do we mean by a real gas versus an ideal gas? When will a real gas
behave most like an ideal gas?

Deviations from Ideal Gas Law Behaviour

All real gases fail to obey the ideal gas law to varying degrees

Plotting PV/RT for various gasses as a function of pressure, P

• The deviation from ideal behaviour is large at high pressure.

• The deviation varies from gas to gas.
• At lower pressures (<10 atm) the deviation from ideal behaviour is typically
small, and the ideal gas law can be used to predict behavior with little error.
 2.0 N2

H2

PV 1.0 CO2

RT Ideal Gas

0 P (atm) 1000

Plots of PV/T versus P for an ideal gas and for real gases at 0oC

Deviation from ideal behavior is also a function of temperature

200oK

2.0 500oK

PV 1.0 1000oK

RT Ideal Gas

0 P (atm) 1000

Figure 1.9: A graph of PV/T versus P for an ideal gas and real gas (N 2 gas) at
various temperature

• As temperature increases the deviation from ideal behaviour decreases.

• As temperature decreases the deviation increases, with a maximum deviation near
the temperature at which the gas becomes a liquid.

Two of the characteristics of ideal gases were questionable by van der Waals:

• The volume of all the gas molecules is negligible.

• The gas molecules have no attraction or repulsion for each other.

Real molecules, however, do have a finite volume and do attract one another
• At high pressures, and low volumes, the intermolecular distances can become
quite short, and attractive forces between molecules becomes significant (PV/RT
will thus be less than ideal).
• As pressures increase, and volume decreases, the volume of the gas molecules
becomes significant in relationship to the container volume (PV/RT will be higher
than ideal (V is higher)).
• At high temperatures, the kinetic energy of the molecules can overcome the
attractive influence and the gasses behave more ideal (PV/RT is higher than
ideal)

2) A 0.650 gram sample of oxygen occupies 1.00 L at 0.5 atm. The gas is then
cooled. At what temperature (oC) would the gas occupy 0.5 L at 0.25 atm?
(Atomic weight: O = 16.00).
-198

3) A An incandescent light bulb with a volume of 125 cm3 contains 2.5

x 10-3 moles of argon. What is the pressure of argon (atm) at 25oC?
(Atomic weight: Ar = 39.95).
0.49

5) How many atoms of neon exist in a 250 mL container at 1.5 x 10-6 torr and
1200oC?
(Atomic weight: Ne = 20.2).
2.5 x 1012

5) The van der Waals constants a and b are 5.489 L2 atm mole-1 and 0.0638
L mole-1 for C2H6. Calculate the volume correction term (L) for 10.0 moles
o
of the compound in a 4.86 L flask at 300.0 K.
0.638
 Tutorial 2 worksheet

4. Obtain the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in the following species.
a) Fe2+; p = 26 ele =24 n= 30
b) Mg. p=12 ele 12 n=12

5. Predict the products of the following reactions and balance the equations.

a) C2H4 (g) + 3O2 (g) → 2CO2 + 2H2O

b) Na2SO4 (aq) + BaCl2 (aq) → 2NaCl + Ba SO4

6. How many grams of Si3N4 can be produced from 0.46 moles of N2?
(Atomic weights: Si = 28.09, N = 14.01).
3 Si + 2 N2 Si3N4
32
4. How many grams of H2 can be produced by reaction of 1.60 g Fe
and 2.00 g HCl?
(Atomic weights: Fe = 55.85, Cl = 35.45, H = 1.008).
Fe + 2 HCl FeCl2 + H2
0.0549

8. How many moles of UO2(NO3)2 can be produced by reaction of 0.35

moles U3O8, 1.8 moles HNO3, and 0.2 moles O2 according to the following
reaction?
2 U3O8 + 12 HNO3 + O2 6 UO2(NO3)2 + 6 H2O

0.90

9. What volume, in mL, of 0.265 M HBr will react completely with

0.155 g of zinc?
(Atomic weights: Zn = 65.38, Br = 79.9, H = 1.008).
Zn + 2 HBr ZnBr2 + H2
17.9

10. A 5.00 mL solution of battery acid (H2SO4) requires 16.25 mL of 2.19 M

sodium hydroxide solution. What is the molarity of the sulfuric acid?
2 NaOH + H2SO4 Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
3.56
Tutorial 3 worksheet

1. A green neon traffic light has a wavelength of 502 nm. What is the frequency of
this light?

5.98 X 10 14 s-1

2. Obtain the electron configurations for the following molecules or ions.

i) Al – [Ne] 3s2 3p1

ii) Mg2+ - [Ne]
iii) Cl – [Ar] 3s23p5

3. Write the electron configuration (i.e. use the s,p,d,f nomenclature) for the
following atoms

Titani 2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2 4. Scrodi
um
nger's

