C.l.

3.4 CHEMICAL

to
C.2

standard

As

C.2
3.4.1 Standard Chemical Exergy

CO,,

3.4
 3.4

Expressing the natural logarithm term as and introducing

Equation 3.15, this can be written alternatively as

(3.16)

Equation is valid for mixtures containing gases other than those pres
ent in the reference environment, for example, gaseous fuels. This equation
also can be extended to mixtures (and solutions) that do not adhere to the
ideal model In all such applications, the terms are selected
a table of standard chemical exergies.

of of
In principle, the standard chemical exergy of a substance not present in the
environment can be evaluated by considering an idealized reaction of the
substance with other substances (usually reference substances) for which the
is chemical exergies are known. To illustrate this for the case of a pure hydro
carbon fuel at refer to the system shown in Figure (a special
case of Figure where the fuel reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide

substances enter and exit unmixed at

pressure and temperature T .Heat
transfer at temperature only.

CO,
of

of of

Figure Device for evaluating the chemical exergy a hydrocarbon

 C G ANALYSIS

C.2
3.17,
CO,,

is

C.2
 3.4 CHEMICAL EXERGY ANALYSIS

water. The contribution of the gas phase to the chemical exergy is evaluated
via Equation 3.16. That is, with standard chemical exergies from Table C.2,

In 0.7910
C.l,
0.1446 0.1446 0.0331
I),
0.0313
(gas)

On the basis of 1 kmol of mixture at state 4, we have kmol as a gas

phase and 0.051 kmol as liquid water; thus
111.43 Finally, the chemical exergy rate of the combustion prod
ucts is

(92.9176 MW
28.254 103
0.3665 MW

At states and 3 the air composition closely corresponds to that

model and the chemical exergy is taken as zero in value: 2

2.
COMMENT. noted above, the composition the air at states and
3 only closely corresponds to the air composition of model This fact, to
gether with the manner in which the reference environment of model
been formulated, leads to a value for the chemical exergy at these states on
the order of 0.04 MW, which has been ignored in the present analysis. This
omission causes a negligible error in subsequent evaluations.

APPLICATIONS

Thus far in this chapter the emphasis has been on exergy fundamentals. In
the present section we turn to important exergy applications, several of which
are essential for progress with the presentation thermoeconomics in Chap
ters and We begin by discussing the exergy analysis of the cogeneration
system of Figure 1.7.
 Cogeneration System Exergy Analysis

of of

for

of

Table Exergy data for the cogeneration system of Figure

CH

2 27.5382 27.5382
3 41.9384 41.9384
4 1.0873 0.3665 101.4538
5 38.4158 0.3665 38.7823
6 21.3851 0.3665 21.7516
7 2.406 0.3665 2.7726
8 0.0266 0.0350 0.0616
9 12.7752 0.0350 2.8 02
0.627 84.3668 84.9939