Audience

A person/group for whom a writer writes, or composer composes.

Audience refers to spectators, listeners, and intended readers of a writing,
performance or speech.

Types of Audience
1-The Spectator

A spectator is someone who comes to watch a performance or

presentation but not actively participate.
2-The Participants

Participants want to actively engage with their environment. They learn

by doing.
3-The Spy

A Spy is someone who attends an event with the goal of reporting back
to their own audience about the experience.
4-The VIP

A VIP wants more than just a unique experience - they want exclusive
content. What are they getting by attending an event that they would
not be able to find online or in another everyday context? Exclusive
announcements, early releases, and teasers for future ventures will
attract VIPs.
Finding out what your audiences know
Ask them before you write:
Ask them after you write:
Audience’s position:
responsibilities and duties of audience members
Prior contacts:
dealings with audience extent of their knowledge
WHAT IS A REPORT
A report is a document that presents information in an organized format for a
specific audience and purpose. Although summaries of reports may be delivered
orally, complete reports are almost always in the form of written documents.
1. Introduction
2. Discussion
2.1 Technological benefits
2.1.1 Efficiency
2.1.2 Access to monitoring
2.2 Technological weaknesses
2.2.1 Disconnections
2.2.2 Lack of face-to-face support
3. Conclusion
4. References

Kinds of Reports
Informal report
Formal report
Short or Long Reports
Periodic report
Informative report

BEST PROCESS FOR REPORT WRITING

1) Decide the Objective
2)Understand Your Audience
3)Report Format and Types
4)Collect the Facts and Data
5)Structure the Report
6)Readability
7)Edit
TECHNICAL WRITING
Practical Writing
• A type of writing where the author is writing about a particular subject that
requires direction, instruction, or explanation.
• A presentation of information that helps the reader to solve problems.

TECHNICAL WRITING IS RESPONSIBLE

Focuses on writer
Readers count on you to be their guide
Take responsibility for writing
Must tell the truth
To ensure that audience understands the message
Use honest language and format
Create helpful visuals
Credit others
Use Direct, Simple expression

CHARACTERISTICS OF TECHNICAL REPORT WRITING

1. Clarity
Technical document must convey a single meaning that the reader can
understand.
2. Accuracy
Unclear writing can cause many problems and even inaccuracy in the report. If
you mean to write 40,000 don’t write 400,000.
3. Comprehensiveness
When writing technically, all the information should be provided, its background
must be described and clear description of any process.
4. Accessibility
To increase Accessibility, include headings and lists in the report
5. Conciseness
Technical writing is meant to be useful. The longer a document is, the more
difficult it gets to use it
6. Correctness
Good technical report must also be correct. It. Must be free from grammatical
errors, punctuation mistakes, and should have appropriate format standard.
Technical writing process
The goal of the writing process is to generate a clear, effective document that
allows an audience to act.
Experienced writers achieve this goal by performing activities in stages:
• Prewriting stage
Planning
• Writing stage
Drafting
• Post writing Stage
Shifting
Planning Your Document
During the planning, you answer a set of questions concerning your audience,
your message, your format, and the time available for the project. Depending on
the situation, planning can be brief or lengthy. To plan effectively, you should
consider the audience and the goal, determine constrains, choose an effective
strategy, and develop a production schedule.

What Constraints Affect This Situation?

Constraints are factors that affect your production of the document.
These constraints include
• Time
• Length
• Budget
• Method Of Production
• Method Of Distribution
• Place Of Use
Choose an Effective Strategy
• Strategy is a plan to achieve a goal.
• Strategy is your “Creative Concept” the way you present the material so
that your reader can easily grasp it and act.
• Strategy involves the way you “Carry Out” the message.
• Strategy also involves the visual logic you will use.
Develop a Production Schedule
• A production schedule is a chronological list of the activities required to
generate the document and the time they will consume.
• Your goal is to have a realistic schedule for the time available and the
complexity to the document.
• You need to answer following question:
a) How much time do I have?
b) Who is involved in producing the document?
Drafting
The second step of the writing process involves drafting. This stage is probably
going to be the largest and most time-consuming step in your process. During
drafting, the writer puts his ideas into complete thoughts, such as sentences
and paragraphs. The writer organizes his ideas in a way that allows the reader
to understand his message.
Finishing
Finishing is the last step of your document.
In the finishing stage: Produce a consistent, Accurate and readers oriented
document.
Choose Devices to Help Your Reader
1.Research information 2.Design your information to help readers
3.Use context setting Introduction 4.Place important material at the top
5.Use previous lists 6.Use coordinates structure
7.Testing
Editing Tips for Shorten Your Report

Cut long sentences in two

Replace stuffy words with simple ones
Reduce prepositions
Don’t use “start to”
Replace “thing” with a better word
Make your verbs stronger
Avoid “currently”
Use contractions
Check your commas with that and which
Replace “over” with “more than” for numbers

Stages of the Writing Process

Prewriting:
This is the planning phase of the writing process, when students brainstorm,
research, gather and outline ideas, often using diagrams for mapping out their
thoughts.
Drafting:
Students create their initial composition by writing down all their ideas in an
organized way to convey a particular idea or present an argument.
Revising:
Students review, modify, and reorganize their work by rearranging, adding, or
deleting content.
Editing:
At this point in the writing process, writers proofread and correct errors in
grammar and mechanics, and edit to improve style and clarity.
Publishing:
In this last step of the writing process, the final writing is shared with the group.it
can even be printed or published online.