TOPIC :

LIQUID-LIQUID
EXTRACTION
Branch: B.E.Chemical
Separation
Techniques

Distillation

Crystallization

Salting Out

Solvent
Extraction
Why liquid-liquid extraction
 When difference in Boiling Point of two component is very low.
 For azeotropic mixtures.
 To avoid thermal decomposition.
 It consumes Lower Energy than the distillation.
 If proportion of one component is very less then other and it have high
boiling point.

IMP Notes:
1- Separation is done according to different in solubility .
2- Problem with L-L extraction that we mix then we separate.
What is liquid-liquid extraction

Extract
Solvent
Contact Separation
Feed Raffinate
What is liquid-liquid extraction

As Inlet:
 Solute + Inert
 Solvent
As Outlet:
• Extract
• Raffinate
Each stage contain:
 Contact
 Separation
Equilateral Triangular Co-
Ordinates
Equilateral Triangular Co-
Ordinates
Types of ternary systems
1) Formation of one pair of partially soluble liquids.
[closed ternary diagram]

2) Formation of two pair of partially soluble liquids.

[open ternary diagram]
Formation of one pair of partially miscible
liquids C
 AC&BC are completely soluble.

 AB is partially soluble.

 M will be separated to two I

compositions; N & L

 If C is solvent for A so as C increases,

P
L goes up till P(Plait Point) at which
A,B & C become one phase. This is L
done due to the increase in mutual
solubility between A&B.
N
M
II
A B
Formation of one pair of partially miscible
liquids
y
 Equilibrium relation.

Effects:
P
1) Effect of TEMPERATURE

2) Effect of PRESSURE

x
Formation of two pair of partially miscible
liquids
 A-B & C-B are partially soluble.
 A is completely soluble in C.
 Formation of two pair of partially miscible
liquids
Effects:
1) Effect of TEMPERATURE

2) Effect of PRESSURE
Multi Component System
 In this type of system there are >=4 components in which 2 are solute and 2
are solvents. So it is known as multi component system.

 E.g: the distribution of formic acid and acetic acids between the partly
soluble solvents water and carbon tetrachloride. But this type of system
representation requires 3D graph which is very difficult to understand. So
Generally it is not used.
Choice Of Solvent
1) Selectivity
2) Distribution Co-efficient
3) Insolubility of solvent
4) Recoverability
5) Density
6) Interfacial Tension
7) Chemical Reactivity
8) Viscosity, Vapor Pressure, Freezing Point
9) Non Toxic, Non Flammable, & low cost.
Stage definition
 It is a mechanical device or series that allow the solvent
& solution to contact and separate. So; stage is:
SINGLE STAGE
SINGLE STAGE

V0, y0 V1, y1

1
L0, x0 L1, x1

V0+L0=V1+L1=M
V0y0+L0x0=V1y1+L1x1=MxM
are on the same straight line y0, x0, xM
are on the same straight line y1, x1, xM
Multi stage cross current
Multi stage cross current
V0, y0 V0, y0

L0, x0 L1, x1 L2, x2

1 2

V1, y1 V2, y2

y0, x0, xM1 are on the same straight line are on

the same straight line y1, x1, xM1
y0, x1, xM2 are on the same straight line are on
the same straight line y2, x2, xM2
MULTI STAGE COUNTER CURRENT

V1, y1 Vn, yn Vn+1, yn+1

1 n

L0, x0 L1, x1 Ln, xn

Vn+1+L0=V1+Ln=M No. of stages = n+(a/a+b)

But get a & b from AB line
Vn+1yn+1+L0x0=V1y1+Lnxn=MxM
L0-V1=Ln-Vn+1=R
EQUIPMENT:
 Different mechanical devices are used in liquid-liquid extraction such as:

1. The simplest is a mixer/settler, or decanter, in which the two liquid phases

are separated.

2. Plate towers, packed towers, and mechanically agitated mixers (rotating

disk contactors)
Extractor/stripper process
 1. Mixer/ Settler

Horizontal gravity-settling vessel

Mixing vessel with variable-speed turbine
agitator
Types of Impeller In Mixer
2. Spray column
3. Packed column
4. Tray Column: