Universidade Federal do Maranhão

Centro de Ciências Exatas e Tecnologia

Departamento de Fı́sica

Marcos Lima Dias

SEGUNDA LISTA DE EXERCÍCIOS DE

MECÂNICA QUÂNTICA 2

São Luı́s, 06 DE NOVEMBRO 2018

Sumário

1 Question 1. Spinors in the Dirac’s representation 3

1.1 For u(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.2 For u(2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

1.3 For v (1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

1.4 For v (2) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

2 Question 2. Temporal dependence in the Dirac’s theory 10

2.1 Item (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2 Item (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

2.3 Item (c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

2.4 Item (d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

2.5 Item (e) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

3 Question 3. Stationary pertubation of hydrogen atom 23

3.1 Item (a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3.2 Item (b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

1
3.2.1 Caso 1: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.2.2 Caso 2: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

2
Capı́tulo 1

Question 1. Spinors in the Dirac’s

representation

The solutions of the free Dirac’s equation in the Dirac’s representation are given by:
     
(α)
φ 1 0
u(α) = N   , φ(1) =   , φ(2) =   , (1.1)
c/ (E + mc2 ) (~σ · p~) φ(α) 0 1
     
2 (α)
c/ (E + mc ) (~
σ · p~) χ 1 0
v (α) = N   , χ(1) =   , χ(2) =   , (1.2)
χ(α) 0 1

with a adequate normalization factor N and the set ~σ = (σ 1 , σ 2 , σ 3 ) of the Pauli’s Matrices.
Choose two of these four solution and derive them from the results of the class wich were
obtained in the quiral representation.

Answer
In the class we have obtained the following solution in the quiral representation

3
    
3 1 2
E/c + mc − p −p + ip
   
1 2 3
−p − ip
   
  (2)  E/c + mc + p 
u(1)
qu = C  , uqu = C  , (1.3)
 E/c + mc + p3  p1 − ip2
   
 
   
1 2 3
p + ip E/c + mc − p
   
E/c + mc − p3 −p1 + ip2
   
− (p1 + ip2 )  E/c + mc + p3
   
(1)
  (2) 
vqu = C
  ,
 qu v = C  , (1.4)
3
 − (E/c + mc + p )  −p1 + ip2
 
 
   
− (p1 + ip2 ) −E/c − mc + p3

where
1
C =p (1.5)
2m (E + mc2 )
We get the Dirac’s representation simply by making

(α)
uD = V † u(α)
qu (1.6)
(α)
vD = V † vqu
(α)
(1.7)

where  
1 12 −12
V =√  . (1.8)
2 12 12
Therefore, be φ as it follows  
φ
 1 
 
 φ2 
φqui =

.
 (1.9)
 φ3 
 
φ4
So we have
    
1 0 1 0 φ φ + φ3
  1   1 
    
1  0 1 0 1   φ2   φ + φ4
 = √1  2
φD = V −1 φqui

=√    (1.10)
2
 −1 0
 
1 0   φ3  2
 −φ1 + φ3


    
0 −1 0 1 φ4 −φ2 + φ4

4
1.1 For u(1)

By using the general result (1.10), we have

(1)
uD = V † u(1)
qu
 
(E/c + mc − p3 ) + E/c + mc + p3
 
1 2 1 2
(−p − ip ) + (p + ip )
 
C   
= √  
2  − (E/c + mc − p3 ) + E/c + mc + p3  
 
− (−p1 − ip2 ) + (p1 + ip2 )
   
1 2
2E/c + 2mc (E + mc )
   c 
   
C  0  2C  0 
= √  = √  
2 2p 3 
 2 
 p 3 

   
1 2 1 2
2 (p + ip ) (p + ip )
 
1
 
 
2C 1

2 
0 
= √ E + mc   (1.11)
2 c  p 3 

 c 
(E+mc )2
1 2
p + ip

But we know that the Pauli’s matrices are given by

     
0 1 0 −i 1 0
σ1 =   , σ2 =   , σ3 =  
1 0 i 0 0 −1

Of this way

~σ · p~ = σ 1 p1 + σ 2 p2 + σ 3 p3
     
0 p1 0 −ip2 p3 0
=  + + 
1 2 3
p 0 ip 0 0 −p
 
p3 p1 − ip2
=  
1 2 3
p + ip −p

5
 We define  
1
φ(1) =   (1.12)
0

Therefore,
    
3 1 2 3
p p − ip 1 p
(~σ · p~) φ(1) =   =  (1.13)
1 2 3 1 2
p + ip −p 0 p + ip

Substituing (1.12) and (1.13) in (1.11), we get

 
(1)
(1) 2C 1 φ
E + mc2 


uD = √ 
2c σ ·~
c(~ p)
φ(1)
(E+mc2 )
 
