Modelo Combustão AVL Boost

Version 2017.
4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine Example

4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine Examples BOOSTTM v2017.1
AVL LIST GmbH

Hans-List-Platz 1, A-8020 Graz, Austria
http://www.avl.com
AST Local Support Contact: www.avl.com/simulation-technologies
Revision Date Description Document No.

A 17-Jul-2009 BOOST v2009 - Examples 01.0105.2009
B 30-Nov-2009 BOOST v2009.1 - Examples 01.0105.2009.1
C 19-Nov-2010 BOOST v2010 - Examples 01.0105.2010
D 25-Mar-2011 BOOST v2010.1 - Examples 01.0105.2010.1
E 29-Jul-2011 BOOST v2011 - Examples 01.0105.2011
F 02-Dec-2011 BOOST v2011.1 - Examples 01.0105.2011.1
G 16-May-2012 BOOST v2011.2 - Examples 01.0105.2011.2
H 20-Jun-2013 BOOST v2013.1 – 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine 01.0105.2013.1
I 28-Feb-2015 BOOST v2014.1 – 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine 01.0105.2014.1
J 26-Feb-2016 BOOST v2016 – 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine 01.0105.2016
K 30-Oct-2016 BOOSTTM v2017 – 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine 01.0105.2017
L 26-May-2017 BOOSTTM v2017.1 – 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine 01.0105.2017.1
Copyright © 2017, AVL
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, stored
in a retrieval system, or translated into any language, or computer language in any form or by any
means, electronic, mechanical, magnetic, optical, chemical, manual or otherwise, without prior
written consent of AVL.
This document describes how to run the BOOSTTM software. It does not attempt to discuss all the
concepts of 1D gas dynamics required to obtain successful solutions. It is the user’s responsibility
to determine if he/she has sufficient knowledge and understanding of gas dynamics to apply this
software appropriately.
This software and document are distributed solely on an "as is" basis. The entire risk as to their
quality and performance is with the user. Should either the software or this document prove
defective, the user assumes the entire cost of all necessary servicing, repair or correction. AVL and
its distributors will not be liable for direct, indirect, incidental or consequential damages resulting
from any defect in the software or this document, even if they have been advised of the possibility
of such damage.
BOOSTTM is a trademark of AVL LIST. BOOSTTM will be referred as BOOST in this manual.
All mentioned trademarks and registered trademarks are owned by the corresponding owners.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction _____________________________________________________1-1
1.1. Scope _______________________________________________________________________ 1-1
1.2. User Qualifications ___________________________________________________________ 1-1
1.3. Symbols _____________________________________________________________________ 1-1
1.4. Configurations _______________________________________________________________ 1-1
2. 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine _________________________________2-1

2.1. Pre-processing Project Structure _______________________________________________ 2-1
2.2. Design the Model _____________________________________________________________ 2-1
2.3. General Input Data ___________________________________________________________ 2-2
2.4. Element Input Data __________________________________________________________ 2-4
2.4.1. Engine __________________________________________________________________ 2-4
2.4.2. Cylinder _________________________________________________________________ 2-5
2.4.3. Turbocharger ____________________________________________________________ 2-8
2.4.4. Air Cleaner ______________________________________________________________ 2-9
2.4.5. Catalyst _________________________________________________________________ 2-9
2.4.6. Cooler __________________________________________________________________ 2-10
2.4.7. System Boundary ________________________________________________________ 2-12
2.4.8. Plenum _________________________________________________________________ 2-12
2.4.9. Junction ________________________________________________________________ 2-13
2.4.10. Restrictions ____________________________________________________________ 2-14
2.4.11. Pipes __________________________________________________________________ 2-14
2.4.12. Measuring Point ________________________________________________________ 2-16
2.4.13. Monitor _______________________________________________________________ 2-17
2.4.14. Microphone ____________________________________________________________ 2-17
2.4.15. Reference Point for Volumetric Efficiency _________________________________ 2-17
2.5. Run Simulation _____________________________________________________________ 2-18
2.6. Post-processing _____________________________________________________________ 2-18
3. 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine with Waste Gate Control _______3-1

3.1. General Input Data ___________________________________________________________ 3-1
3.2.1. Engine __________________________________________________________________ 3-2
3.2.2. Turbocharger ____________________________________________________________ 3-2
3.2.3. Cooler 2 _________________________________________________________________ 3-4
3.2.4. Monitor _________________________________________________________________ 3-4
3.2.5. PID Controller ___________________________________________________________ 3-4
3.2.6. Measuring Point 19 _______________________________________________________ 3-5
AST.01.0105.2017.1 – 26-May-2017 i
BOOSTTM v2017.1 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine Examples
3.3. Case Explorer and Series Results _______________________________________________ 3-6

3.4. Run Simulation ______________________________________________________________ 3-6
3.5. Results ______________________________________________________________________ 3-6
4. 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine with EGR Control ______________4-1

4.1.1. Engine __________________________________________________________________ 4-1
4.1.2. Air Cleaner ______________________________________________________________ 4-2
4.1.3. Monitor _________________________________________________________________ 4-2
4.1.4. Formula Interpreter ______________________________________________________ 4-2
4.1.5. PID Controller ___________________________________________________________ 4-3
4.2. Case Explorer and Series Results _______________________________________________ 4-4
4.3. Run Simulation ______________________________________________________________ 4-5
4.4. Results ______________________________________________________________________ 4-5
ii AST.01.0105.2017.1 - 26-May-2017
List of Figures
Figure 2-1: Project Structure ................................................................................................................................... 2-1
Figure 2-2: TCI DI Diesel Engine Model ................................................................................................................ 2-2
Figure 2-3: Convergence Control Window .............................................................................................................. 2-3
Figure 2-4: Engine – Cylinder /RPE-Rotor Setup Window ................................................................................... 2-4
Figure 2-5: Monitor Window .................................................................................................................................. 2-17
Figure 2-6: Reference Point for Volumetric Efficiency ....................................................................................... 2-17
Figure 2-7: IMPRESS Chart - Results Window .................................................................................................... 2-19
Figure 3-1: Four Cylinder Diesel Engine with Waste Gate Control ..................................................................... 3-1
Figure 3-2: PID Controller - Channels Window ..................................................................................................... 3-5
Figure 3-3: Case Explorer Window for Waste Gate Control ................................................................................. 3-6
Figure 3-4: Results for Waste Gate Control ........................................................................................................... 3-7
Figure 4-1: EGR Controlled Diesel Engine ............................................................................................................. 4-1
Figure 4-2: Formula Interpreter - Formula Window .............................................................................................. 4-3
Figure 4-3: PID Controller - Channels Window ..................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4-4: Case Explorer Window .......................................................................................................................... 4-4
Figure 4-5: Results for EGR Control ....................................................................................................................... 4-5
AST.01.0105.2017.1 – 26-May-2017 iii

1. INTRODUCTION
This manual includes descriptions of BOOST examples which demonstrate some of the
main features of the code.
1.1. Scope
This manual describes examples of using BOOST to create an engine model. It does not
attempt to discuss all the concepts of gas dynamics required to obtain successful solutions.
It is the user’s responsibility to determine if he/she has sufficient knowledge and
understanding of fluid dynamics to apply this software appropriately.
1.2. User Qualifications

This document is a basic qualification for using BOOST and users are recommended to
continue with basic and advanced training courses.
1.3. Symbols
The following symbols are used throughout this manual. Safety warnings must be strictly
observed during operation and service of the system or its components.
Caution: Cautions describe conditions, practices or procedures which

could result in damage to, or destruction of data if not strictly observed or
remedied.
 Note: Notes provide important supplementary information.
Convention Meaning
Italics For emphasis, to introduce a new term.
monospace To indicate a command, a program or a file name, messages, input /

output on a screen, file contents or object names.
MenuOpt A MenuOpt font is used for the names of menu options, submenus
and screen buttons.
1.4. Configurations
Software configurations described in this manual were in effect on the publication date.
It is the user’s responsibility to verify the configuration of the equipment before applying
procedures.
26-May-2017 1-1
2. 4 CYLINDER TCI DI DIESEL ENGINE

This chapter describes how to create and run the model of a four cylinder four stroke diesel
engine. The L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Base.bwf file is used for this example and is
located in the following folder:
<InstallationPath>/examples/BOOST/v2017.1/Other.
2.1. Pre-processing Project Structure

For post-processing and in particular for the support of case sets and cases in IMPRESS
Chart, result files must be loaded from a specific project structure (lower case).
First create a project directory, then the client directory where the model is stored. The
results directories and files are created automatically.
Figure 2-1: Project Structure
2.2. Design the Model

The model can be designed by placing the elements in the working area first and then
connecting them with the pipes. Alternatively elements can be placed in the required
order.
This model consists of the following:
 1 Engine E
 4 Cylinder C
 1 Air Cleaner CL
 2 Cooler CO
 1 Catalyst CAT
 1 Turbocharger TC
 2 System Boundaries SB
 2 Plenums PL
 6 Junctions J
 2 Restrictions R
 18 Measuring Points MP
 26 Pipes Numbers
 1 Monitor MNT
The following figure displays the created model:
26-May-2017 2-1
Figure 2-2: TCI DI Diesel Engine Model
Double-click the required element in the Element tree with the left mouse button to display
it in the working area. Move the displayed element to the desired location with the left
mouse button. Select to insert a pipe and attach it to the required elements by clicking
on the activated circles (triangles for the cylinder).
2.3. General Input Data

