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NOR.E. TO r:VLLY
RESPOND TD A CHANG£ IN LIGHT
lt-JTE.NSITY (THAT'.$ PRETTY SL.ow), TH£'1 HAY REQUIRE
N AN'i MIIVUTE..S TO R.E. TURN TO THEIR NORMAL DARK
RcS\STAN<:E WHEN LIG).JT IS REMOVED (THE McHOR.Y
~

EFFE.CI).
~

2. THE SE.HICONOUC.TOR MOST >- CADM I UM

1-
OFTE.N USE.D 11\l PI-\OTORE.S\STORS SULI=IDE
>
l S CADMIUM
~~
SULFIDE. ITS i= Pi-\ oro I<E S\STOI<.
SE.N SIT IV ITY TO LI6J..IT 1S VEJ<Y Vl
2
SIMILAR TO n-\/111 OF TI-\E. uJ
Vl
f.IUM AI\J E.YE ~ LE.AD
~~
SULFIDE.
300 4oo SoD
IS USE.O TO DE.TE<.T INFRA-
!(.E.D (OUT TO 3- MICf<.OME.TE.R.S). WAVE.LEN61J-l ( NM)

0 KINDS 0~ Pl-\OTORE.SISTOI<S- MANY .Dli=FERE.NT kiNDS

ARE: A VAllABl.E.. I~ H05T THE
L\GHT SENSITIVE SE..HICOf'JDUCTOR IS
COATE.D BE.TWEE.N INTEI<LE.AVE.D ELECTRoDES
TO INC.RE.ASE TI-\C. E.')(POSE.D SURFACE..
Po. PL. AS T IC. 0 R. GLf\ S $ WI IV DOW MAY
0{<. MAY NOT 13~ US E. D.

~~
0 PI-\OTOR.e SIS TOR S'IM80L.
S'IMISOl...S SI40WN
AR.E USED.
---
HOW PHOTO RES\ STORS ARE. USED
PI-\OTOR.E$1$101< S ARE.
11 11
USED IN Ll GHT C.ON- / POIE.NTIOHE.TE.R (TO ZEI<.0
TROLLE..D RE..LA'IS AND Tl-\E. C.UR..~E.IVT M£TE.R)
Ll GJ-!T H E.TE. R.S~ _

0 LIGHT ME.TER •
T~E.. AR!<.AI'JGE H~f\JT
S\-\OWN H-ERE INDlCATES
0"-> A. c.uRRC.f..JT NE.TEIZ
THE INTE.l\.ISITY OF CURRENT
Ll GHT ILl.U HINAT/~ G H~TE.IZ

A C.f\DM\UM SULFIDE
PJ-\OTORE.SI s TC> R.

71
 PN JUNCTION LIGHT_ DETECTORS
PN J"UNC TION J.. l6HT DE.TE.Ci OJ< S )'-
l--
~ORM Tt\E LARGEST FAMILY
>
OF Pl-\OTON I C. SEMICON OVC.TOR S. t-
HD~T ARE. MADE FlZOM 'S I L1 CON (/l
SILICON
-z
AND CAN DeTECT 80TH VISIBLE J..Ll
(/1
LlGHT AND N EAR - IN F R ~R E D •
'-leo
_ WAVELENGTH. (Nt-~~)
PHOTODlODE S _
f, ~:=:-~-===-€::>~ €:>1
ALl PN J"LJNCTIOi\J S ARE Ll GHT
Q ~
~

SE.t-.ISITIVE.. Pl-\010 DIODES ARE. Pt-L __ -- p 0

.JUNCTIONS SPECIFICALLY DE.S.\GNED H -- N

~R.
USE-D
LIGHT
IN
DET E..C.TIO N.
CAMERAS~ _ I~TR.U'SION
11-\E.'I A{<.E.
ALAR.HS 1
G~CY ~~ ::::e::9
L\ GHTWAVE. COMMUNlCATOI<.S, E.TC.. --

0 P~OTODIODE. OPERATION. PHOTOIV 1.

A PHOTON Wlt.l C.REATE A . 1-\0LE.- N

. E.LE.crRof\l
PAIR AT A PN
JUNCTION.A. CURRENT WIL.f,.. FLOW
IF THE. TWO SIDES OF TI-1E p
.JUNCTION AR.E. CONtvE.CTED. TWO ELECTRON
OPE.RAii~G MOD~S _ ARE POSSIBLE.:

i. Pt-\oToVDL TA~c OPER P..IION -:-- HE&E . THE PHOTO DiODE

BE.C.OHE.S A CUI<..IZ.E.NT souRcE WHEN IT IS ILLUM (NATE D.

C.URR~T

F(.OW _
~ p

- -1
---
--.-- .
. 2..

_ _ THE.
~1-\0TOCONDUC.T\VE
OPER~TION.-
Pt\OTODIODE
1-\E.R.E.
IS
REVERSE- BIASED ~ A.

~r-
~~

Cu RRE"--T FLOWS WI-' E."-!

THE. PN .JUNC..ilON \5
\L:LUMINA TED. ( \NHE.N
p p DA~K ~ A TIN'Y CUR RENT
CALLED THE DARK
~

~TWill...
FLOW.)

.72
- ------.. - - - - - - - -----,--- - - - - - -- - - - - ---

0 kiNDS OF PI-\..OTODlODE S. WINO_OW

Sf-\OWI\1 1-\E.RE.. IS A TYPICJ.\1....
Pl-\OTO DIODE... M AN'Y OTI-\E. R
Cf\S E STYLE. S AR.E. ALSO U.S £0
( PLA 'ST I C. l-\OLJS\ N 6 , BUILT- IN METAL
LcNSE.S AND FtLTE.RS, E.:TC.) ... CP..I'J
Tl-\E. MOST ltvlPOR'LA.NT Dl S-
"TINCTION IS 1H~- SIZE 01=
Tt\E. 'S_El::1l.CO.N DU C. Tc.&_ _ C.l:::\LI?. - ~ CHI
S ~E C I 1\UZ..E.O CJ:\ ~- DESlG N S .A~o t>E.
MA'I 13E. USE.D TO GIVE I... E. AD
BETTER RE.SPO~SE. TI> _ CERTAIN
WAVE.LE.f\..l~TJ-\S OF LIGJ..{T.
f=Atv\DuS LEDs CAN
FACT:
SMALL AP.EA PI-\OTOD lODES. go··n·\ EMIT AND DE.IE.CT LIG)-11!

TI-\E.SE. . PHOTODIOD.E.S 1-\P..VE. VE.RY

~
F=A.ST
RE.SPoNSE iiME:.S WHEN USED IN THE
REVERSE.- glA$£0 PHOTOCONOUCTIVE MOO£.

Af<. E. A PI-\OTO DlO DE.$.

THOUGI-\ SLOWE.R. R£SPOt-J01NG T1-1AN S HALl..

ARE.A PI-\OTOD\oDE.S, TJ+E..IR. LARGE.. I+R..EA
PROVIDES 1-\-IGL:-1 SENSITIVITY.

0 Pf-\OTODlODE SYMBOL.
r30TI-\ SYMBOLS S~OWN
\-\E.RE AI<.E. USE.D.
p
A.NO DE.

HOW PHOTODIODES ARE USED

PI-\OTOOJODES ARE.
C.OMI'-IONl.Y USE.O TO f PO TEN T\0 f'-\E.TE..R
DE TEC.T FAST PULSES (TO CALIBRATE THE
or:: NE.AR lt-JFRARED _ MSTE.R)
(AS I"-- LIGHT WAV£
COHMUJJICATIO NS).

0 l\GJ-\T METE.I<..
Tf-\\S A~RAN Gf. HENT ~
PROVIDES A BASIC. Cu.RI?.ENT
PI-\OTOCO~ DIJC.T lVE. MODe ME. TEl<
Ll GHT METE!<. ITS
RE.SPONSE IS VERY LltJE.A~.