2 (1)
2 1 (E + mc ) φ
= √ p  
2 c 2m (E + mc2 ) σ ·~
c(~ p)
φ(1)
(E+mc2 )
r  
(1)
(E + mc ) 2 φ
= 2

mc σ ·~
c(~ p)
φ (1)
(E+mc2 )
  r
φ(1) 2
= N  , with N = (E + mc ) (1.14)
σ ·~
c(~ p)
2 φ
(1) mc2
(E+mc )

where we have used (1.5).

1.2 For u(2)

Using the result (1.10) with u(2) , we find

6
 (2)
uD = V † u(2)
qu
 
1 2 1 2
(−p + ip ) + p − ip
 
3 3 
−

C  (E/c + mc + p ) + E/c + mc p 
= √  
2 1 2
− (−p + ip ) + p − ip 1 2 

 
3 3
− (E/c + mc + p ) + E/c + mc − p
   
0 0
   
   
2C  (E/c + mc)  2C 1
 1 
= √  = √ E + mc2  
2  (p1 − ip2 ) 
  2c 
 (p1 − ip2 )


   c 
(E+mc2 )
−p3 −p3
 
0
  r
 
1 2
 , with N = (E + mc )
 
= N (1.15)

 (p1 − ip2 ) 
 mc2
 c 
(E+mc2 ) 3
−p

Let’s define  
0
φ(2) =   (1.16)
1
So     
p3 p1 − ip2 0 p1 − ip2
(~σ · p~) φ(2) =   =  (1.17)
1 2 3 3
p + ip −p 1 −p

Replacing (1.16) and (1.17) in (1.15), we have

 
(2) φ(2)
uD = N  
c
(E+mc2 )
φ(2)

1.3 For v (1)

Using the result (1.10) with v (1) , we find

7
 (1)
vD = V † vqu
(1)
 
3 3
(E/c + mc − p ) − (E/c + mc + p )
 
1 2 1 2
− −
 
C  (p + ip ) (p + ip ) 
= √  
2  − (E/c + mc − p3 ) − (E/c + mc + p3 )  
 
1 2 1 2
+ (p + ip ) − (p + ip )
   
3 3
−2p c
p
   
1 2 (E+mc2 ) 1 2
−2 (p + ip ) 
   
C  2C 1 2

 (p + ip ) 
= √   = −√ E + mc  
2 −2 1c (E + mc2 ) 
 2c 
 1


   
0 0

Whe define
 
1
χ(1) =  ⇒ (1.18)
0
    
3 1 2 3
p p − ip 1 p
(~σ · p~) χ(1) =   =  (1.19)
p1 + ip2 −p3 0 p1 + ip2
Therefore
 
c (1)
(1) 2C 1 (~σ · p~) χ
(E+mc2 )
E + mc2 


vD = −√ 
2c χ(1)
  r
c (1)
(~
σ · p
~) χ 2
2
= −N  (E+mc )  , N = (E + mc ) (1.20)
χ(1) mc2

1.4 For v (2)

8
Using the result (1.10) with v (2) , we find

(2)
vD = V † vqu
(2)
 
1 2 1 2
(−p + ip ) − p + ip
 
3 3 
− −

C  (E/c + mc + p ) E/c mc + p 
= √  
2
 1 2 1
− (−p + ip ) − p + ip 2 

 
3 3
− (E/c + mc + p ) − E/c − mc + p
   
1 2 1 2
2 (−p + ip ) c
(p − ip )
   
3 (E+mc2 ) 3
−p
   
C  +2p  2C 1 2

 
= √   = −√ E + mc   (1.21)
2
 0

 2c 
 0


   
2 (−E/c − mc) 1

We difine  
0
χ(2) =  ⇒ (1.22)
1
    
3 1 2 1 2
p p − ip 0 p − ip
(~σ · p~) χ(2) =   =  (1.23)
1 2 3 3
p + ip −p 1 −p
Therefore  
c (2)
r
(2) (E+mc2 )
(~σ · p~) χ (E + mc2 )
vD = −N  , N = (1.24)
χ(2) mc2