BOOST requires the specification of the general input data prior to the input of any
element.
The global input data must be defined first. Select SimulationControl to access the input
fields.
1. SIMULATION TASKS
Click on the Simulation Tasks sub-group folder in the tree and select Cycle
Simulation.
2. CYCLE SIMULATION
Click on the Cycle Simulation sub-group folder in the tree and enter the following
data:
Species Transport: Classic (default)

Simulation Interval
End of Simulation 50 cycles
Convergence Control Activate
Spatial Pipe Discretization
Average Cell Size 30 mm
2-2 26-May-2017
3. CLASSIC SPECIES SETUP
Click on the Classic Species Setup sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Standard Fuel: Diesel

Lower Heating Value: 42800 kJ/kg
Stoichiometric A/F Ratio: 14.57
Gas Properties: Default
4. INITIALIZATION
Click on the Initialization sub-group folder and select A/F-Ratio for Ratio. Select Add
Set and enter the following data in the input fields.
Pressure Temp Fuel Combustion

Set A/F Ratio
(bar) (degC) Vapour Products
1 1 26.85 0 0 14.57
2 2 176.85 0 0 14.57
3 1.9 106.85 0 0 14.57
4 2 526.85 0 1 14.57
5 1.3 326.85 0 1 14.57
6 1.1 176.85 0 1 14.57
5. CONVERGENCE CONTROL
Click on the Convergence Control sub-group folder to access the input fields. Click on
Add row four times and select the four cylinders under the Element drop-down menu.
Under Sensor Channels select IMEP and under Tolerance enter 500.
Then select Finish in order to auto-terminate the calculation when convergence
criteria are reached. Enter 3 for Convergence Cycles.
Figure 2-3: Convergence Control Window
26-May-2017 2-3
6. RESTART CONTROL
Click on the Restart Control sub-group folder to access the input fields. Select Specific
Interval from the Restart File Saving Interval pull-down menu and enter 720 deg for
Saving Interval.
6. OUTPUT CONTROL
Click on the Output Control sub-group folder and enter 1 deg for Saving Interval.
Click OK.
2.4. Element Input Data

Select the displayed element with the right mouse button and select Properties from the
submenu to open the relevant data input window. Alternatively double click on the element
with the right mouse button.
Data can be copied from the selected source element(s) to the target element(s) by selecting
Element | Copy Data.
2.4.1. Engine
1. GENERAL
Click on the General sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Engine Speed: 3000 rpm
Cycle Type: 4 stroke
BMEP Control: Activate
2. CYLINDER / RPE-ROTOR SETUP
Click on the Cylinder / RPE-Rotor Setup sub-group folder to open the following
window and enter the values shown.
Figure 2-4: Engine – Cylinder /RPE-Rotor Setup Window
2-4 26-May-2017
3. ENGINE FRICTION
In the Engine Friction sub-group folder, Table is selected as default. Click on the
Engine Friction[1]: friction_list sub-group folder and enter the following data:
BMEP: 8 bar
Engine Speed (X) rpm FMEP (Y) bar

1000 1.14
1500 1.27
2000 1.42
2500 1.61
3000 1.84
3400 2.07
3600 2.2
Click OK.
4. BMEP CONTROL
Click on the BMEP Control sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Desired BMEP 12 bar
Controlled Fuel Mass
Controlled Value Lower Limit 5 mg
Controlled Value Upper Limit 30 mg
Controlled Value Guess 10 mg
Integral Control Gain 2e-007 1/Pa
Select Add row four times and select the four cylinders from the drop-down menu
under Element.
2.4.2. Cylinder
Click on the cylinder to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Bore: 75 mm
Stroke: 78 mm
Compression Ratio: 21
Con-rod Length: 120 mm
Piston Pin Offset: 0 mm
Effective Blow by Gap: 0.0008 mm
Mean Crankcase Press: 1 bar
Scavenge Model: Perfect Mixing
26-May-2017 2-5
2. INITIALIZATION
Click on the Initialization sub-group folder to enter the following data:
Initial Conditions at EO (Exhaust Valve Opening)
Pressure: 7 bar
Temperature: 726.85 degC
Initial Gas Composition

Ratio Type: A/F Ratio
Ratio Value: 14.57
Fuel Vapour: 0
Combustion Products: 0.8
3. COMBUSTION
Click on the Combustion sub-group folder. Select Vibe from the pull down menu for
Heat Release, enter 25 mg for Fuel Mass / Cycle and select Internal for Mixture
Preparation.
Click on the Vibe sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Start of Combustion: -3 deg
Combustion Duration: 91 deg
Shaping Parameter m 0.65
Parameter a 6.9
4. HEAT TRANSFER
Click on the Heat Transfer sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Cylinder: Woschni 1978
Ports: Zapf
Piston:
Surface Area: 6190 mm2
Wall Temperature: 291.85 degC
Piston Calibration Factor: 1
Cylinder Head:
Surface Area: 4420 mm2
Wall Temperature: 291.85 degC
Head Calibration Factor: 1
2-6 26-May-2017
Liner:
Surface Area: 440 mm2 (Piston at TDC)
Wall Temperature: 176.85 degC (Piston at TDC)
Wall Temperature: 146.85 degC (Piston at BDC)
Liner Calibration Factor: 1
Combustion System DI
Incylinder Swirl Ratio: 2.1
5. VALVE PORT SPECIFICATIONS
Click on the Valve Port Specification sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Controlled by Port
Pipe Control Surface Area mm2 Wall Temp degC
17 Valve 14000 86.85
23 Valve 4400 306.85
Expand the VPS [1]: Pipe 17: Intake sub-group folder, click on Valve Controlled and
enter the following data:
Inner Valve Seat (=Reference) Diameter 26.85 mm
Valve Clearance 0.18 mm
Scaling Factor for Eff. Flow Area 0.801025
Expand the Valve Controlled folder, click on Lift Curve and load the Intake Lift Curve
from the installation:
examples\BOOST\v2017.1\other\boost\data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel
\intake_lift_curve.dat
Click on Flow Coefficient and enter the following data
Pressure Ratio 0.9
Normalized Valve Lift Activate
Load the Intake Flow Coefficient curve from:

…\data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel\intake_flow_coeff.dat
Expand the VPS [2]: Pipe 23 Exhaust sub-group folder, click on Valve Controlled and
enter the following data:
Inner Valve Seat (=Reference) Diameter 23 mm
Valve Clearance 0.18 mm
Scaling Factor for Eff. Flow Area 0.8464
26-May-2017 2-7
Expand the Valve Controlled folder, click on Lift Curve and load the Exhaust Lift
Curve from:
…\data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel\exhaust_lift_curve.dat
Click on Flow Coefficient and enter the following data:
Pressure Ratio 1.1
Normalized Valve Lift Activate

Load the Exhaust Flow Coefficient curve from:
…\data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel\exhaust_flow_coeff.dat
2.4.3. Turbocharger
Click on the turbocharger to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Click on the General sub-group folder and select the calculation type:
Calculation Type:
Simplified Model Activate
2. SIMPLIFIED MODEL
Click on the Simplified Model sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Calculation Mode: Waste Gate Calculation
3. COMPRESSOR
Corrected Volume Flow Activate
Pressure Ratio 1.89
Compressor Efficiency 0.63
Reference Conditions
Pressure 1 bar
Temperature 25 degC
4. TURBINE
Flow Type Discharge Coefficient
Equiv. Turbine Discharge Coeff. 0.0866
Pipe Area Scaling Factor 1
Turbine size Multiplier 1
Turbocharger Overall Efficiency 0.444
Mechanical Efficiency 0.98
Turbine to Total Mass Flow 0.8
2-8 26-May-2017
2.4.4. Air Cleaner

Click on the air cleaner to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Geometrical Properties
Total Air Cleaner Volume: 2.8 (l)
Inlet Collector Volume: 1.25 (l)
Outlet Collector Volume: 1.25 (l)
Length of Filter Element: 280 mm
2. FRICTION
Friction Specification
Target Pressure Drop Activate
Target Pressure Drop
Mass Flow 0.07 kg/s
Target Pressure Drop 0.025 bar
Inlet Pressure 1 bar
Inlet Air Temperature 24.85 degC
3. FLOW COEFFICIENTS
Click on the Flow Coefficients sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Pipe 1 Inflow 0.9 Pipe 1 Outflow 0.9

2.4.5. Catalyst
Click on the catalyst to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Chemical Reactions disabled
Monolith Volume: 2.8 (l)
Length of Monolith: 250 mm
2. TYPE SPECIFICATION
Catalyst Type Specification
Simplified Square Cell Catalyst Activate
General Catalyst
Open Frontal Area (OFA) 1
26-May-2017 2-9
Hydraulic Unit Diameter
Hydraulic Diameter 112.8 mm
3. FRICTION
Friction Specification
Target Pressure Drop

Inlet Massflow 0.13 kg/s
Inlet Temperature 826.85 degC
Inlet Pressure 1.4 bar
Pipe 14 Inflow 1 Pipe 14 Outflow 1

2.4.6. Cooler
Click on the cooler to access the input fields.
Cooler 1:
1. GENERAL
Geometrical Properties:
Total Air Cooler Volume: 0.4 (l)
Length of Cooling Core: 150 mm
2. REFERENCE OPERATING CONDITIONS
Friction specification:
Heat Transfer Specification:

Target Outlet Temperature Activate
Reference Operating Conditions:
Mass Flow 0.04 kg/s
Inlet Air Temperature 600 K
2-10 26-May-2017
Friction:
Target Pressure Drop 5 kPa
Heat Transfer:
Coolant Temperature 360 K
Target Outlet Temperature 440 K

Cooler 2:
1. GENERAL
Geometrical Properties:
Total Air Cooler Volume: 2 (l)
Length of Cooling Core: 400 mm
Friction specification:
Heat Transfer Specification:

Target Outlet Temperature Activate
Reference Operating Conditions:

Mass Flow 0.061 kg/s
Inlet Air Temperature 114.85 degC
Friction:
Heat Transfer:
Coolant Temperature 39.85 degC
Target Outlet Temperature 60 degC

26-May-2017 2-11
2.4.7. System Boundary

Click on the system boundary to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Click on the General sub-group folder and select Standard for the Boundary Type.
Select End Correction.
2. BOUNDARY CONDITIONS
Click on the Boundary Conditions sub-group folder and enter the following data:
Select Local Boundary Conditions and Set 1 from the Preference pull-down menu
(defined in section 2.3 – Initialization)
Pressure Gas Temp Fuel Combustion Ratio Ratio

(bar) (degC) Vapour Products Type Value
SB 1 1 26.85 0 0 A/F Ratio 14.57
SB 2 1 26.85 0 1 A/F Ratio 14.57
SB 1 Pipe 1 Inflow 1 Pipe 1 Outflow 1

SB 2 Pipe 34 Inflow 1 Pipe 34 Outflow 1
2.4.8. Plenum
Click on the plenum to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Click on the General sub-group folder and enter 15l for the Volume for Plenum 1,
0.5l for the Volume for Plenum 2.
2. INITIALIZATION
Click on the Initialization sub-group folder and select Global Initialization for each
Plenum. For Plenum 1 select Set 6 from the Preference pull-down menu and for
Plenum 2 select Set 3 from the Preference pull-down menu.

Plenum 1
Plenum 2
2-12 26-May-2017
2.4.9. Junction
Click on the junction to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Click on the General sub-group folder and choose the following junction types:
Junction type
Junction 1 Refined model
2. REFINED MODEL
For all other junctions input the following data:
Angle Between Pipes 8 and 9 180

Junction 1 Angle Between Pipes 9 and 25 90
26-May-2017 2-13
2.4.10. Restrictions
Click on the restriction to access the input fields.
from Pipe 5 to Pipe 6 0

Restriction 1
Restriction 2
2.4.11. Pipes
Click on the pipe to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Click on the General sub-group folder and enter the data in the following table for
each pipe. The default Bending Radius (100000 mm) is used.
2. INITIALIZATION
Click on the Initialization sub-group and select the required Global set from the
Preference pull-down menu.
Pipe Heat
Diameter Friction Wall Temp Global
Length Transfer
(mm) Coeff (degC) Initial.
(mm) Factor
Pipe 1 100 60 0.02 1 26.85 Set 1
Pipe 2 300 48 0.02 1 26.85 Set 1
Pipe 3 75 35 0.02 1 26.85 Set 2
Pipe 4 75 40 0.02 1 26.85 Set 3
Pipe 5 150 20 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 6 100 20 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 7 150 22 0.035 1 176.85 Set 3
Pipe 8 85 30 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 9 85 30 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 10 85 30 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 11 100 25 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 12 100 25 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 13 150 48 0.035 1 176.85 Set 5
Pipe 14 150 48 0.035 1 176.85 Set 5
Pipe 15 300 48 0.035 1 126.85 Set 6
Pipe 16 100 50 0.035 1 126.85 Set 6
Pipe 17 70 30 0.02 1 26.85 Set 3
2-14 26-May-2017
Pipe 18 70 30 0.02 1 26.85 Set 3

Pipe 19 70 30 0.02 1 26.85 Set 3
Pipe 20 70 30 0.02 1 26.85 Set 3
Pipe 21 30 15 0.035 1 276.85 Set 4
Pipe 22 30 15 0.035 1 176.85 Set 5
Pipe 23 160 Table 0.035 1 226.85 Set 4
Pipe 24 160 Table 0.035 1 226.85 Set 4
Pipe 25 160 Table 0.035 1 226.85 Set 4
Pipe 26 160 Table 0.035 1 226.85 Set 4
The diameter data for pipes 23 to 26 is listed in the following table. Click on and
then select the Table button which appears on the input field to open the input
window. Select Insert Row to activate the input fields.
Location (mm) Diameter (mm)

0 25
Pipe 23 90 25
160 30
0 25
Pipe 24 90 25
160 30
0 25
Pipe 25 90 25
160 30
0 25
Pipe 26 90 25
160 30
26-May-2017 2-15
2.4.12. Measuring Point

Click on the relevant measuring point number to access the input fields.
1. GENERAL
Location of Measuring Point

