Reviewer in FORENSIC MEDICINE:

Reviewer in FORENSIC MEDICINE By MELCON S. LAPINA, MSCrim

Q1 :
Q1 The scope of forensic medicine can be summed in two words. Absolute and complicated Broad and
encompassing Definite and wide-ranging Specific and delimiting answer 8/20/2012 2

Q2 :
Q2 It is the inner framework of the body. It gives form and rigidity to the body, and serves to protect many vital
organs. Digestive system Integumentary system Muscular system Skeletal system answer 8/20/2012 3

Q3 :
Q3 An effect of injury that takes place when the stimulus applied is insufficient to cause injury and the body
resistance is great. Apparent Real Immediate Delayed answer 8/20/2012 4

Q4 :
Q4 Under the physics of wound production, this factor explains why an M-16 will do more damage than .38 caliber
bullet. Area of Transfer Elasticity and plasticity of tissue Kinetic energy Time answer 8/20/2012 5

Q5 :
Q5 Sensation of heat or increase in temperature. Rubor Calor Dolor Loss of function answer 8/20/2012 6

Q6 :
Q6 Wound brought about by blunt instrument could be any of the following, EXCEPT Contusion Hematoma
Laceration Incision answer 8/20/2012 7

Q7 :
Q7 X, a doctor, wanted to kill his wife by poisoning. During dinner time, he put poison on the food of his wife.
Moments after, his wife suffered excruciating pain in the stomach. Seeing his wife in agony, he pitied his wife and
administered an antidote. Thus, his wife did not die. What is the crime committed by X? Frustrated parricide
Attempted parricide Serious physical injuries Murder answer 8/20/2012 8

Q8 :
Q8 answer 8/20/2012 9

Q9 :
Q9 answer 8/20/2012 10

Q1 :
Q1 The scope of forensic medicine can be summed in two words. Absolute and complicated Broad and
encompassing Definite and wide-ranging Specific and delimiting TOPIC: Medical Science in Crime Investigation
8/20/2012 11

Legal Medicine definition:

Legal Medicine definition Branch of medicine Application of medical knowledge to law & admin of justice Application
of basic & clinical, medical & paramedical sciences to elucidate legal matters 8/20/2012 12

Scope of Legal Medicine:

Scope of Legal Medicine Broad & encompassing Applies medical & paramedical sciences Wounds: surgery Abortion:
gynecology Sudden death & effects of trauma: pathology Basic medical sciences: Anatomy Physiology Biochemisty ,
Physics Other allied sciences 8/20/2012 13

Nature of Study:
Nature of Study Knowledge in Pathology Surgery Gynecology Toxicology Other branches of medicine Next Question
8/20/2012 14

Q2 :
Q2 It is the inner framework of the body. It gives form and rigidity to the body, and serves to protect many vital
organs. Digestive system Integumentary system Muscular system Skeletal system TOPIC: Human Anatomy &
Physiology 8/20/2012 15

Systems of Human Body:

Systems of Human Body Integumentary System Outer covering of body Function: protection, regulation of
temperature, sensation & excretion Skeletal System Inner framework of body Gives form & rigidity to body Protects
vital organs 8/20/2012 16

Systems of Human Body:

Systems of Human Body Muscular System Changes energy from food to mechanical energy Enables parts of body to
move & perform work Digestive System Changes food to soluble form: absorbed by blood & utilized by body
8/20/2012 17

Systems of Human Body:

Systems of Human Body Circulatory System Brings food & oxygen to cells of body Removes waste materials Helps
maintain even temperature of body Provides defenses against disease Respiratory System Supplies oxygen to cells:
used for production of energy 8/20/2012 18

Systems of Human Body:

Systems of Human Body Excretory System: Anim. 1 & Anim. 2 Collects & eliminates metabolic wastes of body
Reproductive System: Male & Female Ensures perpetuation of species Nervous & Endocrine Systems Coordinate all
other systems of body Make other systems work together harmoniously & efficiently Next Question 8/20/2012 19

Q3 :
Q3 An effect of injury that takes place when the stimulus applied is insufficient to cause injury and the body
resistance is great. Apparent Real Immediate Delayed 8/20/2012 20 TOPIC: Medico Legal Aspects of Physical
Injuries

Concept of Physical Injury :

Concept of Physical Injury Effect of some forms of stimulus on body Effect: Apparent : stimulus applied insufficient to
cause injury & body resistance great Real : effect visible Immediate : sharp pointed & sharp edged instrument –
immediate production of stab wound Delayed : blund object – delayed production of contusion 8/20/2012 21
SOURCE: Except as otherwise stated, the materials taken from this slide and subsequent slides were taken from -
Solis, P. P. (1987). Medico-Legal Aspects of Physical Injuries. In Legal Medicine (pp. 240-285). Quezon City: R.P.
Garcia Publishing Company.

