Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September, 2018; Vol.

14(3):497-507
Copyright © Faculty of Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria.
Print ISSN: 1596-2490, Electronic ISSN: 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID ANALITICAL-PARTICLE SWARM OPTIMIZATION

ALGORITHM (HAPSOA) FOR OPTIMAL PLACEMENT OF DISTRIBUTED
GENERATION UNITS AND APPLICATION TO JIMETA ELECTRICITY DISTRIBUTION
NETWORK (JEDN)

M. H. Shallangwa1 and B. U. Musa2*

(1Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Modibbo Adama University of Technology, Yola,
Nigeria
2
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Nigeria)
*Corresponding author’s e-mail: musa_bu@yahoo.com
Abstract
Optimal Location and Sizing of Distributed Generation (DG) units are a promising solution to many power
system problems such as voltage regulation, power loss among others. In this work a method termed Hybrid
Analytical Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA) was developed. HAPSOA comprised of two
stage optimization approach. The first stage involved the determination of optimal DG sizes using analytical
approach. In the second stage, the DG sizes obtained in the first stage were further optimized using a constrained
Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)-based approach while determining an optimal DG location on the network
busses. HAPSOA was tested on IEEE 30, 33 and 69 buses for optimal DG placement and sizing. Results
showed that a maximum DG size of 97 kW, 27.4 kW and 32.8 kW were deployed on the three buses. These
improved the voltage profile of the buses by 27.78%, 25.21%, and 28.15% respectively. Optimal DG placement
and sizing analysis was extended to Jimeta Electricity Distribution Network (JEDN). Here also, results showed
that a maximum DG size of 2.165 kW was placed on NASSARAWO feeder, which resulted in an improved
voltage of 34.33% and a power loss reduction of 18.86%. The smallest DG of 0.122kW was placed on FUTY
network and this improved the voltage profile by 48.74% and a real power loss reduction of 28.57%. HAPSOA
support a variety of DG placement simulation scenarios involving either heavily or lightly loaded networks by
improving the voltage and increasing percentage loss reduction.

Keywords: distributed generation, hybrid analytical particle swarm optimization algorithm, jimeta electricity
distribution network, voltage profile, power loss reduction, optimal location and sizing of distributed generation.

I. Introduction
Due to continuous economic growth and development, load demands in distribution networks are
susceptible to sharp increment. Hence, the distribution networks in most developing nations like
Nigeria are operating very close to the voltage instability boundaries. Increments in loads served by
distribution companies are restricted because of decline of voltage stability margins, one of the
important factors in distribution planning. (Jain, 2014). Distributed Generation (DG) installation at
non-optimal location can lead to increase in system losses which imply increase in costs. DG units are
incorporated into the distribution network to meet the excess demand of electrical power which results
in power loss minimization, improvement of voltage profile, power quality improvement and reliable
operation. These DG units when integrated into the distribution networks provides ancillary services
such as spinning reserve, reactive power support, loss compensation, and frequency control. (Muttaqi,
2014). Therefore, Distributed generation location and sizing are important issues which require special
attention of both planners and system operators.

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Shallangwa and Musa: Development of Hybrid Analytical-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA)
For Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Units And Application To Jimeta Electricity Distribution
Network (JEDN). AZOJETE, 14(3):497-507. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Several methods, objectives and constraints have been introduced by different researchers. Methods
used included classical and numerical methods, (Atwa, 2010), the analytical approach (Wang, 2004).
(Acharya, 2006), and (Hung D.Q. Mithulananthan, 2013). Another method used is the heuristic
approach (Mishra, 2014), (Bhumkittipich, 2014) and (Musa, 2013). Some researchers have also used
combined solution methods with different types of objective functions varying from single to multiple
objectives and different types of constraints as shown by (Afzalan and Taghikhani, 2012). This
research presents a method which integrates the analytical method into a meta-heuristic algorithm so as
to optimally locate and size DGs in radial distribution networks.