3
Zinc 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10

Chrom 2
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
ium

equation is based on the four quantum numbers: n, l, ml, ms.Explain the quantum
numbers accordingly

n = period, principle energy level

l = s, p, d, f orbital type, sublevel
ml = orientation of orbitals (angular momentum)
ms = spin
(Cont)

Principle Energy Level

n = 1, 2, 3, etc. Value of n is the main factor (but not the only one) that
determines the energy of an electron and its distance from the nucleus.
Maximum capacity for energy level = 2n2

Sublevels
l = 0, 1, 2, ... (n-1)

n
= l = 0 (One sublevel)
1
n
= l = 0, 1 (Two sublevels)
2
n
l = 0, 1, 2 (Three
=
sublevels)
3
n
l = 0, 1, 2, 3 (Four
=
sublevels)
4

electrons for which

l = 0 are
(Stands for sharp) spherical
called s
l = 1 are (Stands for principle)
called p perpendicular
l = 2 are
(Stands for diffuse)
called d
l = 3 are
(Stands for fundamental)
called f

The letters come from the atomic spectrum series from the 20th century.

Orbitals
Each sublevel contains one or more orbitals. ml describes the orientation
of the electron cloud. For any value of l, ml may have any integral values
between -l and l.

i.e. l = 2 ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, 2 (5 oribtals)

For any l there are 2l + 1 orbitals in that sublevel.

 Spin
ms = spin an electron. Can have one of 2 spins + , and - .
Electrons that have the same value of ms are said to have parallel spins.
Electrons that have different ms values are said to have opposed spins. For
2 electrons to exist in thee same orbital, they must have opposed spins.

5. Explain the application of the below principle/rules

i)Pauli Exclusion Principle

ii)Aufbau Principle

iii)Hund's Rule

i)Pauli Exclusion Principle: No two electrons in the same atom can have the
same set of quantum numbers.

Procedure for placing electrons in an atom:

Aufbau Principle: Electrons are added to sublevels in the order of increasing
energy. Generally fills each sublevel before beginning the next.

Hund's Rule: When filling orbitals of equal energy (degenerate orbitals) order
is such that as many electrons as possible remain unpaired.

6. Write the electron configuration for a filled fifth shell:

Shel Subsh
Orbitals Electrons
l ell
n= → 1 type s
l=0 m=0 → max 2 electrons
5 orbital
→ 3 type p
l=1 m = -1, 0, +1 → max 6 electrons
orbitals
→ 5 type d
l=2 m = -2, -1, 0, +1, +2 → max 10 electrons
orbitals
 m = -3, -2, -1, 0, +1, +2, → 7 type f
l=3 → max 14 electrons
+3 orbitals
m = -4, -3 -2, -1, 0, +1, → 9 type g
l=4 → max 18 electrons
+2, +3, +4 orbitals
Total: max 50
electrons

Tutorial 4 worksheet

1. The ionization energy is the energy required to remove an electron from an atom in
the gas phase.

2. The affinity electron is the energy required to add an electron to an atom in the
gas phase.

3. A nonmetal hydroxide is acidic (acidic/basic)

4. The 'family' name for the elements in Group VIIA is the halogens.

5. The 'family' name for the elements in Group II is the alkaline earth metals.

6. Atomic radii decrease (increase/decrease) as we go from left to right across a

period on the Periodic Table.

7. Arrange the following in terms of increasing ionization energy.

e) Na
f) Rb
g) Mg
h) Cl.

Rb < Na < Mg < Cl

8. Arrange the following in order of decreasing (more negative) electron affinity.

e) Na
f) Cs
g) C
h) F.

Cs < Na < C < F

10. Arrange the following in order of increasing ionic radius. [4 marks]

a. Na+
b. Cs+
c. O2-
d. F-.
 Na+ < F- < O2- < Cs+

10. For the following pairs of atoms and their ions, indicate which has a larger radius.

a) Cl, or Cl- Cl-

b) Na, or Na+ Na

Tutorial 5 worksheet

3. Obtain the Lewis structures for the following molecules. [10 marks]
a) CH3I
b) BBr3
c) NClO molecule (use the nitrogen as the central atom).

a)
H
.. C H
:I
.. H

b)
.. ..
: Br
.. B Br .. :
: Br
.. :

c) With N as the central atom

.. .. ..
: Cl
.. N O
..

.. .. ..
Cl
.. N .. :
O

.. .. ..
: Cl N O
.. ..
4. Draw and obtain the shapes of the following molecules. [4 marks]
a) CH3I;
b) BBr3;
c) AlCl4-;
d) NH2Cl.

H
C H
I
a) H - molecular geometry → tetrahedral

Br
B Br
b) Br - molecular geometry → trigonal planar

Cl
Cl
Al
Cl
c) Cl - molecular geometry → tetrahedral

Cl
N
Cl
d) Cl - molecular geometry → pyramidal