Causes of Physical Injuries:

Causes of Physical Injuries Physical violence Heat or cold Electrical energy Chemical energy Radiation by radio-
active substances Change of atmospheric pressure (barotrauma) Infection 8/20/2012 22 Next Question

Q4 :
Q4 Under the physics of wound production, this factor explains why an M-16 will do more damage than .38 caliber
bullet. Area of Transfer Elasticity and plasticity of tissue Kinetic energy Time 8/20/2012 23 TOPIC: Physical Injuries
Brought about by Physical Violence

Effect of Physical Violence :

Effect of Physical Violence Production of wound Wound: Solution of natural continuity of any tissue of living body
Disruption of anatomic integrity of tissue of body Interchangeably used w/ wound NOTE: physical violence not always
resulting to wound but wound always result of physical violence 8/20/2012 24

Physics of Wound Production:

Physics of Wound Production Wound = kinetic energy X time X area X “other factors” Kinetic Energy = MV 2 /2
Kinetic Energy: Explains why M-16 bullet (speed: 3,200 ft/sec) will do more damage than .38 caliber bullet (heavier
but has much slower velocity) Time: Shorter time of transfer of energy, greater production of damage 8/20/2012 25

Physics of Wound Production:

Physics of Wound Production Area of transfer Larger area of contact, lesser damage to body Instrument for stabbing
greater than blunt instrument Other factors Less elastic & plastic tissue, greater laceration Movement of parts of body
resulting from force applied & local stretching of tissue cause internal injuries 8/20/2012 26 Next Question

Q5 :
Q5 Sensation of heat or increase in temperature. Rubor Calor Dolor Loss of function 8/20/2012 27 TOPIC: Vital
Reaction

Vital Reaction:
Vital Reaction Sum total of all reactions of tissue or organ to trauma Reaction observable macroscopically &
microscopically Reactions of living to tissue to trauma: Rubor : redness or congestion of area due to increase of blood
supply as part of reparative mechanism 8/20/2012 28

Vital Reaction:
Vital Reaction Reactions of living to tissue to trauma: Calor : sensation of heat or increase in temperature Dolor: pain
on account of involvement of sensory nerve Loss of function: tissue losing ability to function normally 8/20/2012 29

Vital Reaction:
Vital Reaction Importance: differentiates ante-mortem injury vs post-mortem injury Vital reactions not observable:
Physical injuries inflicted during agonal state Sudden death, ex: sudden coronary occlusion 8/20/2012 30 Next
Question

Q6 :
Q6 Wound brought about by blunt instrument could be any of the following, EXCEPT Contusion Hematoma
Laceration Incision 8/20/2012 31 TOPIC: Classification of wounds

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds As to Severity Mortal wound: capable of causing death Heart & big blood vessels Brain &
upper portion of spinal cord Lungs Stomach, liver, spleen & intestine Non-Mortal Wound: not capable of producing
death 8/20/2012 32

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Instrument Used Blunt instrument: contusion , hematoma , lacerated wound Sharp
instrument: (1) incised wound – sharp-edged instrument; (2) punctured wound – sharp-pointed instrument; (3) stab
wound : sharp-edged & sharp pointed instrument Tearing force: lacerated wound Change of atmospheric pressure:
barotrauma 8/20/2012 33

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Instrument Used Heat/Cold: frostbite , burns or scald Chemical explosion: gunshot /
shrapnel wound Infection 8/20/2012 34

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Manner of Infliction Hit: bolo, blunt instrument, axe Thrust/Stab: bayonet dagger Gunpowder
explosion: projectile/shrapnel wound Sliding/rubbing or abrasion 8/20/2012 35

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Depth of Wound Superficial: only layers of skin Deep: inner structure beyond layers of skin
Penetrating – no exit: punctured, stab & gunshot wounds Perforating – w/ exit 8/20/2012 36

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Relation of Site of Application of Force & Location of Injury Coup Injury : injury @ site of
application of force Contre-Coup Injury: injury opposite site of application of force Coup Contre-Coup Injury: injury @
site & opposite site of application of force 8/20/2012 37

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Relation of Site of Application of Force & Location of Injury Locus Minoris Resistencia: injury
not @ site & opposite but areas offering least resistance. Ex: blow on forehead, contusion @ eyeball Extensive injury:
injury on greater area more than site of application of force. Ex: fall from height, run-over victim of vehicular accident
8/20/2012 38

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Special Types of Wounds Defense wound : result of instinct of self-protection Patterned
wound: w/ nature & shape of object/instrument Self-inflicted wound : produced on oneself but no intention to end life
8/20/2012 39