9
Capı́tulo 2

Question 2. Temporal dependence in

the Dirac’s theory

The chiral representation of the Dirac’s matrices is used in this exercise

2.1 Item (a)

We introduce five Dirac’s matrices to following: γ 5 = iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 . Show that

 
−12 0
γ5 =   (2.1)
0 12

Answer
In the chiral representarion, we have
   
i
0 12 0 σ
γ0 =   , γi =   (2.2)
i
12 0 −σ 0

10
 Of this way

γ 5 = iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3
    
1 2 3
0 12 0 σ 0 σ 0 σ
= i    
12 0 −σ 1 0 −σ 2 0 −σ 3 0
  
−σ 1 0 −σ 2 σ 3 0
= i  
1 2 3
0 σ 0 −σ σ
 
σ1σ2σ3 0
= i  
1 2 3
0 −σ σ σ

1  2 3   2 3

σ2σ3 = σ ,σ + σ ,σ (2.3)
2 
1  231 1
= 2iε σ + 2η 23 12 
2 | {z }
0
1
= iσ (2.4)

Therefore
 
σ 1 (iσ 1 ) 0
γ5 = i  
1 1
0 −σ (iσ )
   
−σ 1 σ 1 0 −12 0
=  =  (2.5)
0 σ1σ1 0 12

In last class we have derived the spin operator in the representation (1/2, 0) ⊕ (0, 1/2). Its
components are  
i
} σ 0
Si = , (2.6)
2 0 σ i

with the Pauli’s matrices σ i . Demonstrate explicitily that

} 5 0 i
Si = γ γ γ (2.7)
2

Answer

11
 From the last answer, we have
   
i
−12 0 0 12 0 σ
γ 5γ 0γ i =    
0 12 12 0 −σ i 0
  
i
0 −12 0 σ
=   
i
12 0 −σ 0
 
σi 0
=   (2.8)
i
0 σ

Replacing (2.8) in (2.6), we obtain

 
i
} σ 0
 = } γ 5γ 0γ i
Si = (2.9)
2 0 σi 2

As we desired!

2.2 Item (b)

Justify from the Dirac’s equation that the Hamiltonian for the Dirac’s theory is given by

HD = cγ 0 γ i pi + mc2 γ 0 (2.10)

Answer
From Dirac’s equation, we have

(pµ γ µ − mc14 ) ψ = 0

p0 γ 0 + pi γ i − mc14 ψ = 0

p0 + pi γ 0 γ i − mcγ 0 ψ = 0

cγ 0 γ i pi + mc2 γ 0 ψ


i}∂t ψ =

≡ HD ψ

Therefore
HD = cγ 0 γ i pi + mc2 γ 0 (2.11)

12
2.3 Item (c)

Using the Heisenberg’s equation

dO i ∂O
= [HD , O] + (2.12)
dt } ∂t

for an observable O, show that

dpi
14 = O4 (2.13)
dt

dxi
14 = cγ 0 γ i (2.14)
dt

dS i
= −cεijk γ 0 γ j pk (2.15)
dt
with the O4 matrix in four dimensions.
Answer

For pi , we have

dpi i  ∂pi
= HD , pi +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , pi

=
}
i 0 j j
cγ γ p + mc2 γ 0 , pi 14

=
}
i  0 j j i  i i 2 0 
= cγ γ p , p 14 + p mc γ , 14
} } | {z }
0
i 0 j j i 
= cγ γ p , p 14 (2.16)
}

Using the identity

[AB, C] = A [B, C] + [A, C] B (2.17)

we have

dpi icpj pi 0  j  icpj pi  0  j

= γ γ , 14 + γ , 14 γ
dt } }
= 04

13
 For xi , we have

dxi i  ∂xi
= HD , xi +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , xi

=
}
i 0 j j
cγ γ p + mc2 γ 0 , xi 14

=
}
i  0 j j i  i i 2 0 
= cγ γ p , x 14 + x mc γ , 14
} } | {z }
0
i 0 j j i 
= cγ γ p , x 14
}

Using the identity

[AB, C] = A [B, C] + [A, C] B (2.18)

we have

dxi i  0 j j
i 
= cγ γ p , x 14
dt }
i 0  j j
i  i  0 i  j j

= cγ γ p , x 14 + cγ , x 14 γ p
} } | {z }
=0
i 0 j  j i  i 0 j i  j
= cγ γ p , x 14 + cγ γ , x 14 p
} } | {z }
=0
i 0 j  j i
= cγ γ p , x
}
 i j
x , p = i}δ ij
dxi i
= − cγ 0 γ j i}δ ij = cγ 0 γ i


(2.19)
dt }

14
For S i , we have

dS i i  ∂S i
= HD , S i +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , S i

=
} 
i 0 j j 2 0 } 5 0 i
= cγ γ p + mc γ , γ γ γ
} 2
ic  0 j j 5 0 i  imc2  0 5 0 i 
= γ γ p ,γ γ γ + γ ,γ γ γ
2 2
ic  0 j j  imc2  0
γ γ p , iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 0 γ i + γ , iγ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 0 γ i



=
2 2
2 
c mc
= − γ 0 γ j pj , γ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ 0 γ i − γ 0, γ0γ 1γ 2γ 3γ 0γ i
  
2 2
c  0 j j 1 2 3 0 0 i  mc2  0 1 2 3 0 0 i 
= γ γ p ,γ γ γ γ γ γ + γ ,γ γ γ γ γ γ
2 2
cpj  0 j 1 2 3 i  mc2  0 1 2 3 i 
= γ γ ,γ γ γ γ + γ ,γ γ γ γ
2 2
c 0 j  j 1 2 3 i 1  0 1 2 3 i
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ + γ , γ γ γ γ cpj γ j + mc2 14


= (2.20)
2 2

[AB, C] = A [B, C] + [A, C] B

[AB, C] = A {B, C} − {A, C} B

For the fisrt term of (2.20), we have

c 0 j  j 1 2 3 i c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ i , γ j



γ p γ ,γ γ γ γ
2 2
c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2

 3 i
j   1 2
j  3 i


γ γ ,γ + γ γ ,γ γ γ
2
c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 γ i , γ j − γ 3 , γ j γ i

 

2
c
− γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 , γ j − γ 1 , γ j γ 2 γ 3 γ i
 


2
c
= − γ 0 pj γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 2η ij − 2η 3j γ i



2
c
− γ 0 pj γ 1 2η 2j − 2η 1j γ 2 γ 3 γ i



2
= cpi γ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 − cp3 γ 0 γ 1 γ 2 γ i + cγ 0 p2 γ 1 γ 3 γ i − cγ 0 p1 γ 2 γ 3 γ i

15
 For i = 1
c 0 j  j 1 2 3 1
γ p γ ,γ γ γ γ = cp3 γ 0 γ 2 γ 1 γ 1 + cγ 0 p2 γ 1 γ 3 γ 1
2
= −cp3 γ 0 γ 2 + cγ 0 p2 γ 3 = cγ 0 p2 γ 3 − p3 γ 2 = −cγ 0 ε1jk γ j pk (2.21)

For i = 2
c 0 j  j 1 2 3 2
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ = cp3 γ 0 γ 1 − cγ 0 p1 γ 3 = −cγ 0 p1 γ 3 − cp3 γ 1 = −cγ 0 ε2jk γ j pk


(2.22)
2
For i = 3
c 0 j  j 1 2 3 3
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ = cp1 γ 0 γ 2 − cγ 0 p2 γ 1 = cγ 0 p1 γ 2 − cp2 γ 1 = −cγ 0 ε3jk γ j pk


(2.23)
2
Therefore, we conclude that
c 0 j  j 1 2 3 i
γ p γ , γ γ γ γ = −cγ 0 εijk γ j pk (2.24)
2
With second term of (2.20) must vanish. Let’s prove it:
 0 1 2 3 i
= − γ 1γ 2 γ 3γ i , γ0 = γ 1γ 2



 3 i
0  1 2
0 3 i

γ ,γ γ γ γ γ γ ,γ + γ γ ,γ γ γ

= γ 1γ 2 γ 3 γ i, γ0 − γ 3, γ0 γ i
 

+ γ 1 γ 2, γ0 − γ 1, γ0 γ 2 γ 3γ i
 

= γ 1 γ 2 γ 3 2η i0 − 2η 30 γ i + γ 1 2η 20 − 2η 10 γ 2 γ 3 γ i

= 0 (2.25)

So, from (2.20) , (2.24) and (2.25), we have

dS i
= −cγ 0 εijk γ j pk (2.26)
dt

2.4 Item (d)

Determine the temporal derivative of the ordinary angular momentum Li 14 = εijk xj pk 14

and show that the operator of the interger angular momentum J~ = L1
~ 4+S
~ is conserved. Show

yet that the helicity operator

S i pi
P
i
h=
|~p|

16
is constant for a free particle.
Answer
dLi dxj k k
 
j dp
14 = εijk p +x 14
dt dt dt
 j k

ijk dx k j dp
= ε p +x 14
dt dt
= εijk cγ 0 γ j pk (2.27)