Output Extent
from Upstream Pipe End (mm)
Measuring Point 1 100 Standard

2-16 26-May-2017
2.4.13. Monitor
Click on Sensor Channels and select the data as shown in the following figure.
Figure 2-5: Monitor Window
2.4.14. Microphone
1. GENERAL
Click on the Source[1] sub-group folder and enter following data:
Source: SB2
Axis: 500 mm
Vertical: 500 mm
Lateral: 500 mm
Ground: Yes
Height: 300 mm
2.4.15. Reference Point for Volumetric Efficiency

Select SimulationVolumetric Efficiency to open the following window. In this example
select Plenum 2 as the reference element.
Figure 2-6: Reference Point for Volumetric Efficiency
26-May-2017 2-17
 Note: Save the model before starting calculation.
2.5. Run Simulation

Select SimulationRun and then select the required case and tasks to be run. Select Run to
start the simulation.
A window opens which provides an overview of the status of the simulation. Double click
on the row of the desired simulation to view a more detailed information of the simulation
run produced by the simulation kernel. Once the job is complete select OK to exit this
window and then Close to exit the simulation status window.
2.6. Post-processing
Select SimulationShow MessagesCycle Simulation to check for convergence warnings
and relevant information.
Select SimulationShow SummaryCycle Simulation to check information about the

simulation run, e.g. overall engine performance.
Select SimulationShow ResultsCycle Simulation to open IMPRESS Chart.
1. Select the Results tab to display the tree as shown in the following window.
2. In the L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Base case folder, double click

Case_Set_1.Case_1.simulation.dir to load the Transients, Traces and Acoustic
result folders.
3. Select the Report tab and insert a layer into the selected page. Then select the layer.
4. Select the Results tab and click on the required curve to load the results into the
selected layer.
The example shows pressure at a measuring point both as Transient and Trace Plots.
2-18 26-May-2017
Figure 2-7: IMPRESS Chart - Results Window
Transients plot the variable versus the cycle number and Traces plot the variable versus
the crank angle for the last complete cycle.
26-May-2017 2-19

WITH WASTE GATE CONTROL
After completing the base model, L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Base.bwf, in chapter 2, the
following modifications are necessary to extend this model with Waste Gate Control. The
L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_External_Waste_gate.bwf file is used in this example.
1. Using the L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Base.bwf model, delete the Microphone and

the connections between the Engine, Monitor and Cylinder elements.
2. Add the PID Controller element and connect the elements as shown in Figure 3-1:
3. Add the Measuring point after Restriction 1 as shown in Figure 3-1:
Figure 3-1: Four Cylinder Diesel Engine with Waste Gate Control
3.1. General Input Data

Under SimulationControl change the following data:
1. CYCLE SIMULATION
End of Simulation 100 cycle(s)

2. CONVERGENCE CONTROL
Add another row.
Select Turbocharger 1 for Element, Mean Rotational Speed for Sensor Channel and
enter 8 for Tolerance.
Keep the recommended value 3 for Convergence Cycles.
26-May-2017 3-1
3. OUTPUT CONTROL
Click on the Output Control sub-group folder and enter 3 deg for Saving Interval.
Click OK.
3.2.1. Engine
1. GENERAL
Engine Speed:
Assign new parameter global and name it Enspeed
2. ENGINE FRICTION
Shayler, Leong, Murphy – Model: Activate
Friction Multiplier: 1
3. FRICTION MODEL
Cylinder Arrangement: Inline
Type of Valve Train: No Valve Train
Oil Type: SAE 20
Oil Temperature: 20 degC
Injection Pump: Disable
4. BMEP CONTROL
Desired BMEP:
Assign new parameter global and name it BMEP
Controlled Fuel Mass
Controlled Value Lower Limit 5 mg
Controlled Value Upper Limit 30 mg
Controlled Value Guess 10 mg
Integral Control Gain 2e-007 1/Pa
Select Add row four times and select the four cylinders from the drop-down menu
under Element.
3.2.2. Turbocharger
1. GENERAL
Calculation Type:
Full Model: Activate
2. FULL MODEL
Mechanical Efficiency: 1
3-2 26-May-2017
Moment of Inertia: 5e-006 kg∙m2
Set Initial Speed: Activate
Initial Speed: 120000 rpm
3. COMPRESSOR
Corrected Speed: Corrected Mass Flow
Reference (rpm): Activate
Reference (kg/s): Activate
Massflow Scaling Factor: 1
Efficiency: Offset
Efficiency Offset:
Assign new parameter global and name it Comp_eff_off
Pressure: 1 bar
Temperature: 298K
4. MAP SPECIFICATION
Load the Map_Specification.dat file from \data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel.
Map Extrapolation: None
Iso Speed Tolerance: 20
5. SURGE LINE
Load the Surge_Line.dat file from \data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel.
6. TURBINE
Single Entry: Activate
Corrected Speed: Corrected Mass Flow
Reference (rpm): Activate
No Reference (kg.sqrt(K)/(s)): Activate
Pressure Ratio P03/P4: Activate
Pressure: 1 bar
Temperature: 873.15 K
7. PERFORMANCE MAPS
Efficiency: Offset
Add a row in the table and enter the following data:
Position MassFlow Scal.Fact. Efficiency Offset
1 1 1 -0.07
Map Extrapolation: Iso_Speed_Lines
Iso Speed Tolerance: 0
26-May-2017 3-3
Accuracy: Medium
Speed Factor: 1.2
Press Ratio Factor: 1.2
8. PRESSURE DISCHARGE[1]: DISCH_LIST

Load the Pressure_Discharge.dat file from \data_L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel.
3.2.3. Cooler 2
Coolant Temperature 59.9 degC
Target Outlet Temperature 60 degC
3.2.4. Monitor
1. SENSOR CHANNELS
Variable Element Sensor Channel
1 Cyl_A2Frat Cylinder 1 A/F - Ratio
2 TCspeed Turbocharger 1 Mean Rotational Speed
3 P02 Measuring Point 4 Mean Pressure
3.2.5. PID Controller

The PID Controller is used to regulate the system to get desired values.
1. GENERAL
Proportional: -1.3e-005
Integral: -3.6e-005
Differential: 0
Offset: 0 kg/s
Interaction Step: Cyclic
2. CHANNELS
Sensor Channel Connection of PID Controller:
Element Sensor Channel
1 Measuring Point 4 Mean Pressure
Guiding Value Channel Connection of PID Controller:
Type Value Element Guide value Channel
Assign new
External parameter global
1 - -
Value and name it
TarBoost
3-4 26-May-2017
Actuator Channel Connection of PID Controller: Activated
Element Actuator Channel
1 Restriction 2 Flow Coefficient
Initial Value:
Assign new parameter global and name it WGv_Cd
Minimum Value: 0
Maximum Value: 0.9
Figure 3-2: PID Controller - Channels Window
3.2.6. Measuring Point 19

1. GENERAL
Location of Measuring Point: 50 mm
Output Extent: Extended
26-May-2017 3-5
3.3. Case Explorer and Series Results

Four operating points at different engine speeds are set in Case Explorer. To view results
as a function of engine speed, series results needs to be created.
1. Open Case Explorer by clicking on .
2. Click on Edit Parameter Group to add new parameters to Case Explorer.

3. Move Enspeed, fm, WGv_Cd, TarBoost, Bmep and Comp_eff_off parameters from
Unused Parameters to Used Parameters. Click OK.
4. Add 3 new cases by clicking on Insert Case three times.
5. Enter the values for parameters at different engine speeds as shown in the following
figure:
Figure 3-3: Case Explorer Window for Waste Gate Control
3.4. Run Simulation

Select SimulationRun or click on .
Cases: Select all Cases.
Tasks: Select all tasks to create and simulate all of selected cases and to create series
results.
3.5. Results
After the successful simulation select SimulationShow Results or click on to open
IMPRESS Chart. Results for each operating point can be shown as crank angle dependent
(Traces Results), or cycle dependent (Transient Results). In Series Results, they are engine
speed dependent. The following figure shows results related to the Waste Gate Control
simulation.
3-6 26-May-2017
Figure 3-4: Results for Waste Gate Control
26-May-2017 3-7

WITH EGR CONTROL
After completing the base model, L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Base.bwf, in chapter 2 and
the extended waste gate control model, L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Waste_gate.bwf, in
chapter 3, the following modifications are necessary to extend this model with EGR control.
The L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_EGR.bwf file is used in this example.
1. Using the L4_1_4L_TCI_DI_Diesel_Waste_gate.bwf model, add the Formula

Interpreter element and connect the elements as shown in Figure 4-1:
Figure 4-1: EGR Controlled Diesel Engine
4.1.1. Engine
1. GENERAL
BMEP Control: Disable
2. ENGINE FRICTION
Shayler, Leong, Murphy – Model: Activate
Friction Multiplier: 1
3. FRICTION MODEL
Cylinder Arrangement: Inline
Type of Valve Train: No Valve Train
26-May-2017 4-1
Oil Type: SAE 20
Oil Temperature: 20 degC
Injection Pump: Disable
4.1.2. Air Cleaner

1. FRICTION
4.1.3. Monitor
1. SENSOR CHANNELS
1 PID1 PID Controller 1 Output
2 FI1 Formula Interpr. 1 Output No. 1
3 MP19 Measuring Point 19 Mean Mass Flow
4.1.4. Formula Interpreter