73
 J-\OTOTRANS \STORS
~ TRANSISTORS ARE. LtG~r
SENStnVE.. PHOTDTRAN SISTORS
~

AI2-E. SPEC lJ;lCAL'- Y D_E. SIGN fD

TAKE ADVANTAGE OF THIS
PRO PER'lY,. Ll GHT
FETs A~E AVAI~Af,(..£., N
BUT 11-tE MOST _ CQ}1H01J P80TO-
TRANSISTOR IS AN NPN :rutJCTICN
NSlSTOR w 1T11 A LARGE ,
5E.D BASE RE.610/\l. PHOTONS
~C,Sl.:C$)
&JTE.RlN G "T11E. BASE REPLACE "P-tE
~

6ASE.- EM lTTER
oRDINARY NPN
C.uRREN T or=
TRANS lST oR S. .z.c;;:>..:::-~ ~ N N
t
ELECT~OIJ.S

NOTE~~
TI\ E.RE.Fo RE. A PJ-\OTOTRANSISTOR
PIRE.<:.TLY AtjPLlFIE.S.. VARIATIONS
IN THE NUMB E.R.. DF Pl4oTON S. BASE ~EAD I5 OPTIONAL..

NPN PHOTOT.J<A~'SISTOR 0 PE.RATION- TWO TYPES OF

NPtJ PI-\OiOT~AN SISTORS ARE AVAILABLE.. ONE. IS AN ~PN
RAN.Sl'=>\OR fl.-S. SHOWN ABOVE. 1"1"\E OTHER INC~VOE S
A SECOND
~
NPN TRAr-lSlSTOR. TO Pi<OVIDE MORE AMf'LtF=I cAT 10 N.

NPN Pf-\OTOT~P..N S\ S TOR •

c
NO _
C.uRRE.NT
~

PI-\OTO DARllf\.1 GTO N

TRf\N $\.SIOR ..

BOTH 1:)'P£S 1'1A'f OR.

-h! or _Ji&E.. ..A ..BA!l..E.... LEAD. _ _ _ __
0 KINDS OF PI-\OTOTRAN 51 STO.RS ._ _ _ _ __
SHOWN 1-\E.RE.. IS A TYPICAL
LOW COST NPN Pl-\OTOTRA.N'S\STOR. CHIP
MAN)' OTt-\ E R CASE STYLES FLAT
ARE. A.L~ 0 USE.D ( H ET AL CAA S,
GLASS LE.IJSES, ~LAT Wi~DOWS, ----
ETc.). IMPORIANT:
~
THe BASE
LE.AD MAY OR MAY NOT BE
PRESENT. MAN'J PH.OTOTRANS\SL.OR ~
C.lR.C.UtTS Do NOT USc TJ:I E COLLECTOR. Et-11\ITE.R

~ASE
BA~E. CONN E. CTION. LE.AO LEI\ I>

- ~(\
= GlASS -
LEAD
( 0 PiiO 1-J ALJ
_ LENS __

TI-l ESE. ARE. TYPICAL PI-\OTOTRAN Sl STO]. $.