On other way:

dLi i  ∂Li
= HD , Li +
dt } ∂t
i
HD , εijk xj pk 14

=
}
i
HD , εijk xj pk 14

=
}
i ijk  0 m m
cγ γ p + mc2 γ 0 , xj pk 14

= ε
}
i ijk  0 m m j k  i
cγ γ p , x p 14 + mc2 εijk xj pk γ 0 , 14
 
= ε
} } | {z }
=0
ic ijk  0 m m
γ (γ p ) , xj pk 14

= ε
}  
ic ijk  0
γ γ m pm , xj pk 14 + γ 0 , 14 xj pk (γ m pm )
   
= ε
} | {z }
=0
 
ic ijk 0  m  m j k 
= ε γ γ p , x p 14 + [γ m , 14 ]xj pk pm 
} | {z }
=0

ic ijk 0 m  m j k 
= ε γ γ p ,x p
}  
ic
= − εijk γ 0 γ m xj pk , pm + xj , pm pk 
   
} | {z }
=0
ic
= − εijk γ 0 γ m i}δ jm pk


}
ijk 0 j k
= cε γ γ p ⇒
dLi
= cεijk γ 0 γ j pk (2.28)
dt
17
 d ~
Calculus of dt
J

d i d i d
J = L + Si
dt dt dt
= cε γ γ p − cεijk γ 0 γ j pk
ijk 0 j k

= 0⇒

J~ = cte

d
Calculus of dt
h

S i pi 1 X dS i i i
P  
d i i dp
h = = p +S
dt |~p| |~p| i dt dt
1 X dS i i
= p
|~p| i dt
cγ 0 γ j X ijk k i
= − ε p p
|~p| i
= 0⇒

h = cte (2.29)

2.5 Item (e)

Answer

The minimal coupling is given by

pµ → pµ − qAµ

(pµ γ µ − mc14 ) ψ = 0 ⇒

18
 [(pµ − qAµ ) γ µ − mc14 ] ψ = 0

(p0 − qA0 ) γ 0 + (pi − qAi ) γ i − mc14 ψ

 
= 0

(p0 − qA0 ) γ 0 − pi − qAi γ i − mc14 ψ



= 0
 
i} 0 0 0
 i
p − qAi γ i + mc14 ψ


γ ∂t − qA γ ψ =
c
 
i} 0
pi − qAi γ 0 γ i + mcγ 0 ψ


∂t − qA ψ =
c
= c pi − qAi γ 0 γ i + mc2 γ 0 + cqA0 14 ψ


i}∂t ψ

π i = pi − qAi

 0 i i
cγ γ π + mc2 γ 0 + qφ14 ψ

i}∂t ψ =

≡ H̃D ψ

H̃D = cγ 0 γ i π i + mc2 γ 0 + qφ14

 
(2.30)

Calculus of [π µ , π ν ]

π µ = pµ − qAµ

19
 [π µ , π ν ] ψ = [pµ − qAµ , pν − qAν ] ψ

= [pµ − qAµ , pν ] ψ

− [pµ − qAµ , qAν ] ψ

= [pµ , pν ]ψ − [qAµ , pν ] ψ
| {z }
=0
− [pµ , qAν ] ψ + [qAµ , qAν ]ψ
| {z }
=0
= −q (A p − p A ) ψ − q (pµ Aν − Aν pµ ) ψ
µ ν ν µ

= −q (Aµ pν ψ − pν (Aµ ψ)) − q (pµ (Aν ψ) − Aν pµ ψ)

 
= −q Aµ (pν ψ) − (pν Aµ ) ψ − Aµ (pν ψ)
 
µ ν ν µ ν µ
−q (p A ) ψ + A (p ψ) − A (p ψ)
| {z } | {z }
= q [pν Aµ − pµ Aν ] ψ

= i}q [∂ ν Aµ − ∂ µ Aν ] ψ

= −i}q [∂ µ Aν − ∂ ν Aµ ] ψ = −i}qF µν ψ ⇒

[π µ , π ν ] = −i}qF µν

d i
Calculus of dt
π

d i ih i ∂
π 14 = H̃D , π + π i 14
i
dt } ∂t
ih i ∂
= H̃D , π i + π i 14
} ∂t
i 0 j j  ∂
= cγ γ π + mc2 γ 0 + cqA0 14 , π i + π i 14
} ∂t
i  0 j j i i  2 0  i
= cγ γ π , π + mc γ , 14 π
} } | {z }
=0
icq   ∂
+ 14 A0 , π i + π i 14
} ∂t
i 0 j  j i
= cγ γ π , π
}  
icq 1 0 ∂
p − π , π + π i 14
0

i
+ 14
} q ∂t

20
 i 0 j  j i  ic  0 i 
= cγ γ π , π − 14 π , π
} }
ic  0 i  ∂ i
+ 14 p , π + π 14
} ∂t

 0 i
p , π ψ = p0 π i ψ − π i p0 ψ

= p0 π i ψ + π i p 0 ψ − π i p0 ψ

= p0 π i ψ ⇒

 0 i i} ∂π i
p , π = p0 π i =
c ∂t

d i i 0 j  j i  ic  0 i 
π 14 = cγ γ π , π − 14 π , π
dt } }
i
ic i} ∂π ∂
+ 14 + π i 14
| } c ∂t {z ∂t }
=0

 j i
π , π = − π i , π j = − −i}qF ij = i}qF ij
 

F ij = −εijk B k ⇒

 j i
π , π = −i}qεijk B k

 0 i Ei
π , π = −i}qF 0i = i}q ⇒
c
Where
Ei
F 0i = − ⇒
c
21
Finally

Ei
 
d i ic i
+ cγ 0 γ j −i}qεijk B k


π 14 = − 14 i}q
dt } c }
i ijk 0 j k


= q E 14 + cε γ γ B (2.31)

22
Capı́tulo 3

Question 3. Stationary pertubation of

hydrogen atom

In this exercise, you are going to find integrals of the way

Z ∞
α
Im,σ = d% exp (−%) %α+σ [Lαm (%)]2 (3.1)
0

with the associated Laguerre’s polynomial Lαm (%) . Important: Note that these polynomios
are defined of a different way that in the mathematical literature.

3.1 Item (a)

Using the results of this integrals

   
3 σ
(m!) σ! X σ m+k m−α+k
α
Im,σ≥0 = (−1)σ (−1)k      (3.2)
(m − α)! k=0 k σ σ
  −1  
3 s
(m!) X s α+s−k m−α+k
α
Im,σ≤−1 = (−1)s−k      (3.3)
(m − α)! (s + 1)! k=0 k s+1 s

23
with s = − (σ + 1), show that for the hydrogen atom
  Z ∞
1 1
= drrRnl (r)2 = (3.4)
r a0 n2
  Z0 ∞
1 1
2
= drRnl (r)2 = 2 3 (3.5)
r 0 a0 n (l + 1/2)

Answer

We know thatwhere
s 3
2 (n − l − 1)!
Rnl (r) = exp (−ρ) (2ρ)l L2l+1
n+l (2ρ) (3.6)
na 2n [(n + l)!]3

r
ρ= (3.7)
an
From (3.4) and (3.6),

  Z ∞
1
= drrRnl (r)2
r 0
Z ∞  3
2 (n − l − 1)! 2l  2l+1 2
= drr 3 exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) Ln+l (2ρ)
0 na 2n [(n + l)!]
Z ∞    3
2 r r 2 (n − l − 1)! 2l  2l+1 2
= (an) d 3 exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) Ln+l (2ρ)
0 an an na 2n [(n + l)!]
3
(an)2 2 (n − l − 1)! ∞
  Z
2
dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)2l+1 L2l+1

= 3 n+l (2ρ)
2 na 2n [(n + l)!] 0
2 (n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
2l+1  2l+1 2
= dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
n2 a [(n + l)!]3 0
Z ∞
1 (n − l − 1)! 2
d (2ρ) exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)2l+1 L2l+1

= 2 3 n+l (2ρ)
n a [(n + l)!] 0

Defining

% = 2ρ

We find

24
 1 (n − l − 1)! ∞
  Z
1 2
d% exp (−%) %2l+1 L2l+1

= 2 3 n+l (2ρ)
r n a [(n + l)!] 0

α = 2l + 1

2l = α − 1

m = n+l

1 (n − l − 1)! ∞
  Z
1
= 2 d% exp (−%) %α−0 (Lαm (%))2
r n a [(n + l)!]3 0

It follows that

σ=0

Therefore, using (3.2)

   
3 σ
σ m+k m−α+k
 
1 1 (n − l − 1)! σ (m!) σ!
X
= 2 3 (−1) (−1)k     
r n a [(n + l)!] (m − α)! k=0 k σ σ
   
3 0
1 (n − l − 1)! 0 (m!) 0!
X 0 m+k m−α+k
= 2 3 (−1) (−1)k     
n a [(n + l)!] (m − α)! k=0 k 0 0
| {z }
=1
3
1 (n − l − 1)! [(n + l)!] 1 (n − l − 1)! [(n + l)!]3
= = ⇒
n2 a [(n + l)!]3 (n + l − 2l − 1)! n2 a [(n + l)!]3 (n − l − 1)!
 
