Abstract— Shallow water demultiple is applied in almost every The challenges of using the muting method as geophysical
shallow marine environment for removing the existence of delayed knowledge is different type will have various impact towards
signal in parallel to the primary signal. In conventional method, the seismic sections. As an example, in the output data after top
multiples are eliminated because it was considered as disturbance mute has been applied successfully some parts of the signal was
which contains unwanted information. Thus, to cope with this
short-period multiple which cause inaccurate display for the
removed even though it carried the significant information. It
seismic traces, SWD step is necessary to be carried out during the happened due to sparse picking of the top mute polygons on the
data processing. Different approach is conducted by using various shot gathers. Next, the shallow water demultiple (SWD) is
parameters during this step. The pattern of the multiple models another alternative aside of surface-related multiple elimination
with respect to different variables are compared and observed to (SRME) for cleaning the primary from any multiples. Where
obtain the most accurate model for primary signal. Results of SWD advanced than the conventional SRME when dealing
testing to the multiples model by using different pattern leads to with shallow water environment. That is the factor of why SWD
better options in choosing the right and precise subsurface was applied together with SRME due to its functionality. Thus,
reflector. The final primary model being generated after the SWD mute process can be applied in SWD to further understand its
gives better display for interpretation purposes. Therefore, it can
be concluded that the subsurface model is crucial to be generated
effects to the multiples model and final output. Therefore, in
from a correct multiples model as it will impact the seismic section. this project, the problem encountered was studied to achieve the
Inaccurate multiples model can affect the outcome and produce a best output after muting application without causing any defects
bad interpretation. towards the processing result. Different pattern of muting is run
to the single study area and the effects is discussed. Multiples
Keywords- Shallow water demultiple, multiple model, primary model for Shallow-Water Demultiple (SWD) generated will be
signal. observed and compared in getting the right primary signal.
INTRODUCTION 1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
1.1 BACKGROUND The acquired raw seismic data which is use for processing
exists in a very complex shape and carries vital information of
Muting is the process where removal of certain unwanted the subsurface. In the seismic section, the signal includes the
signal and noise was done. It also can be described as to discard important amplitudes and unwanted noise. Method for
the contribution of selected seismic traces in a stack to eliminating the undesired noises as well as the direct arrival is
minimize any disturbances such as air waves, ground roll and termed as noise elimination and demultiple. The main idea of
other early-arriving noise. Some example of common or typical this project is about the testing of using mute process in seismic
targets for muting are low-frequency traces and long-offset data processing for shallow water multiples. Shorter range of
traces. In seismic data processing, muting is one of the steps depth between geophones and seabed in the shallow water
because of its function which is to erase unnecessary environments will create multiples in the seismic data which
information and keep only the priority. Muting is applied was known as the shallow water multiples. By applying muting
according to its pattern like the top mute which is done at the in the processing step will produced different output. The
early phase for eliminates the direct arrival signal. There are generated multiples model will be used in subtraction step
many type of muting that was widely used in processing such between the input and output to get result.
as the surgical mute, horizon mute and NMO stretch mute.
The things that need to be aware and handled cautiously is seismic processing, method of shallow water demultiple
different muting pattern to the workflow will produce a (SWD) was built to solve the issues of waterbottom in shallow
different multiples model. Meaning is by applying muting water domain.
before or after generating the multiple model will lead to Besides, SWD technique uses multiples model which exists
different outcome. Therefore, this project which focused on the in the data section generated from the primary’s waterbottom.
multiples model for shallow water environment aims to Reflection of the waterbottom is defined and use as reference
determine the most accurate multiple model that will produce to create the multiple model. High order multiples that occurs
primary signal after the subtraction process. together with the primary signal next were modelled to the best
that fits well in shape and size to the waterbottom. Then
1.3 OBJECTIVE subtraction of these multiples model from the input containing
both primary and multiples will produce a multiple-cleaned
The objective of this project is to remove the short output.