0 P~OTOTRANS IS TOR SYM~OLS.

~~~C _
-
B
~~ (
(oR)
B'X~~
- EC.

E -- E
-
NPN NPI\l (No BASE LEAO) PI-\OTO DARlll\.lGTONS

'HOW PHOTOTRANS\STORS ARE USED

PI-\OTOTRAN Sl S'TOR S ARE OFTE..N
USE.D TD DE IEC.T F!.UCTUAT JN G (AC)
~
PHOTODARLLN GTO N
ll GHT SIGNALS. THIS ARf<.AI'JGE.ME.NT TR,II.NSISTO~]
USES A STEAD 'Y ( DC)
~-- ....
LIGJ.iT TO ENER-<5/Z..E
rr========c=F~ - - -- --~~
A RcLA'f. THE DIODE.
PR.on:c:. TS "THE. I
TRANSISTOR
RELAY FR.OM VOLTAGE I
~ PRODVC.E. D IN
THE. RELAY C..OIL. I

LEADS

75
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OF U-\ EM AS Ll<ittJ:-:.AC.JLV-AI.E..D.. • ---····,._--~-----"'"
~~

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CDLUNN CTI-\E ELECTROI\JICS SCIENTIST'') \N COf'.II'UIERS c1: ELECT1l.ONIC$.

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1

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· - - - - _ ... _ M_f:>,GNEiiC FIELD, 13 u TTL. 1 q1., 1.11a-11'7
-- .ME.TE.R, B, '2.5 1 11"1 v UN\4\JNC:rtOI\\ 1 S/ 1 108-109
VOLTI\GE., 14, 4.S, l.o8
----
..-- - -
_ M\CRoQ.HONE:- 1 2'7
_ _M.QSfET, SLI-55, Sl.c, 101 .. _
-----· N·- M.\JI..TlME.TER, l'l
w VOLT A 6E REG U (A. TOR, 'IS, 1031 1~5
WfW.'f..(s), '2.2-13
----- ... .NOJ.SE., 1'2.-13 WIR€.. 1 2.LI
·------ -·-- NIJClE us, B WIRE. ..- wRAP, '11
 COMMON C\RCU\T SYMBOLS

W\R\NG · +v

1
+ (oR)

'\
UtJC:Ot-.lNE.C:TE.D
(OR)

I' + + COIJ t-J E.C TE. D

r
POSIT\VE
su PPL 'f
GROuND
--

SWITCHES: OU\PUT DEV\CES:

~

1f Q] 0
_j_
~o-- --() o-- ~

NORMALLY t..IORM~Ll'Y
SPST OPE.t-l CLOSED PIEZOELECTRIC
TOGGLE PUS~ BUTTON PllSI-\ SUlTON RE.LA'f SPEA.KE.R ~L)ZZER.

M\SCELLANE OUS:

-40~ +--11\r---:
MtTE.R MICROPI-\ONt LAMP CR'YSTAL g~TTER'Y POWE.R
PLUG

ABBREV\AT\0\\!S: RES\STOR COLOR CODE:

A= AMPERE R.,.. RES15 ri\NCE ~
F= FARAD V= VOLT I\;~
I= Cu RRE.NT W= WATT BlAC\< 0 0 )( 1
P = PowE.R S2.-= OHM BROWN 1 1 >( 10
RtD 2. 2.. )( 100
M (MEG-) '::: '~-
l,ooo,ooo 0\<A~GE 3 3 )(
1,000
\( ( " I L 0 - = ~ l, oo o 'fELLOW L.j Lf )(
10,000
WI ( M I Lll -) = ,0 0 1 GREE.N 5 5 )(
10 0,0 oo
f-1 (MICRO-)=. 000001 BLUE. ~ Ia )(
1,0 oo,o 0 0
Y\ (na.l'lo) = ·OOOOOOOOl VIOLET 7 ; >' 10,ooo,ooo
p (p'ac.o) =' ,OOOOOOOOOOCl GRA't' 8 B )t
10 o,o 0 o,o 0 0
W\-\ITE 9 q
0\-\M'S LAW:
FOUR.Tl-\ Bt>. ND INDICATES Ace URACY
(GOLD~± 5 o;o' SILVER= i 10% I

1-JO ~OURTI-\ B A~D -= t 20 °/o ,)

 COMMON C\RCU\T SYMBOLS
PASS\VE COMPONENTS:

FIX ED
!=IXED Cf>..Pf)..C.ITOR VARIABLe ~IXED V~R\ASLE TR.AN£1=oR.MER
CA.PAC liOR (POLARIZED) CA'i>AC.ITOR RESISTOR ReSISTOR

D)ODES AND T~"<R\STORS:

·~ '---t>1-e •-w ~1 -k:J- 6 -<>-

REc.T\1=-IER/ ZENER SCR. TR l A. C. TRIGGER ESR.IDGE
DIODE. DIODE. DIODE RECTI Fl E R.

TR!\NS\STORS:

~E~e~ ~
~PN PNP N- !F ET P- .JFET N-MO~FET
s

P-MOS~ET

PHOTON\C COMPONEN\S:

LED P~OTODIODE PI-IOTO- SOL.fl..R CELL P~OTO­

TRANSISIOR RESISTOR

LOG\C GATES:

NAND INVE~TER OR NOR EX-OR