Molecules
the smallest, discrete units that retain the
composition and chemical characteristics of an
element or compound.
• same element / different element combined
chemically.
• Example : hydrogen gas (H2), ozone (O3),
hydrochloric acid (HCl), methane (CH4).
CHEMISTRY UNIT, UiTMPP
Atom
• smallest particle of an element that gives the
characteristic properties of that element.
• Example :
Iron (Fe), Aluminium (Al), Sulphur (S)
Example:
Electrons < protons : cation (+ve charged ion)
Mg – 2e Mg 2+
Charges on ion +1 -2
Number of ions 2 1
Formula Na2CO3
b) Aluminium oxide
aluminium ion oxide ion
Al3+ O2-
Charges on ion +3 -2
Number of ions 2 3
Formula Al2O3
CHEMISTRY UNIT, UiTMPP
Ionic compounds:
Forming chemical formulas from valency
By knowing the valency of elements we can determine the
formula of compounds.
Example:
Give formulas & names: Ca & I, O & Mg, Na & S
CCl4
carbon tetrachloride
P2O3
diphosphorus trioxide
IF7
iodine heptafluoride
CHEMISTRY UNIT, UiTMPP
Naming covalent compounds (contd):
further examples
RMM =
Mass of 1 molecule/ formula unit of a compound
1/12 mass of one atom of carbon -12
(a) Na2B4O7.10H2O
FORMULAS:
• Mol substance = Mass (gram) of substance
Molar mass of substance (g mol-1)
i) 13.5 g NH3
ii) 3.01 x 1023 molecules of S8
iii) 5.72 g oxygen gas
% Composition =
mass of the element in 1 mol of compound x 100
molar mass of compound
a) NaHCO3
b) P4O10
MASS PERCENT
OF ELEMENT
Assume 100g sample
CALCULATE THE
MASS OF EACH
CALCULATE THE
MOLES OF EACH
Calculate molar ratio
for each
Answers: C2H4O3
Chemical reaction
• chemical changes whereby materials change from a
beginning mass to resulting substances. New
material(s) are made, along with the disappearance
of the mass that changed to make the new.
E.g. 4Fe + 3O2 2Fe2O3
CHEMISTRY UNIT, UiTMPP
Balancing chemical equations
1. Identify all reactants and products and write their
correct formula on the left side and right side of
equation.
2. Begin balancing the equation by trying suitable
coefficients that will give the same number of each
element on both sides of the equation.
3. Look for the elements that appear only once on each side
of the equation and with equal number of atoms on each
side – the formula containing these elements must have
the same coefficient.
4. Look for elements that appear only once on each side of
the equation but in unequal no of atoms. Balance these
elements. Next, balance elements that appear in two or
more formula on the same side of the equation. If a
reactant or product exists as a free elements, try
balancing that element last.
5. Check your balanced equation to be sure that you have
the same total number of each type of atom on both
sides of the equation.
CHEMISTRY UNIT, UiTMPP
Example
Balance the equations below:
a) Na + H2O NaOH + H2
-3
Concentration (g dm ) =
molarity (mol dm-3) x molar mass (g mol-1)
Answer:
50cm3 = (50 / 1000) dm3 = 0.05 dm3
Molarity = Mol solute
Volume of solution (dm3)
where:
M1 = Molarity (M) of the concentrated solution
M2 = Molarity (M) of the diluted solution
V1 = Volume (cm3 or dm3) of concentrated solution
V2 = Volume (cm3 or dm3) of diluted solution
M2 = M1 V1
V2
Titration
procedure in which two reactants in a solution are made to
react in their stoichiometric proportions as indicated in a
balanced chemical equation.
Example:
VA cm3 of solution A of unknown concentration is transferred to a flask. A
solution B of known concentration, MB, is added carefully from a burette until
the reaction of A with B is just complete. This is called the equivalence point of
the titration.
Excess reagent
• other reactants, present in quantities greater than that
needed to react with the quantity of the limiting reagent
present in the reaction.
CHEMISTRY UNIT, UiTMPP
Percent Yield
Theoretical Yield
maximum amount of product that can be formed from calculated
stoichiometric relations in a chemical reaction.
Actual Yield
actual amount of product that can be obtained from a chemical
reaction.
0.075 mole of HCl will react with 0.0375 mole of zinc (0.05
mole of zinc present).
A + B product
Mol A Mol
X Mol ratio of product / A = product The smallest
mol of product,
means, A or B
is the limiting
reactant.
Mol
Mol B X Mol ratio of product / B = product
b) 500g
Q & A SESSION
Thank you