TEST2

1) Describe your understanding of why different crystal structures exhibit different

strengths and ductilities. (5%)描述您對不同晶體結構表現出不同強度和延展性的
原因的理解。
ANS: Because different crystals form different inter atomic
arrangements, eith different unit cell.So, each inter atomic arrangement
has its own property, so there difference in strenghts and ductility.
2) Make a sketch of volume vs. temperature for a metal that shrinks when it cools
from the liquid state to room temperature. On the graph, mark the area where
shrinkage is compensated by risers. (5%)繪製金屬體積與溫度的關係圖，該金屬在
從液態冷卻到室溫時會收縮。 在圖表上，標記由冒口補償收縮的區域。
ANS:

3) If a material (such as aluminum) does not have an endurance limit, how then
would you estimate its fatigue life (5%)? 如果材料（如鋁）沒有耐久極限，那麼您
如何估計其疲勞壽命。
ANS:

4) it is known that pouring metal at a high rate into a mold can have certain
disadvantages. Are there any disadvantages to pouring it very slowly? (5%) 眾所周知，
將金屬以高速率澆注到模具中會有一些缺點。傾倒它有什麼不利之處嗎？
ANS: The pouring of molten metal at a very slow rate has some disadvantages
which can be described on the basis of time needed for the solidification of the
liquid metal. The liquid metal may solidify or partially solidify while pouring which
results in the formation of the cavity in the casting. This can have devastating
effects in the castings.
5) What hardness test is suitable for determining the hardness of a thin ceramic
coating on a piece of metal? (5%) 什麼硬度測試適合於確定一塊金屬上的薄陶瓷
塗層的硬度。
ANS: For a thin ceramic coating, it is still important that the hardness of the coating
and not the substrate be measured. Most ceramics have limited ductility (Section
8.3 starting on p. 200), so that Knoop or Vickers tests are suitable, although the
Mohs test can also be used to obtain a qualitative value. Because of the increasing
importance of coatings, special microhardness tests have been developed for their
hardness measurement.
6) List and explain the desirable mechanical properties of (a) an elevator cable, (b) a
paper clip, (c)a leaf spring for a truck, (d) a bracket for a bookshelf, (e) piano wire.
(5%) 列出並解釋（a）電梯電纜，（b）回形針，（c）用於卡車的板簧，（d）
用於書架的支架，（e）鋼琴線的理想機械性能。
ANS: a) For elevator we need high Toughness which is the ability of a
material to withstand sudden loading or to absorb energy until it breaks
and it is measured in terms of modulus of toughness. And also Metal
Fatigue which is the number of cycles for which a component or a
specimen can endure an alternating load mainly depends upon the
magnitude or amplitude of that load.
b) Since a paper clip is essentially a spring so it should have high
Resilience.
c) leaf spring for a truck should have high Impact Strength which is a
measure of the ability of a material to withstand shock loading, and can
also be described as the energy required to fracture a given volume of
material
d) This should have high Toughness which is the ability of a material to
withstand sudden loading or to absorb energy until it breaks and it is
measured in terms of modulus of toughness.
e)A piano wire is always subjected to change in tensions so it should
have high ductility.
7) Does corrosion have any beneficial effects? Explain. (5%) 腐蝕有什麼有益的影響
嗎？說明。
ANS:腐蝕化學，化學加工、拋光、清除鏽蝕
8) If tungsten is the highest melting point metal, why are no high temperature parts
in Fig. 6.1 made from tungsten? (5%) 如果鎢是最高熔點的金屬，為什麼圖 6.1 中
的高溫部件不是由鎢製成的？
ANS: tungsten (鎢) 雖然可耐高溫，但太重不適合用來當飛機的材料
9) A cylinder with a diameter of 40 mm and a height of 80 mm solidifies in three
minutes in a sand casting operation. What is the solidification time if the cylinder
height is doubled? What is the time if the diameter is doubled? (10%)直徑為 40 毫米，
高度為 80 毫米的圓筒在砂型鑄造操作中在 3 分鐘內固化。 如果氣缸高度加倍，
凝固時間是多少？ 直徑加倍的時間是多少？
ANS:
10) It generally is not desirable to use steels in their as quenched condition. Explain
why. (5%) 通常不希望在淬火狀態下使用鋼。解釋為什麼。
ANS: Steels are rarely used in their as-quenched condition because they are very
brittle and thus lack toughness. These detrimental conditions are overcome by
tempering the steel, which restores toughness.
11) Figure P10.55 indicates various defects and discontinuities in cast products.
Review each defect and offer solutions to prevent it. (10%) 圖 P10.55 表示鑄造產品
的各種缺陷和不連續性。 檢查每個缺陷並提供解決方案以防止它。
ANS:改善:直角作倒角 gate 加大，控制澆注程序 適當設計 鑄模的合適
缺陷:金屬突出物 孔穴 不連續性 瑕疵表面 不完整鑄件 介在物 不正確尺寸與
形狀
12) Do metal-matrix composites have any advantages over reinforced plastics?
Explain. (5%) 金屬基複合材料比增強塑料有什麼優勢嗎？說明
ANS:The biggest advantage metal matrix composites have over their reinforced
plastic counterparts is that they can withstand a much wider and higher range of
temperature without degradation or loss of strength
13) Give reasons for the development of ceramic-matrix composites. Name some
applications, and explain why they should be effective. (5%)為陶瓷基複合材料的發
展提供理由。列舉一些應用程序，並解釋它們為什麼應該有效。
ANS:火箭 飛機 可耐高溫 軟性耐衝擊
14) Portable (notebook) computers and digital cameras can have their housing made
of magnesium.Why? (5%) 便攜式（筆記本）電腦和數碼相機的外殼可以用鎂製成。
為什麼？
ANS:鎂很輕，適合鑄造模 易設計複雜模型
15) List the common impurities in steel. Which of these are the ones most likely to be
minimized if the steel is melted in a vacuum furnace? (10%) 列出鋼中的常見雜質。
如果鋼在真空爐中熔化，哪些是最有可能最小化的？
ANS: 鋼中存在缺陷（例如微孔）和表面缺陷（例如氣孔），這可以通過熱加
工來減少。 殘留元素，如銻、氫、氮、氧和錫，會對鋼的性質產生不利影
響。 另一方面，當在真空爐中熔化時，氫、氮和氧將以更小的濃度存在，
儘管仍可能存在銻、砷和錫。
16) Which hardness tests and scales would you use for very thin strips of metal, such
as aluminum foil? Explain. (5%)對於非常薄的金屬條，例如鋁箔，您會使用哪種
硬度測試和標尺？說明。
ANS: 鋁箔非常薄，因此為了使測試結果不受影響，表面上所需的壓痕應該非
常小。諸如 Vickers 或 Knoop 的顯微硬度測試適合在非常輕的負載條件下。
為了驗證測試的準確性，應觀察與凹進側相反的表面外觀的任何變化。
17) How many grains are there on the surface of the head of a pin? Assume that the
head of a pin is spherical with a 1-mm diameter and has an ASTM grain size of 12.
(5%)針頭表面有多少顆顆粒？ 假設銷的頭部是球形的，直徑為 1 毫米，ASTM 粒
度為 12
ANS: