Works Cited

Auhagen, Ann Elisabeth, and Franziska Holub. "Ultimate, Provisional, and Personal

Meaning of Life: Differences and Common Ground." Psychological reports 99.1

(2006): 131-46. Print.

This article expands upon Frankl’s logotherapy. It provides specific meanings of life
and categorizes them. These categories are ultimate, provisional, and personal.
Provisional and personal provided similar meanings for test subjects while ultimate
varied much more. Other concepts of life were studied as well. Applications in
clinical psychology are suggested. This article will work well because it provides
further support for logotherapy as a science. It gives categories for different
meanings of life, providing for a way to look at them more easily. It shows Frankl’s
contribution as there is continuing work in the field he started.

Frankl, Viktor Emil. The Doctor and the Soul : From Psychotherapy to Logotherapy. 3,

expanded, with a new preface, an updated bibliography and an added chapter written

in English by the author ed. New York: Vintage Books, 1986. Print.

This book gives Frankl’s perspective as a humanist. Argues that Freud and Adler’s
respective “will to pleasure” and “will to power” arguments are of “depth”
psychology and should be complimented by the “height” psychology of logotherapy,
or “a will to meaning”. Frankl argues that psychotherapy looks at the past and while
the past is important in therapy, the future must also be looked at to truly help a
patient. Similarly to Man’s Search for Meaning, Frankl recounts some of his
experiences in concentration camps. He also provides some of the techniques he
used to help other prisoners. Frankl also provides evidence against Freud’s argument
about basic needs. By mentioning the prisoners who gave away their food to be
happy. Frankl discusses self actualization, and how many people’s regrets on their
death bed come from not achieving it. This book provides a deeper look into
logotherapy and its merits than Man’s Search for Meaning. It provides for Frankl’s
perspective in a slightly different view. The Doctor and the Soul : From
Psychotherapy to Logotherapy gives an excellent basis for understanding
logotherapy.

Gould, William Blair. Viktor E. Frankl : Life with Meaning. Pacific Grove, Calif.:

Brooks/Cole Pub., 1993. Print.

 Gould compares Frankl’s approach to psychology to other great thinkers throughout
history. Analyzes the connections between great thinkers in psychology and
philosophy, specifically existentialism, and Frankl. Each section focuses on a
different thinker or school of thought. Gould first focuses on Freud, having a similar
effect to Frankl’s own The Doctor and the Soul : From Psychotherapy to
Logotherapy. Gould then moves to other thinkers such as Kant and James,
philosophers. Then, rather than comparing Frankl and people, he compares Frankl’s
ideas with existentialism. Following existentialism, Frankl’s influence in humanistic
psychology is discussed. This book works perfectly, it discusses Frankl’s influence
in philosophy and psychology. It also puts Frankl with some of the great thinkers in
both fields. Gould also shows how Frankl’s work can fit in to modern life.

Melton, Amanda M. A., and Stefan E. Schulenberg. "On the Measurement of Meaning:

Logotherapy's Empirical Contributions to Humanistic Psychology." Humanistic

Psychologist 36.1 (2008): 31-44. Print.

This article talks about different attempts to empirically measure the meanings in
life. The article discusses different tests designed to measure meanings of life. It
also discusses the opposition such attempts have garnered. The article provides and
overview of the five major tests in logotherapy, the PIL, LPQ, SONG, MIST, and
LAP-R. Melton and Schulenberg discuss the benefits and problems with each test,
and their importance and usefulness in humanistic psychology. The article
summarizes attempts to scientifically observe meanings in life. The article is useful
as an overview of different approaches spawned by the introduction of logotherapy.
This article helps establish logotherapy as a valuable and respected field. This
article can also be useful as it reveals some of the opposition logotherapy has.

Tryon, Warren W., and Alan B. Radzin. "Purpose-in-Life as a Function of Ego Resiliency,

Dogmatism and Biographical Variables." Journal of Clinical Psychology 28.4 28.4

(1972): 544-5. Print.

This article is about a study that used one of the tests from the above source (the
PIL). The study compared people’s Purpose in Life (PIL) scores with scores on an
ego-resiliency scale, and a dogmatism scale. A biographical survey was also filled
out by participants. The researchers found a strong positive correlation between PIL
scores and ego-resiliency. The researchers also found a significantly negative
 correlation between PIL scores and dogmatism. Significant positive correlations
between PIL scores and courting status and certainty in the future were also found.
These findings reinforce Frankl’s position. Scientific proof that supports Frankl’s
argument is very valuable for my paper. Many of the things that had a positive
correlation with PIL were talked about in Frankl’s discussion of his methods.

Thesis: Viktor Frankl made a major contribution in helping people cope with death, pain,
and suffering through the introduction of logotherapy and an argument for the value
of a search for meaning.