1 1
= 2
r na
From (3.5) and (3.6),

25
   Z ∞
1
= drRnl (r)2
r2 0
Z ∞  3
2 (n − l − 1)! 2l  2l+1 2
= dr exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
0 na 2n [(n + l)!]3
Z ∞   3
r  2 (n − l − 1)! 2l  2l+1 2
= (an) d 2 exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
0 an na 2n [(n + l)!]3
 3
(n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
(an) 2 2l  2l+1 2
= dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
 2
(n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
2 2l  2l+1 2
= d (2ρ) exp (−2ρ) (2ρ) L n+l (2ρ)
na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0

α = 2l + 1

2l = α − 1

m = n+l
   2
(n − l − 1)! ∞
Z
1 2
= d (2ρ) exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)α−1 [Lαm (2ρ)]2 ⇒
r2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
σ = −1 ⇒

s = − (σ + 1) = 0

Therefore, using (3.3)

   2 ∞
(n − l − 1)!
Z
1 2
= dρ exp (−2ρ) (2ρ)α−1 [Lαm (2ρ)]2
r2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 0
  −1  
2 3 s
s α+s−k m−α+k

2 (n − l − 1)! (m!) X
= 3 (−1)s−k     
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (s + 1)! k=0 k s+1 s
  −1  
2 3 0
0 α+0−k m−α+k

2 (n − l − 1)! (m!) X
= 3 (−1)0−k     
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (0 + 1)! k=0 k 0+1 0
| {z }
=1
  −1
2 3 0
0 α+0−k

2 (n − l − 1)! (m!) X
= 3 (−1)0−k   
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (0 + 1)! k=0 k 0+1
  −1
2 3
0 α+0−0

2 (n − l − 1)! (m!)
= 3
  
na 2n [(n + l)!] (m − α)! (0 + 1)! 0 0+1
| {z }
=1

26
  −1
−1
α

α! 1
  = =
1 1! (α − 1)! α

2
(n − l − 1)! (m!)3 1
  
1 2
=
r2 na 2n [(n + l)!]3 (m − α)! α
2
[(n + l)!]3

2 (n − l − 1)! 1
= 3
na 2n [(n + l)!] (n + l − (2l + 1))! (2l + 1)
2
(n − l − 1)! [(n + l)!]3

2 1
= 3
na2n [(n + l)!] (n − l − 1)! (2l + 1)
4 2 1
= 2 3
= 2 3 = 2 3
2a n (2l + 1) a n (2l + 1) a n (l + 1/2)

3.2 Item (b)

3.2.1 Caso 1:

 ∧ 4
p~ 2
e2

1
gVrel =− 3 2 =− H0 +
8m c 2mc2 4πε0 r

φ (~r) = φnlml (~r) φm

s
s

= Rnl (r) Ylml (θ, φ) φm

s
s

H0 φ (~r) = En(0) φ (~r)

φ† (~r) H0† = En(0) φ† (~r)

φ† (~r) H0 = En(0) φ† (~r)

27
 Z
(0)
hgVrel i = dV φ† (~r) (gVrel ) φ (~r)
2
e2 1
Z 
1 †
= − dV φ (~r) H0 + φ (~r)
2mc2 4πε0 r
Z  2 2 2
 !
1 e 1 e 1 1
= − dV φ† (~r) H02 + + H0 + H0 φ (~r)
2mc2 4πε0 r2 4πε0 r r
 2 2 !
Z 2
1 2 e 1 e 1
dV φ† (~r) En(0) + E (0)


= − + φ (~r)
2mc2 4πε0 r2 2πε0 n r
"  2 2 Z #
2 Z
1 2 e 1 e 1
En(0) + dV 2 φ† (~r) φ (~r) + E (0) dV φ† (~r) φ (~r)