The function of the EGR mass flow will be defined here.
1. GENERAL
Global Variables:
Variable Value
1 EGR 0.2
2. SENSOR CHANNELS
1 MFair Measuring Point 19 Mean Mass Flow
3. ACTUATOR CHANNELS
Variable Element Actuator Channel
1 MFegr None None
4. FORMULA
Operations: MFegr=-(EGR*MFair/(EGR-1));
4-2 26-May-2017
Figure 4-2: Formula Interpreter - Formula Window
4.1.5. PID Controller

The PID Controller is used to regulate the system to get desired values.
1. GENERAL
Proportional: 0.9
Integral: 7.7
2. CHANNELS
Sensor Channel Connection of PID Controller:
Element Sensor Channel
1 Measuring Point 19 Mass Flow
Guiding Value Channel Connection of PID Controller:
Type Value Element Guide value Channel
1 Element - Formula Interpr. 1 Output No. 1
Actuator Channel Connection of PID Controller: Activated
Element Actuator Channel
1 Restriction 1 Flow Coefficient
Initial Value: 0
Maximum Value: 0.4
26-May-2017 4-3
Figure 4-3: PID Controller - Channels Window
4.2. Case Explorer and Series Results

Four operating points at different engine speeds are set in Case Explorer. To view results
as a function of engine speed, series results needs to be created.
1. Open Case Explorer by clicking on .
2. Click on Edit Parameter Group to add new parameters to Case Explorer.

3. Move Enspeed, fm and Comp_eff_off parameters from Unused Parameters to Used
Parameters. Click OK.
4. Add 3 new cases by clicking on Insert Case three times.
5. Enter the values for parameters at different engine speeds as shown in the following
figure:
Figure 4-4: Case Explorer Window
4-4 26-May-2017
4.3. Run Simulation

Select SimulationRun or click on .
Cases: Select all Cases.
Tasks: Select all tasks to create and simulate all of selected cases and to create series
results.
4.4. Results
After the successful simulation select SimulationShow Results or click on to open
IMPRESS Chart. Results for each operating point can be shown as crank angle dependent
(Traces Results), or cycle dependent (Transient Results). In Series Results, they are engine
speed dependent. The following figure shows results related to the EGR Control
simulation.
Figure 4-5: Results for EGR Control
26-May-2017 4-5

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Version 2017.

4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine Example

AVL LIST GmbH

AST Local Support Contact: www.avl.com/simulation-technologies

Revision Date Description Document No.

Copyright © 2017, AVL

2. 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine _________________________________2-1

3. 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine with Waste Gate Control _______3-1

3.3. Case Explorer and Series Results _______________________________________________ 3-6

4. 4 Cylinder TCI DI Diesel Engine with EGR Control ______________4-1

AST.01.0105.2017.1 – 26-May-2017 iii

1.2. User Qualifications

Caution: Cautions describe conditions, practices or procedures which

 Note: Notes provide important supplementary information.

Italics For emphasis, to introduce a new term.

monospace To indicate a command, a program or a file name, messages, input /

2. 4 CYLINDER TCI DI DIESEL ENGINE

2.1. Pre-processing Project Structure

Figure 2-1: Project Structure

2.2. Design the Model

This model consists of the following:

The following figure displays the created model:

Figure 2-2: TCI DI Diesel Engine Model

2.3. General Input Data

Species Transport: Classic (default)

3. CLASSIC SPECIES SETUP

Standard Fuel: Diesel

Pressure Temp Fuel Combustion

Figure 2-3: Convergence Control Window

2.4. Element Input Data

2. CYLINDER / RPE-ROTOR SETUP

Figure 2-4: Engine – Cylinder /RPE-Rotor Setup Window

Engine Speed (X) rpm FMEP (Y) bar

Desired BMEP 12 bar

Controlled Fuel Mass

Controlled Value Lower Limit 5 mg

Controlled Value Upper Limit 30 mg

Controlled Value Guess 10 mg

Integral Control Gain 2e-007 1/Pa

Con-rod Length: 120 mm

Piston Pin Offset: 0 mm

Effective Blow by Gap: 0.0008 mm

Mean Crankcase Press: 1 bar

Scavenge Model: Perfect Mixing

Click on the Initialization sub-group folder to enter the following data:

Initial Conditions at EO (Exhaust Valve Opening)

Temperature: 726.85 degC

Initial Gas Composition

Ratio Value: 14.57

Combustion Products: 0.8

Start of Combustion: -3 deg

Combustion Duration: 91 deg

Shaping Parameter m 0.65

Cylinder: Woschni 1978

Wall Temperature: 291.85 degC

Piston Calibration Factor: 1

Wall Temperature: 291.85 degC

Head Calibration Factor: 1

Wall Temperature: 176.85 degC (Piston at TDC)

Wall Temperature: 146.85 degC (Piston at BDC)

Liner Calibration Factor: 1

Incylinder Swirl Ratio: 2.1

5. VALVE PORT SPECIFICATIONS