Classification of Wounds:
Classification of Wounds Self-Inflicted Wounds: Motive Pension/workman’s compensation Escape
obligations/punishment New identity/destroy existing one Attention/sympathy Psychotic behavior 8/20/2012 40 Next
Question

Q7 :
Q7 X, a doctor, wanted to kill his wife by poisoning. During dinner time, he put poison on the food of his wife.
Moments after, his wife suffered excruciating pain in the stomach. Seeing his wife in agony, he pitied his wife and
administered an antidote. Thus, his wife did not die. What is the crime committed by X? Frustrated parricide
Attempted parricide Serious physical injuries Murder 8/20/2012 41 TOPIC: Legal Classification of Physical Injuries

Legal Classification of Physical Injuries:

Legal Classification of Physical Injuries Mutilation (Art. 262) Elements Penalty Important Points to Remembers
Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 263) Element & Penalty Important Points to Remember 8/20/2012 42

Legal Classification of Physical Injuries:

Legal Classification of Physical Injuries Administering Injurious Substances/Beverages (Art. 264) Elements Penalty
Important Points to Remembers Less Serious Physical Injuries (Art. 265) Elements Penalty Important Points to
Remembers 8/20/2012 43

Integumentary System Animation:

Integumentary System Animation Skin: true integument covering surface of body Largest organ of vertebrate body
15-16% of total body weight of adult human 17.5 sq ft for ave . woman; 20 sq ft for ave . man 1-2 mm thick 8/20/2012
44

Integumentary System:
Integumentary System Layers Epidermis (thinner; 10-30 cells thick) Dermis (thicker) Melanocytes Scattered at
juncture between deep layers of epidermis & dermis Cells producing dark pigment melanin 8/20/2012 45

Integumentary System:
Integumentary System Melanin Absorbs UV rays Tanning: increase in melanin production by much exposure of UVR
Light vs Dark: Production of melanin back 8/20/2012 46

PowerPoint Presentation:
8/20/2012 Stratum Corneum : a.k.a. cornified layer or horny layer; outermost layer; flat, arranged in rows as dead
cells. Stratum Lucidum : a.k.a. hyalin layer; flat & translucent dead cells; appears only on palms & soles Stratum
Granulosum : a.k.a. granular layer; initiates process of keratinization (dying process of cells); last of living cells.
Stratum Spinosum : a.k.a. spinous layer; “pickle cells” – many sided cells w/ “spines” protruding from surface.
Stratum Basale : a.k.a. stratum germinativum or generating layer; creates new cells; deepest layer; parallel to
basement membrane. back 47

Dermis :
Dermis Contains: Muscle fibers Glands Pigment cells Blood vessels Sensory nerves 15-40 times thicker than
epidermis Subcutaneous layer Beneath dermis fat-rich cells of adipose tissue: acts as (1) shock absorbers & (2)
insulation to conserve body heat 8/20/2012 48

The Skin Animation:

The Skin Animation back 8/20/2012 49

Skeletal System Animation:

Skeletal System Animation Skeleton: framework of animal body, composed of Cartilage Bone Combination of both 2
Parts Axial Skeleton Appendicular 8/20/2012 50

Axial Skeleton:
Axial Skeleton Skull Vertebral Column Ribs Sternum 8/20/2012 51

Appendicular Skeleton:
Appendicular Skeleton Upper pectoral appendages (arms) & girdle ( scapula : shoulder blade& clavicle : collarbone)
Lower pelvic appendages (legs) & girdle ( ilium , ischium , & pubis, collectively called as hips ) 8/20/2012 52

Appendicular Skeleton:
Appendicular Skeleton Arms Legs Upper arm Humerus Thigh Femur Forearm Radius & Ulna Shank Tibia & Fibula
Wrist Carpals Knee Cap Patella Palm metacarpals ankle Tarsals Fingers Phalanges Sole Metatarsals Toes
Phalanges 8/20/2012 53

Appendicular Skeleton:
Appendicular Skeleton Distribution of Bones: (1) adult human: 206 bones; (2) Infants: over 270 bones Skeleton No.
Skeleton No. Cranium 8 Face 14 Ears 6 Hyoid 1 Vertebral column 26 Sternum 1 Ribs 24 Pectoral girdle & arms 64
back 8/20/2012 54

Muscular System:
Muscular System Tissues w/ ability to contract Myofibril: basic unit of all muscles; minute, thread-like structure Muscle
fiber: each muscle cell; contains several myofibrils: myofilaments of 2 types, thick & thin. Thick myofilament : several
hundred molecules of protein myosin Thin myofilament : 2 strands of protein actin 8/20/2012 55

Muscular System Animation:

Muscular System Animation Human body has 3 types of muscles : Skeletal muscles Smooth muscles & Cardiac
muscles 8/20/2012 56 back

Digestive System:
Digestive System Chain of organs: Mouth Oral cavity Pharynx Esophagus Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Anus 8/20/2012 57

Digestive System Animation:

Digestive System Animation 8/20/2012 58 back

Circulatory System Animation:

Circulatory System Animation After process of digestion, digested food delivered to all parts of body by blood stream
Blood picks up nutrients @ small intestine, & transports to approx. 17 billion cells; transports oxygen to cells; collects
waste materials for elimination Heart: pumping station of blood system; cone, muscular organ size of fist; middle of
chest cavity; lower end pointed to left 8/20/2012 59

Circulatory System Animation:

Circulatory System Animation Heart: 4 chambers Atria (upper 2) Ventricles (lower 2) Heart Beat : Systole: alternate
contraction Diastole: relaxation Separated by atrio -ventricular valves ; tricuspid valve: right & bicuspid valve: left.
Valves: allow blood to flow down only, never up. VEINS: carry blood into atria; ARTERIES: carry blood out of
ventricles of muscular walls 8/20/2012 60

Circulatory System:
Circulatory System Blood Vessels: circulates thru body by means of tubes that varyin size & function Arteries Veins
Capillaries back 8/20/2012 61

Respiratory System:
Respiratory System Breathing mechanism operates throughout lifetime: taking in oxygen & giving off carbon dioxide
Comparative absence & survival W/out food for 40 days: survives W/out water for 5 days: survives W/out oxygen for
only a few minutes: death 8/20/2012 62

Respiratory System Animation:

Respiratory System Animation Respiratory Tract: Nostrils Pharynx (throat) Glottis Larynx (voice box) Trachea
(windpipe) Bronchi lungs 8/20/2012 63

Respiratory System Animation:

Respiratory System Animation back 8/20/2012 64

Skull :
Skull Framework of head Most complex of all parts of endoskeleton Cartilaginous during embryonic stage Includes:
Cranium (primary brain case) 3 pairs of sense capsule for organs of smell, sight & hearing Visceral skeleton for
tongue (hyoid apparatus) Ear ( incus , malleus , & stapes) for sound conduction Throat 8/20/2012 65

Skull :
Skull 8/20/2012 66

Skull Animation :
Skull Animation 8/20/2012 67 back

Vertebral Column:
Vertebral Column Backbone Main axial support of vertebrates Composition: segmentally arranged vertebrae from
base of skull to tip of tail Protects spinal cord Provides rigidity of body Direct or indirect attachment of appendicular
skeleton 8/20/2012 68

Vertebral Column:
Vertebral Column 8/20/2012 69 Adult human: 26 vertebrae 7 cevical vertebrae (neck) 12 thoracic vertebrae (chest) 5
lumbar vertebrae (lower back) 1 on pelvis (sacrum) 1 on tail (coccyx) SOURCE: General Anatomy & Physiology.
(2012). Retrieved August 15, 2012, from Wisc -Online: http://www.wisc-
online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP12104

Vertebral Column:
Vertebral Column back 8/20/2012 70

Ribs :
Ribs Series of cartilaginous/elongated bony structures attached to vertebrae Stout, arched structures surrounding
thoracic cavity & uniting ventrally w/ sternum Forms thoracic cage 12 pairs of ribs – 1st-7 th pairs: true ribs , directly
attached to sternum; 8 th -10 th pairs: false ribs , ends unite w/ cartilages of true ribs; 11 th -12 th pairs: floating ribs ,
ends terminate freely 8/20/2012 71

Ribs :
Ribs back 8/20/2012 72

Sternum :
Sternum Breatbone Elongated structure lying in central portion of chest Flat & narrow 3 parts: (1) manubrium : upper
part; (2) gladiolus: middle/body & largest part; (3) xiphoid : lowest portion Protect heart; holds sternal ends of ribs &
some abdominal muscles 8/20/2012 73

Sternum :
Sternum back 8/20/2012 74

PowerPoint Presentation:
back 8/20/2012 75

Skeletal Muscles:
Skeletal Muscles back Attached to skeleton by tendon Responsible for voluntary movement of body A.k.a. striated
muscles: striations made by alternating light & dark bands of myofibrils 8/20/2012 76

Smooth Muscles:
Smooth Muscles A.k.a. visceral muscles Found in internal organs (involuntary movement) Involved in automatic
process w/out conscious actions: disgestion & blood pressure back 8/20/2012 77

Cardiac Muscles:
Cardiac Muscles back Only in heart W/ striations like striated muscles (skeletal muscles) Involuntary contraction of
heart 8/20/2012 78