= −
2mc2 4πε0 r 2πε0 n r
"  2 2  (0)  (0) #
1 (0) 2

e 1 e2 (0) 1
= − En + + E
2mc2 4πε0 r2 2πε0 n r

Definitions

1 α2
En(0) = − mc2 2
2 n

4πε0 }2
a=
me2

α2 2 }2
mc =
2 2ma

}2 e2 1
α2 = =
m2 c2 a 4πε0 mc2

Therefore

" 2 #
e2 e2 (0) 1

1 (0) 2 1
hgVrel i(0)


= − En + + E
2mc2 4πε0 a2 n3 (l + 1/2) 2πε0 n an2
"  2   2 2 #
1 2 e 1 e 1
En(0) + 4 E (0) +


= −
2mc2 8πε0 an2 n 4πε0 a2 n3 (l + 1/2)

28
 we have

e2 1
En(0) = −
8πε0 an2

2
e2

2

2
2an En(0) =
4πε0
So

 
(0) 1 (0) 2

(0) 2

2 (0) 2

1
hgVrel i = − En − 4 En + 2an En
2mc2 a2 n3 (l + 1/2)
 
1 (0) 2

(0) 2

(0) 2

4n
= − En − 4 En + En
2mc2 (l + 1/2)
 2  2
(0) (0)
En 
4n
 En 
4n

= − 1−4+ =− −3
2mc2 (l + 1/2) 2mc2 l + 1/2

We have yet

1 α2
En(0) = − mc2 2
2 n

2
 
(0) α 1 3
hgVrel i = En(0) −
n l + 1/2 4n

3.2.2 Caso 2:

e2 }2 (3) πα}3 (3)

gVDarwin = δ (~
r ) = δ (~r)
8ε0 m2 c2 2m2 c

29
 Z
(0)
hgVDarwin i = dV φ† (~r) (gVDarwin ) φ (~r)
Z ∞ Z  
= drr 2
dΩ Rnl [Ylml ]† (φm s
s †
) (gVDarwin ) (Rnl Ylml φm s )
s

Z0 ∞ Z  
= drr 2
dΩ Rnl [Ylml ]† (gVDarwin ) (Rnl Ylml ) (φm s †
s ) φs
ms
0 | {z }
=1
Z ∞ Z  
ml †
= drr 2
dΩ Rnl [Yl ] (gVDarwin ) (Rnl Ylml )
0
Z ∞
e2 }2
Z  
ml †
= drr 2
dΩ R nl [Y l ] δ (3) (~r) (Rnl Ylml )
8ε0 m2 c2 0
1
δ (3) (~r) = δ (r)
4πr2
Z ∞
e2 }2
Z
hgVDarwin i(0)
= drRnl δ (r) dΩ [Ylml ]† Ylml
2
32πε0 m2 c2 0
e2 }2
= R2 (0)
32πε0 m2 c2 nl
s 
3
2 (n − l − 1)!
Rnl (0) = exp (−0) (2 · 0)l L2l+1 n+l (0)
na 2n [(n + l)!]3
r
ρ=
an
If l 6= 0 ⇒
Rnl (0) = 0 ⇒ hgVDarwin i(0) = 0

If l = 0 ⇒ s 3
2 (n − 1)! 1
Rnl (0) = Ln (0)
na 2n (n!)3
But, we know that
 
m−α k
m
 (−%) ⇒
X
Lαm (%) = (−1)α m! 
k=0 α+k k!
 
n−1 k
n
 (−0)
X
L1n (0) = (−1)1 n! 
k=0 1+k k!
 
n (−0)0
= −n!  
1+0 0!

n! (n!)2
= −n! =− ⇒
(n − 1)! (n − 1)!

30
  3
2 2 (n − 1)! 1
2
Rnl (0) = 3 Ln (0)
na 2n (n!)
3 !2
(n!)2

2 (n − 1)!
=
na 2n (n!)3
(n − 1)!
 3  3
2 1 n! 1
= =4
na 2n (n − 1)! na

Therefore

e2 }2
hgVDarwin i(0) = 2 2
2
Rnl (0)
32πε0 m c
 3
e2 }2 1
= 2 2
4
32πε0 m c na
3
e2 }2

1
= ⇒
8πε0 m2 c2 na

e2 1
E0 = −
8πε0 an2

 3
(0) e2 2 1
hgVDarwin i = 2 2
} δl0
8πε0 m c na
}2 1 1
= − 2 2 2 E0 δl0
mc a n

}2 e2 1
α2 = =
m2 c2 a2 4πε0 mc2

3
e2

(0) 1
hgVDarwin i = }2 δl0
8πε0 m2 c2 na
α2
= −E0 δl0
n

31