period multiple acquired in shallow water environment from the Effectiveness of eliminating multiples from the
seismic dataset. Besides, is to produce the most accurate contaminated data using SWD for shallow water environment
multiple model for subtraction step using shallow water was conveyed by observing the difference between input and
demultiple. This project also aims to develop and propose the output. SRME can be conducted but it will not remove the short
best testing patterns on shallow water demultiple. period multiples better than when SWD was applied. Having an
unclear reflection due to not well-defined waterbottom is a
1.4 SCOPE OF STUDY factor for processing to be defected and less enhanced.
Source Streamer
Number: 2 Number: 10 x 5100m 4.3 TESTING, PRODUCTION AND QUALITY
Depth: 5m ± 0.5m Depth: 6m ± 1m
CONTROL
Separation: 37.5m Separation: 75m
4.3.1 REFORMAT AND NAVIGATION
Interval: 18.75m Interval: 12.5m
MERGE
Table 2. Information on the instrument parameters. Raw data for this field is necessary to be reformat from
Recording Instrument Parameters the SEG-D into SEG-Y for processing purposes. After it was
Format SEG-D successfully upload into the server, then it will be accessible
Record Length 6.144 seconds @ 6144 milliseconds () through the processing software for all the conventional steps.
Sample Rate 2 milliseconds Reformat is important because we need to ensure the SEG-Y
Recording Delay 58 milliseconds format is use instead of the standard SEG-D format which is the
Recording Filter Low Cut: 4.6 Hz, slope of 6dB/octave common format for all raw data. Next, is to apply the navigation
High Cut: 206 Hz, slope of 276dB/octave
merging to correct the points of reflector with its actual
coordinated on the Earth surface. P190 is needed to be merged
4.2 MAP OF THE STUDY AREA with the raw data acquired from the survey. This two-different
4.2.1 BASE MAP type of information was then merged to get a proper data for
seismic processing using the software.
As been mentioned before, the field was in Penyu
Basin with two main production well managed to be developed. 4.3.2 STATIC CORRECTION
The offshore basin shares similar geological settings as the
adjacent basin which make the data processing much easier by Static correction is applied to correct the actual
having some references from other sources. From the figure position of the traces. Form the figure, the traces start to display
above, it shows information on managing the processed data to from time=0 after static correction was applied. If not, it may
be suited and reasonable with the regional geology. All the be being displayed in wrong position which can affects the next
workflow for this dataset of Batu Hitam is mainly acceptable steps.
for comparison with surrounding field.
From the amplitude spectrum graph, the blue line is The output for each testing was compared to get the
representing the receiver deghosting frequency whereas the red most enhanced result without partially or dominantly removing
line is for debubble process which is the previous step. Obvious the real signal from the data sections. Vast differences were
gap in frequency was showed where the receiver notch is determined between test -1 and -2 with the test -3 and -4. The
corrected after applying the receiver deghosting. main factor for this occurrence is the timing for applying the
mute to the processed data. However, when quality control was
4.3.9 ZERO PHASE done the water bottom being removed either at the input or at
the multiple model produce the display with minor difference
detected. No dominant difference was observed between these
four outputs from every testing pattern.
Figure 18. In input, trace at the water bottom was not clearly aligned.
Figure 19. After applying zero phasing, all the trace was aligned correctly at the water bottom.
time constraint one can do migration for all the four testing to
see the difference much better. The migration if it is to be done
must follow the same processing steps except for SWD part
which needs to use all four patterns that being developed in this
project. Next recommendation, the pre-stack migration using
Figure 21. Output for SWD Test 1. Figure 22. Output for SWD Test 2.
Kirchhoff was succeeding to run but having some defects most
probably due to faulty in the jobs’ command. However, as the
objectives was managed to be achieved, the migration section
shall carry less effect to this project. The migration could be
corrected in future by the next individual who wish to continue
exploring this interesting topic.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Figure 23. Output for SWD Test 3. Figure 24. Output for SWD Test 4.