1.1. Problem Formulation

The real power loss reduction in a distribution system is required for efficient power system operation.
The loss in the system can be calculated analytically using equation (1) (Mithulananthan, 2013)
∑ ∑ *( ) ( )+ (1)
Where;
, (2)

( ) (3)

[ ]

The optimum active and reactive power sizes of DGs injected at bus ‘i’, are given by:

∑ ( ) (4)

∑ ( ) (5)

2. Materials and Methods

We let N be the total number of buses in a network; Let Pij be a 2-column matrix containing the real
power injections at each pair of buses connected via branches (ij). Let Qij be a 2-column matrix
containing the real reactive power injections at each pair of buses connected via branches (ij). The DG
placement Algorithm can be formulated in sections 2.1 through 2.5. The proposed algorithm is finally
in section 2.6.

2.1. DG Power Factor Estimator

The optimal power factor of the candidate DGs to be placed at the entire buses of the network can be
estimated as follows

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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September, 2018; Vol. 14(3):497-507
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng

√( ) ( )
√( ) ( )
(6)
√( ) ( )
{

( ( )) ( ( ))

2.2. Loss Coefficient Matrices X and Y

Apart from pf estimation, X and Y matrices are required for optimal placement of DGs. Let Aij be a
column matrix containing the alpha-coefficients of a network branches (ij); Bij be a column matrix
containing the beta-coefficients of a network branches (ij). Note that the coefficients alpha and beta are
commonly referred to as the loss coefficients of DGs. The X and Y matrices are constructed based on
the alpha and beta coefficients. Constructing the X and Y matrices is achieved as follows:

∑[ ]

∑ [ ] (7)

2.3. Real (PDG) and reactive (QDG) Power for the Buses
The optimal DG size in terms of real and reactive power is determined for each and every bus on the
network and is computed based on the parameters of the network, thus (Sulaiman, 2012):

[ ] [ ]

(8)
(9a)
(9b)
2.4. The Objective Function of Hybrid Analytical-PSO Algorithm
The proposed DG placement approach makes use of the analytical method to compute the suitable
candidate DG sizes on each bus. These DG sizes were used in defining a search space for the PSO
based optimization problem.
The PSO requires an objective function, which is used in differentiating any two given particles
(Candidate DG sizes and/or locations) in terms of their fitness. The objective function is given in
Equation (10).
N
Fobj  P
i 1 j  2
LOSS. (i, j ) (10)
i j

Since a distribution network is composed of branches that are logically inter-connected in radial
fashion, equation (10) was modified for evaluation of the objective function/fitness of any candidate
particle/solution as follows:

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Shallangwa and Musa: Development of Hybrid Analytical-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA)
For Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Units And Application To Jimeta Electricity Distribution
Network (JEDN). AZOJETE, 14(3):497-507. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

( ) ( )

(11)

2.5. PSO Decoding Function

Meta-heuristic/heuristic techniques require an additional objective function that decodes a set of
random numbers called “Population” into the required equivalent quantity/unit of interest. In this work,
a set of random numbers (particles) were decoded into candidate DG sizes (PDG and QDG) and fed into
a function/program that attach the DGs to the desired distribution network, and finally running power
flow algorithm followed by equation (8), in order to evaluate the fitness of the candidate DG. The BFS
technique presented in (Kabir et.al. 2015) was used as power flow program. The PSO uses a decoding
function to continuously decode its particles into DG sizes. The decoding function was designed using
the parameters and the maximum real and reactive powers of the candidate DGs as defined by
equations (12) to (14).
NP

 x 
P 2
PDG .i  DG . max ik  1  xik (12)
NP k 1

 x 
NP
QDG . max
QDG .i  ik  1  xik (13)
NP  NP 
k  1 
 2 

FDEC  PDG.i  jQDG.i (14)

Note that PDG.i , PDG. max , QDG.i , and QDG. max are matrices containing the candidate DG real and reactive
powers for each and every bus in the network. The DG placement involves the replacement of the
active power demand of a given bus (k) by a new value as described using equation (15) and (16)
Let the initial demand at bus, k. be:
S (k )  PD (k )  jQD (k ) (15)
After placing a DG, the demand at that bus, k becomes:
S (k )  PD (k )  jQD (k )  FDEC (k ) (16)
Thus, substituting for FDEC in equation (14) we have:
S (k )  ( PD (k )  PDC.i (k ))  j (QD (k )  QDG.i (k )) (17)
2.6. Proposed Hybrid Analytical-PSO Algorithm (HAPSOA)
The proposed HAPSOA is initialized by estimating the candidate optimal DG sizes using the
Analytical approach, which serves as local optimal solutions (LOS) to the PSO. The PSO uses the LOS
as a guide to search for the global optimal solution (GOS). In order to determine the GOS, the
minimum total real power loss, min (FOBJ) at the ith iteration of the PSO is saved and compared with
that of the (i + 1)th iteration. Steps involved in the proposed HAPSOA are as follows:
1. Determine: Pij , N, Qij , Aij and Bij using BFS technique
2. Determine the pf of DGs using equation (6)
3. Determine the X and Y coefficients of DGs using equation (7)
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4. Determine PDG and QDG using equation (8)

5. Determine: PDG.max and QDG.max using equations (9a) and (9b)
6. Generate: population of particles (P)
7. For: each of the ith particle (Pi ): (i = 1,2,…..,m-1,m)
8. Decode the particle using equation (14)
9. For: bus k: (k = 1,2,…..,N-1,N)
10. Place DG at bus k using equation (17)
11. Determine new values for: Pij , Qij , Aij and Bij using BFS
12. Evaluate FOBJ using equation (9)
13. Save the DG with the minimum FOBJ and its location
14. End Step 9
15. Save the GOS obtained so far
16. End Step 7
17. Check if the number of trials are reached
18. If yes: Update the particles using PSO formulations
19. Else: Go to Step 7
20. Print: GOS DG size and location
21. Stop
2.7. Jimeta Electricity Distribution Network (JEDN)
The Jimeta Business Unit (JBU) is one of the major and populated Business Unit in the Yola
Electricity Distribution Company (YEDC) and has many number of consumers of electricity in the
zone. The Jimeta Electricity Distribution Network (JEDN) is the technical aspect of JBU and has two
33/11 kV injection substations which were fed by 132/33 kV injection substation located within Yola.
JEDN has six (6) main feeders that serve six different categories of customers on the 11 kV network.
Four feeders radiate out of Jambutu 33/11 kV injection substation while the other two feeders radiate
from the FUTY 33/11kV injection substation. The categories of customers are:
1. Jambutu feeder consumers
2. Nassarawo feeder consumers
3. Numan road feeder consumers
4. FGGC feeder consumers
5. FUTY feeder consumers
6. Bajabure feeder consumers.
The schematic diagram for Federal Government Girls College (FGGC) feeder, consisting of 6
buses is shown in Figure1.

Figure 1: Schematic Diagram for FGGC Feeder Radial Distribution Network

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Shallangwa and Musa: Development of Hybrid Analytical-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA)
For Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Units And Application To Jimeta Electricity Distribution
Network (JEDN). AZOJETE, 14(3):497-507. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

2.7.1. Voltage Profile Improvement on Jimeta Electricity Distribution Network (JEDN)

This scenario considers the JEDN for the 6-sub-distribution network. Optimal DG placement was
simulated using HAPSOA.
Relevant data were collected from the Jimeta Business Unit (JBU) and organized for modeling and
analysis of the network. These data were from the distribution stations and load points. The following
data were obtained:
(a) A schematic Network Diagram of the 11kV and 33kV network, (b) Load Dispatch: Hourly loads,
daily Energy supplied, outages and load shedding, (c) Load current (per-phase), load voltage (per-
phase) and (d) The transformer/load-point rated data (capacity and impedance)
The set of data were organized to yield the resistance and reactance of the branch conductors linking
the network buses, and allocate demand to each and every bus. Therefore, the organized data resulted
into two data sets called “linedata” and “busdata”. The linedata gives information about the network
branches. The busdata, provide information about the bus loading and initial voltages. These two sets
of data are used throughout the analysis. The linedata and busdata of one of the feeders, FGGC
network are provided in Table 1.

Table 1: Linedata and Busdata of FGGC Distribution Feeder Network

Line Data FGGC Bus Data FGGC
From_Bus
To_Bus No. R (Ohms) X (Ohms) S (MVA) Pf |V| (pu) Angle
No.
1 2 0.0035 0.0492 0 0.85 1 0
2 3 0.0551 0.0549 0.15 0.85 1 0
3 4 0.0035 0.0492 0 0.85 1 0
4 5 0.1654 0.1611 0 0.85 1 0
4 6 0.3858 0.4895 0.1404 0.85 1 0

3.0 Results and Discussion

3.1. Testing on IEEE Buses
Figures 2(a), 3(a) and 4(a) present the HAPSOA based optimization curves. It can be seen from the
figures that the objective function which is the total real power loss reduction is considerably achieved.
HAPSOA converges at the 7th and 5th iteration in the case of 30-bus and 33-bus networks as shown
Figures 2(a), 3(a) respectively. Also, HAPSOA was able to converge at the first iteration for the 69-bus
network as shown in Figure 4(a). The rate at which the objective function is minimized is called the
convergence rate.
Figures 2(b), 3(b), and 4(b) show voltage profile relations based on HAPSOA. It can be seen that there
is a significant improvement in voltage profile using the IEEE- 30, 33 and 69 test buses. The largest
voltage boost is achieved at buses 27, 33, and 53 of the IEEE-30, 33, and 69-bus networks
respectively. This could be due to the buses having the lowest voltage magnitude in the respective
network.

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ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng

Figure 2(a) PSO Based Optimization Curve for Figure 2(b) Node/Bus Voltage Profile for
IEEE 30-bus IEEE-30-bus

Figure 3(a) PSO Based Optimization Curve for Figure 3(b) Node/Bus Voltage Profile for
IEEE 33-bus IEEE-33-bus

Figure 4(a) PSO Based Optimization Curve for Figure 4(b) Node/Bus Voltage Profile for
IEEE 69-bus IEEE-69-bus

Details of the results obtained from the voltage profile improvement VPI curves for IEEE 30, 33 and
69 buses are presented in Table 2. It can be observed that HAPSOA was able to significantly improve
the voltage profile of standard IEEE radial distribution networks and reduce its total real power losses.

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Shallangwa and Musa: Development of Hybrid Analytical-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA)
For Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Units And Application To Jimeta Electricity Distribution
Network (JEDN). AZOJETE, 14(3):497-507. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Table 2: Simulation results for the IEEE standard test radial distribution network
S/No Network DG Minimum Voltage Optimal Base % Voltage % Power
Name Size Level (pu) Power Power Profile Losses
(kW) Losses Losses Improvement Reduction
Original Optimal
(kW) (kW)
1. IEEE 30-Bus 27.4 0.883 0.918 827 873 27.78 5.27
2. IEEE 33-Bus 32.8 0.905 0.922 143 201 25.21 28.86
3. IEEE 69-Bus 97 0.904 0.934 2192 2362 28.15 7.21

The simulations results in Table 2, shows that a maximum DG size of 97kW was deployed to improve
the voltage profile of the IEEE-69-Bus network by 28.15% and reduce its losses by 7.2%. Whereas, the
IEEE-30 and 33-Bus networks requires 27.4 kW and 32.8 kW of DG to improve their voltage profile
by 27.78 % and 25.21% and reduce their real power losses by 5.27 % and 28.86% respectively.
Therefore, the developed HAPSOA has demonstrated a range of applicability and efficacy over the
simulation results so far. The objective function which is power loss reduction is achieved, thereby
improving the voltage profile.

3.2. Simulation Results of JEDN

Plots of the node/bus voltage profiles for each of the 6-network zones were generated and presented in
Figures 5a to 5f. „Base Case‟ represents the condition of the network as described by the linedata and
busdata and „Optimum‟ represents the condition of the network after placing a DG of optimal size at
the optimal location.

Figure 5a Node/Bus Voltage Profile for Nasarawo Figure 5b Node/Bus Voltage Profile for Numan Rd

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Arid Zone Journal of Engineering, Technology and Environment, September, 2018; Vol. 14(3):497-507
ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818; www.azojete.com.ng

Figure 5c Node/Bus Voltage Profile for FGGC Figure 5d Node/Bus Voltage Profile for FUTY

Figure 5e. Node/Bus Voltage Profile for Jambutu Figure 5f. Node/Bus Voltage Profile for Bajabure

It can be observed from the voltage profile graphs that only a few numbers of buses on JEDN (FUTY,
FGGC, among others) have voltage magnitude below 0.95pu. As such, it could be generalized that the
entire radial networks forming JEDN are operating at either optimal or very close to optimal condition.
This situation can be ascribed to the fact that the demand at the network buses/nodes is relatively low,
as such only a significantly low amount of power flow on network branches. This in turn results in
only a little voltage drop across the network elements and a low network real power loss. Summary of
the results for JEDN are presented in Table 3.
Table 3: Summary of the simulation results for JEDN
S/No Network Name DG Minimum Voltage Optimal Base % Voltage % Power
Size Level (pu) Power Power Profile Losses
(kW) Losses Losses Improvement Reduction
Original Optimal
(kW) (kW)
1. NASARAWO 2.165 0.943 0.967 15.570 19.190 34.33 18.86

2. NUMAN RD 0.997 0.929 0.948 26.210 30.980 22.97 15.40

3. FGGC 0.707 0.995 0.999 0.032 0.055 80.44 41.82

4. FUTY 0.122 0.998 0.999 0.005 0.007 48.74 28.57
5. JAMBUTU 1.231 0.982 0.992 2.680 3.770 48.68 28.91
6. BAJABURE 1.709 0.903 0.944 44.910 58.780 37.17 23.60
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Shallangwa and Musa: Development of Hybrid Analytical-Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (HAPSOA)
For Optimal Placement of Distributed Generation Units And Application To Jimeta Electricity Distribution
Network (JEDN). AZOJETE, 14(3):497-507. ISSN 1596-2490; e-ISSN 2545-5818, www.azojete.com.ng

Looking at the simulation results in Table 3, a maximum DG size of 2.165 kW was placed on
NASARAWO feeder. This boosted the voltage level by 0.024 pu. It also improved the voltage profile
by 34.33% and power loss reduction of 18.86% on the same feeder. The smallest DG of size 0.122 kW
was placed on FUTY network and resulted in voltage profile improvement of 48.74% and a real power
loss reduction of 28.57%. In general the optimum DG sizes deployed to JEDN are relatively small; this
is because the voltage level of JEDN is near optimal.

Conclusion
In this study, a Hybrid Analytical and Particle Swarm Optimization (HAPSOA) approach for optimal
distributed generation placement was developed. The developed algorithms have been logically
integrated to form the distributed generation optimal placement algorithm (HAPSOA). The proposed
method was tested on IEEE 30-bus, IEEE 33-bus and IEEE 69-bus systems. The developed HAPSOA
was also used on Jimeta Electricity Distribution Network. It was found that the application of the
developed HAPSOA is irrespective of the network type. The methodology is fast and accurate in
determining the sizes and locations of the DG. The total power loss of the system has been reduced
drastically and the voltage profile of the system is also improved. This has indeed proved that the
objectives of the research work were achieved.

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